1
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Yamada K, Miyagawa A, Honma R, Nagatomo S, Nakatani K. Effect of Organic Solvent on the Mass Transfer Mechanism of Coumarin 102 in a Single Octadecylsilyl Silica Gel/Organic Solvent-Water System by Laser Trapping and Fluorescence Microspectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:14303-14310. [PMID: 38958592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Understanding mass transfer kinetics within individual porous particles is crucial for theoretically explaining the retention and elution behaviors in chromatography and drug delivery. Using laser trapping and fluorescence microspectroscopy, we investigated the diffusion mechanism of coumarin 102 (C102) into single octadecylsilyl particle in acetonitrile (ACN)/water, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/water, and 1-butanol (BuOH)/water solutions. The intraparticle diffusion behavior of C102 was evaluated using the spherical diffusion equation, allowing us to determine the intraparticle diffusion coefficients (Dintra): (8-10) × 10-9 cm2 s-1 for ACN, (10-16) × 10-9 cm2 s-1 for DMF, and (4-6) × 10-9 cm2 s-1 for BuOH. The obtained Dintra values were further analyzed using a pore and surface diffusion model. Thus, we revealed that the diffusion mechanism of C102 differed depending on the organic solvent: surface diffusion for ACN and DMF and pore and surface diffusions for BuOH were observed. This difference is attributed to the formation of a concentrated liquid phase of ACN and DMF at the interface of the alkyl chain and the bulk solution in the pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ren Honma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shigenori Nagatomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoharu Nakatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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2
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Peng Y, Zhu P, Zou Y, Gao Q, Xiong S, Liang B, Xiao B. Overview of Functionalized Porous Materials for Rare-Earth Element Separation and Recovery. Molecules 2024; 29:2824. [PMID: 38930888 PMCID: PMC11206383 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The exceptional photoelectromagnetic characteristics of rare-earth elements contribute significantly to their indispensable position in the high-tech industry. The exponential expansion of the demand for high-purity rare earth and related compounds can be attributed to the swift advancement of contemporary technology. Nevertheless, rare-earth elements are finite and limited resources, and their excessive mining unavoidably results in resource depletion and environmental degradation. Hence, it is crucial to establish a highly effective approach for the extraction and reclamation of rare-earth elements. Adsorption is regarded as a promising technique for the recovery of rare-earth elements owing to its simplicity, environmentally friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. The efficacy of adsorption is contingent upon the performance characteristics of the adsorbent material. Presently, there is a prevalent utilization of porous adsorbent materials with substantial specific surface areas and plentiful surface functional groups in the realm of selectively separating and recovering rare-earth elements. This paper presents a thorough examination of porous inorganic carbon materials, porous inorganic silicon materials, porous organic polymers, and metal-organic framework materials. The adsorption performance and processes for rare-earth elements are the focal points of discussion about these materials. Furthermore, this work investigates the potential applications of porous materials in the domain of the adsorption of rare-earth elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Control and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Pingxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Control and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Yin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Control and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Qingyi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Control and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Shaohui Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Binjun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Control and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Mine Geological Disaster Prevention and Control and Ecological Restoration, School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Gannan University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China; (Y.P.); (P.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Q.G.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Ionic Rare Earth Resources and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Jiangxi College of Applied Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
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3
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Hu QH, Song AM, Gao X, Shi YZ, Jiang W, Liang RP, Qiu JD. Rationally designed nanotrap structures for efficient separation of rare earth elements over a single step. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1558. [PMID: 38378705 PMCID: PMC10879098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracting rare earth elements (REEs) from wastewater is essential for the growth and an eco-friendly sustainable economy. However, it is a daunting challenge to separate individual rare earth elements by their subtle differences. To overcome this difficulty, we report a unique REE nanotrap that features dense uncoordinated carboxyl groups and triazole N atoms in a two-fold interpenetrated metal-organic framework (named NCU-1). Notably, the synergistic effect of suitable pore sizes and REE nanotraps in NCU-1 is highly responsive to the size variation of rare-earth ions and shows high selectivity toward light REE. As a proof of concept, Pr/Lu and Nd/Er are used as binary models, which give a high separation factor of SFPr/Lu = 796 and SFNd/Er = 273, demonstrating highly efficient separation over a single step. This ability achieves efficient and selective extraction and separation of REEs from mine tailings, establishing this platform as an important advance for sustainable obtaining high-purity REEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, China
| | - An-Min Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ru-Ping Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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4
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Ginot L, El Bakkouche A, Giusti F, Dourdain S, Pellet‐Rostaing S. Hydrophobic Porous Liquids with Controlled Cavity Size and Physico-Chemical Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305906. [PMID: 38036426 PMCID: PMC10811500 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Developing greener hydrometallurgical processes implies offering alternatives to conventional solvents used for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) of metals. In this context, it is proposed to substitute the organic phase by a hydrophobic silica-based porous liquid (PL). Two different sulfonated hollow silica particles (HSPs) are modified with various polyethoxylated fatty amines (EthAs) forming a canopy that provides both the targeted hydrophobicity and liquefying properties. This study shows that these properties can be tuned by varying the number of ethylene oxide units in the EthA: middle-range molecular weight EthAs allow obtaining a liquid at room temperature, while too short or too long EthA leads to solid particles. Viscosity is also impacted by the density and size of the silica spheres: less viscous PLs are obtained with small low-density spheres, while for larger spheres (c.a. 200 nm) the density has a less significant impact on viscosity. According to this approach, hydrophobic PLs are successfully synthesized. When contacted with an aqueous phase, the most hydrophobic PLs obtained allow a subsequent phase separation. Preliminary extraction tests on three rare earth elements have further shown that functionalization of the PL is necessary to observe metal extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorianne Ginot
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCMUniv MontpellierMarcoule30207France
| | | | - Fabrice Giusti
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCMUniv MontpellierMarcoule30207France
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Brewer A, Reicher C, Manatschal O, Bai H, Nakanishi K, Kleitz F. Powdered Hierarchically Porous Silica Monoliths for the Selective Extraction of Scandium. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:15432-15439. [PMID: 37886037 PMCID: PMC10598872 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c04672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Scandium (Sc) is a high value Critical Material that is most commonly used in advanced alloys. Due to current and potential supply limitations, there has been an international effort to find new and improved ways to extract Sc from existing and novel resources. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is one promising approach for Sc recovery, particularly for use with low-grade feedstocks. Here, unfunctionalized, powdered hierarchically porous silica monoliths from DPS Inc. (DPS) are used for Sc extraction in batch and semicontinuous flow systems at model conditions. The sorbent exhibits excellent mass transfer properties, much like the whole monoliths, which should permit Sc to be rapidly recovered from large volumes of feedstock. The Sc adsorption capacity of the material is ∼142.7 mg/g at pH 6, dropping to ∼12.0 mg/g at pH 3, and adsorption is furthermore highly selective for Sc compared with the other rare earth elements (REEs). Under semicontinuous flow conditions, recovery efficiency is limited by a kinetic process. The primary mechanism responsible for the system's slow approach to equilibrium is the Sc adsorption reaction kinetics rather than inter- or intraparticle diffusion. Overall, this unmodified hierarchically porous silica powder from DPS shows great promise for the selective extraction of Sc from various feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Brewer
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chloé Reicher
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivia Manatschal
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kazuki Nakanishi
- Institute
of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan
- Institute
for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto
University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department
of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Kulasekara DN, Kajjam AB, Praneeth S, Dittrich TM, Allen MJ. Cryptands on a Solid Support for the Separation of Europium from Gadolinium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:42037-42045. [PMID: 37623310 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
With the great demand for europium in green-energy technologies comes the need for innovative methods to isolate the elements. We introduce a solid-liquid extraction method using a 2.2.2-cryptand-modified solid support to separate europium from gadolinium using their differences in electrochemical potential. The method overcomes challenges associated with the separation of those two ions that have similar coordination chemistry in the +3 oxidation state. A competitive adsorption study in the cryptand system between EuII/EuIII and GdIII shows greater affinity for EuII relative to GdIII. After separation from GdIII, Eu was released by oxidizing EuII to EuIII with 99.3% purity. The purity of separated Eu is unaffected by pH between pH 3.0 and 5.5. Overall, we demonstrate that by modifying a solid support with 2.2.2-cryptand, divalent europium can be separated from trivalent gadolinium based on the differences of affinities of 2.2.2-cryptand for the two ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nuwangi Kulasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Aravind B Kajjam
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sai Praneeth
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Timothy M Dittrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, 5050 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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7
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Liu S, Lai Z, Zhang M, Tian H, Zhou J, Li Z. Facile synthesis of amino-functionalized magnetic materials for efficient enrichment of anionic metabolites from biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1250:340977. [PMID: 36898822 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of biological samples is often affected by the background matrix. Proper sample preparation is a critical step in the analytical procedure for complex samples. In this study, a simple and efficient enrichment strategy based on Amino-functionalized Polymer-Magnetic MicroParticles (NH2-PMMPs) with coral-like porous structures was developed to enable the detection of 320 anionic metabolites, providing detailed coverage of phosphorylation metabolism. Among them, 102 polar phosphate metabolites including nucleotides, cyclic nucleotides, sugar nucleotides, phosphate sugars, and phosphates, were enriched and identified from serum, tissues, and cells. Furthermore, the detection of 34 previously unknown polar phosphate metabolites in serum samples demonstrates the advantages of this efficient enrichment method for mass spectrometric analysis. The limit of detections (LODs) were between 0.02 and 4 nmol/L for most anionic metabolites and its high sensitivity enabled the detection of 36 polar anion metabolites from 10 cell equivalent samples. This study has provided a promising tool for the efficient enrichment and analysis of anionic metabolites in biological samples with high sensitivity and broad coverage, facilitating the knowledge of the phosphorylation processes of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Zhizhen Lai
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jiang Zhou
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Zhili Li
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
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8
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Singh A, Lynch R, Solomon J, Weaver JD, May AR. Development of novel fluor mop materials for remediation of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from groundwater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130853. [PMID: 36709737 PMCID: PMC10002476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study we synthesized a library of 12 novel adsorbent materials that utilize a chemically well-defined silica support for superior removal of PFAS from real groundwater from a contaminated United States Air Force base. The library of sorbents probed the importance of a fluorous, hydrophobic, and electrostatic components in the removal efficacy. The materials were assessed in batch studies with PFOA, PFOS, and PFBA and compared directly to GAC and Ion Exchange resin. Adsorption kinetics with PFOS were best fit to a pseudo-second order model and equilibrium data fit well to a Langmuir isotherm model. The results were also validated externally, and the best performing material removed greater than 90% of 8 PFAS tested and was able to be regenerated up to 5 cycles. The results provide a top performing material that with further testing can be used to clean up environmentally contaminated water and provide support for the theory that a fluorous component when combined with the electrostatic and hydrophobic components, imparts both enhanced PFAS selectivity and functional resilience to the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Singh
- Weaver Labs, 1110 S Innovation Way, #130, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - Richard Lynch
- Weaver Labs, 1110 S Innovation Way, #130, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - Jacob Solomon
- Weaver Labs, 1110 S Innovation Way, #130, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA
| | - Jimmie D Weaver
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Chemistry, 107 Physical Sciences, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Alexa R May
- Weaver Labs, 1110 S Innovation Way, #130, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.
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9
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Zhang M, Hao H, Shi C, Chen C, Zhou G, Wang J, Cao Y, Han X. Bis-terpyridine imprinted nanocage in the confined two-dimensional lamellar membrane for selective adsorption of Nd(III). Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Walker O, Rébiscoul D, Odorico M, Tardif S, Pellet-Rostaing S, Arrachart G. Toward a method of understanding the complexation of Rare Earth Element by functionalized organosilanes in aqueous media. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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11
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Chen Y, Ning S, Zhong Y, Li Z, Wang J, Chen L, Yin X, Fujita T, Wei Y. Study on highly efficient separation of zirconium from scandium with TODGA-modified macroporous silica-polymer based resin. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Cho W, Lee D, Choi G, Kim J, Kojo AE, Park C. Supramolecular Engineering of Amorphous Porous Polymers for Rapid Adsorption of Micropollutants and Solar-Powered Volatile Organic Compounds Management. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206982. [PMID: 36121423 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater shortage is becoming one of the most critical global challenges owing to severe water pollution caused by micropollutants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, current purification technology shows slow adsorption of micropollutants and requires an energy-intensive process for VOCs removal from water. In this study, a highly efficient molecularly engineered covalent triazine framework (CTF) for rapid adsorption of micropollutants and VOC-intercepting performance using solar distillation is reported. Supramolecular design and mild oxidation of CTFs (CTF-OXs) enable hydrophilic internal channels and improve molecular sieving of micropollutants. CTF-OX shows rapid removal efficiency of micropollutants (>99.9% in 10 s) and can be regenerated several times without performance loss. Uptake rates of selected micropollutants are high, with initial pollutant uptake rates of 21.9 g mg-1 min-1 , which are the highest rates recorded for bisphenol A (BPA) adsorption. Additionally, photothermal composite membrane fabrication using CTF-OX exhibits high VOC rejection rate (up to 98%) under 1 sun irradiation (1 kW m-2 ). A prototype of synergistic purification system composed of adsorption and solar-driven membrane can efficiently remove over 99.9% of mixed phenol derivatives. This study provides an effective strategy for rapid removal of micropollutants and high VOC rejection via solar-driven evaporation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wansu Cho
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Dongjun Lee
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Gyeonghyeon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jihyo Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Acquah Ebenezer Kojo
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Chiyoung Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, 333, Techno Jungang Daero, Hyeongpun-Eup, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
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13
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Lima ÉC, Pinto D, Schadeck Netto M, Dos Reis GS, Silva LFO, Dotto GL. Biosorption of Neodymium (Nd) from Aqueous Solutions Using Spirulina platensis sp. Strains. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214585. [PMID: 36365577 PMCID: PMC9654694 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare earth elements such as neodymium (Nd) are important elements used mainly in developing new technologies. Although they are found in low concentrations in nature, they can be obtained by extracting solid samples such as phosphogypsum. Among the techniques, adsorption has been used successfully with several adsorbent materials. In this work, two strains of Spirulina platensis (LEB-18 and LEB-52) were employed as biosorbents for efficiently removing the Nd element from the aqueous media. Biosorption tests were carried out in a batch system, and the results of the biosorption kinetics showed that for both materials, the biosorption of Nd was better described by the Avrami model. Moreover, it could be considered that 80 min would be necessary to attain the equilibrium of Nd(III) using both biosorbents. The result of the biosorption isotherms showed that for both strains, the best-fitted model was the Liu model, having a maximum biosorption capacity of 72.5 mg g−1 for LEB-18 and 48.2 mg g−1 for LEB-52 at a temperature of 298 K. Thermodynamics of adsorption showed that for both LEB-18 and LEB-52 the process was favorable (∆G° < 0) and exothermic (∆H° −23.2 for LEB-18 and ∆H° −19.9 for LEB-52). Finally, both strains were suitable to uptake Nd, and the better result of LEB-18 could be attributed to the high amount of P and S groups in this biomass. Based on the results, a mechanism of electrostatic attraction of Nd3+ and phosphate and sulfate groups of both strains of Spirulina platensis was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éder C. Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Diana Pinto
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Matias Schadeck Netto
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Glaydson S. Dos Reis
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Biomass Technology Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Luis F. O. Silva
- Department of Civil and Environmental, Universidad De La Costa, Calle 58 # 55-66, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
- Correspondence: (L.F.O.S.); (G.L.D.)
| | - Guilherme L. Dotto
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.F.O.S.); (G.L.D.)
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14
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Wang Y, Gong A, Qiu L, Zhang W, Traore M, Bai Y, Liu Y, Gao G, Zhao W, Qin W, Fan R, You Y, Chen Y. Preparation of pyrrolidinyl diglycolamide bonded silica particles and its rare earth separation properties. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zhang F, Liu Y, Ma KQ, Yan H, Luo Y, Wu FC, Yang CT, Hu S, Peng SM. Highly selective extraction of uranium from wastewater using amine-bridged diacetamide-functionalized silica. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:129022. [PMID: 35500348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A major environmental concern related to nuclear energy is wastewater contaminated with uranium, thus necessitating the development of pollutant-reducing materials with efficiency and effectiveness. Herein, highly selective mesoporous silicas functionalized with amine-bridged diacetamide ligands SBA-15-ABDMA were prepared. Different spectroscopy techniques were used to probe the chemical environment and reactivity of the chelating ligands before and after sorption. The results showed that the functionalized SBA-15-ABDMA had a strong affinity for uranium at low pH (pH = 3) with desirable sorption capacity (68.82 mg/g) and good reusability (> 5). It showed excellent separation performance with a high distribution coefficient (Kd,U > 105 mL/g) and separation factors SFU/Ln > 1000 at a pH of 3.5 in the presence of lanthanide nuclides, alkaline earth metal and transition metal ions. In particular, SiO2spheres-ABDMA was used as a column material, which achieved excellent recovery of U(VI) (> 98%) and good reusability for samples of simulated mining and nuclear industries wastewater. XPS and crystallography studies clearly illustrated the tridentate coordination mode of U(VI)/PEABDMA and the mechanism and origin behind the high selectivity for U.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China
| | - Kai-Qiang Ma
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China
| | - Heng Yan
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China
| | - Yue Luo
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China
| | - Feng-Cheng Wu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China
| | - Chu-Ting Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China.
| | - Sheng Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China
| | - Shu-Ming Peng
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, PR China.
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Li S, Gao D, Lin J, Wen Z, Zhang K, Xia Z, Wang D. Preparation of double-network hydrogel consisting of chitosan, cellulose and polyacrylamide for enrichment of tetracyclines. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Wen Z, Gao D, Lin J, Li S, Zhang K, Xia Z, Wang D. Magnetic porous cellulose surface-imprinted polymers synthetized with assistance of deep eutectic solvent for specific recognition and purification of bisphenols. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:374-387. [PMID: 35798079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers-based bisphenols have been developed using Fe3O4 as the magnetic material, a deep eutectic solvent as the assisted solvent, and N-isopropylacrylamide as the functional monomer. The resulting magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermal gravimetric analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. Moreover, the adsorption properties of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers toward bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol AF were investigated using static, dynamic, and selective adsorption experiments. The introduction of porous cellulose materials significantly improves the capabilities of the material. The adsorption capacity, mass transfer efficiency, and selectivity of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers toward bisphenol A were 5.9, 4.0, and 4.4 times those of traditional molecularly imprinted polymers. Moreover, the adsorption stability of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers was investigated under different temperature and pH conditions. The adsorption characteristics of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers toward the target molecules were investigated using adsorption isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic models. Hydrogen bonding is the main interaction formed between the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers and the target molecules. Magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers have great application value with excellent stability and reusability. Finally, the combination of the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymers and high-performance liquid chromatography or ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was successfully used for the purification and detection of bisphenols in milk (1.349 ng/mL bisphenol F and 3.014 ng/mL bisphenol AF), canned fruits (1129 ng/mL bisphenol A, 10.11 ng/mL bisphenol F, and 91.87 ng/mL bisphenol AF), and fish (11.91 ng/mL bisphenol AF) samples. Furthermore, the magnetic porous cellulose molecularly imprinted polymer method is more selective, sensitive, and accurate than the traditional precipitation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Die Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Siyi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Kailian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Zhining Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Dandan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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18
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Hovey JL, Dittrich TM, Allen MJ. Coordination Chemistry of Surface-Associated Ligands for Solid–Liquid Adsorption of Rare-Earth Elements. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Brewer A, Florek J, Kleitz F. A perspective on developing solid-phase extraction technologies for industrial-scale critical materials recovery. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:2752-2765. [PMID: 35444492 PMCID: PMC8979348 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc00347c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Critical materials (CMs) are a group of elements that have been determined to be important for the modern economy, but which may face current or potential supply limitations. Some examples of metals that have received the CM designation include the rare earth elements, indium, gallium, and lithium. The last decade has seen a major push for the development of new and improved technologies for the recovery and purification of CMs from various traditional and non-traditional resources in an effort to diversify supply. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is one broad category of these experimental extraction technologies. SPE involves the application of a solid material to preferentially retain in the solid phase one or more specific components of an aqueous solution, leaving the other components behind in the aqueous phase. A wide range of different sorbents has been used for SPE, and many offer significant potential advantages, including low cost, low environmental impact, and high customizability. Hierarchically porous silica monoliths are one example of a cutting-edge sorbent that provides a durable, high surface area foundation that can be functionalized with a variety of targeted ligands for the selective extraction of specific CMs. Despite impressive recent advances in SPE, there remain areas for improvement that are common across the discipline. To demonstrate the practical viability of these innovative CM recovery systems, future SPE studies would benefit from devoting additional focus to the scalability of their material, as well as from focusing on real-world feedstocks and conducting techno-economic analyses and environmental impact studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Brewer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry - Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Währinger Strasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Justyna Florek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry - Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Währinger Strasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry - Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Währinger Strasse 42 1090 Vienna Austria
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Traore M, Gong A, Wang Y, Qiu L, Bai Y, Zhao W, Liu Y, Chen Y, Liu Y, Wu H, Li S, You Y. Research progress of rare earth separation methods and technologies. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Vardanyan A, Guillon A, Budnyak T, Seisenbaeva GA. Tailoring Nanoadsorbent Surfaces: Separation of Rare Earths and Late Transition Metals in Recycling of Magnet Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060974. [PMID: 35335787 PMCID: PMC8950031 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel silica-based adsorbents were synthesized by grafting the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles with amine and sulfur containing functional groups. Produced nanomaterials were characterized by SEM-EDS, AFM, FTIR, TGA and tested for adsorption and separation of Rare Earth Elements (REE) (Nd3+ and Sm3+) and Late Transition Metals (LTM) (Ni2+ and Co2+) in single and mixed solutions. The adsorption equilibrium data analyzed and fitted well to Langmuir isotherm model revealing monolayer adsorption process on homogeneously functionalized silica nanoparticles (NPs). All organo-silicas showed high adsorption capacities ranging between 0.5 and 1.8 mmol/g, depending on the function and the target metal ion. Most of these ligands demonstrated higher affinity towards LTM, related to the nature of the functional groups and their arrangement on the surface of nanoadsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Vardanyan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Anna Guillon
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Tetyana Budnyak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 35, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Gulaim A. Seisenbaeva
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7015, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (G.A.S.)
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22
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Wilfong WC, Ji T, Duan Y, Shi F, Wang Q, Gray ML. Critical review of functionalized silica sorbent strategies for selective extraction of rare earth elements from acid mine drainage. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127625. [PMID: 34857400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous and growing global reliance on rare earth elements (REEs) for modern technology and the need for reliable domestic sources underscore the rising trend in REE-related research. Adsorption-based methods for REE recovery from liquid waste sources are well-positioned to compete with those of solvent extraction, both because of their expected lower negative environmental impact and simpler process operations. Functionalized silica represents a rising category of low cost and stable sorbents for heavy metal and REE recovery. These materials have collectively achieved high capacity and/or high selective removal of REEs from ideal solutions and synthetic or real coal wastewater and other leachate sources. These sorbents are competitive with conventional materials, such as ion exchange resins, activated carbon; and novel polymeric materials like ion-imprinted particles and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). This critical review first presents a data mining analysis for rare earth element recovery publications indexed in Web of science, highlighting changes in REE recovery research foci and confirming the sharply growing interest in functionalized silica sorbents. A detailed examination of sorbent formulation and operation strategies to selectively separate heavy (HREE), middle (MREE), and light (LREE) REEs from the aqueous sources is presented. Selectivity values for sorbents were largely calculated from available figure data and gauged the success of the associated strategies, primarily: (1) silane-grafted ligands, (2) impregnated ligands, and (3) bottom-up ligand/silica hybrids. These were often accompanied by successful co-strategies, especially bite angle control, site saturation, and selective REE elution. Recognizing the need to remove competing fouling metals to achieve purified REE "baskets," we highlight techniques for eliminating these species from acid mine drainage (AMD) and suggest a novel adsorption-based process for purified REE extraction that could be adapted to different water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter C Wilfong
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA; NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA.
| | - Tuo Ji
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA; NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
| | - Yuhua Duan
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
| | - Fan Shi
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA; NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
| | - Qiuming Wang
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA; NETL Support Contractor, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
| | - McMahan L Gray
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Road, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940, USA
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Chen Z, Li Z, Chen J, Tan H, Wu J, Qiu H. Selective Adsorption of Rare Earth Elements by Zn-BDC MOF/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites Synthesized via In Situ Interlayer-Confined Strategy. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Frontier Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongxin Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinsheng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongdeng Qiu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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Chongdar S, Bhattacharjee S, Bhanja P, Bhaumik A. Porous organic-inorganic hybrid materials for catalysis, energy and environmental applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3429-3460. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of organic functionalities into the porous inorganic materials make the resulting hybrid porous framework not only more flexible and hydrophobic, but also provide additional scope for further functionalization, which...
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