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Kundu A, Arief I, Mandal S, Meena KK, Krause B, Staudinger U, Mondal T, Wießner S, Das A. Elastomeric Sensor-Triboelectric Nanogenerator Coupled System for Multimodal Strain Sensing and Organic Vapor Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:53083-53097. [PMID: 39308340 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable, flexible sensors are one of the most critical components of smart wearable electronics and Internet of Things (IoT), thereby attracting multipronged research interest in the last decades. Following miniaturization and multicomponent development of several sensors in one could further propel the demand for wireless, multimodal platforms. Greener substitutes to conventional sensors that can operate in a self-powered configuration are highly desirable in terms of all-in-one sensor utilities. However, fabrication of composite-based ultrastretchable, self-powered sensors with multifunctionality, robustness, and conformability is still only partially achieved and, therefore, demands further investigation. In this work, we report a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based multifunctional strain and organic vapor sensor using cross-linked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer and conducting carbon black as active fillers in the presence of an ionic liquid. The resulting piezoresistive sensor demonstrates ultrahigh gauge factor (GF > 220k) and wide range strain sensitivity and is, therefore, suitable for subtle-to-high frequency motion detection devices. Supported by excellent triboelectric outputs (force sensitivity 0.5 V/N in the range of 50-300 N, maximum output voltage VOC ∼ 178 V, short circuit current ISC ∼ 18 μA, maximum power density 0.11 mW/cm2), the hybrid sensors offer remarkable mechanical toughness and seamless voltage generation under contact-separation, even after several thousand cycles of operations. Furthermore, the sensor substrates exhibited reproducible organic vapor-sensing behavior, with high responsivity of 1.92 and 1 for ethanol and acetone, respectively, under flowing vapor conditions. This work lays a strong foundation for developing a truly multimodal, TENG-based, self-powered organic vapor and strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Kundu
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Injamamul Arief
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Subhradeep Mandal
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
- TUD Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Helmholtzstraße 7a, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Kamal Kumar Meena
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Beate Krause
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Ulrike Staudinger
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Titash Mondal
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sven Wießner
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
- TUD Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Helmholtzstraße 7a, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
- Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
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Wang S, Li X. Soft composites with liquid inclusions: functional properties and theoretical models. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:493003. [PMID: 39222657 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Soft materials containing liquid inclusions have emerged as a promising class of materials. Unlike solid inclusions, liquid inclusions possess intrinsic fluidity, which allows them to retain the excellent deformation ability of soft materials. This can prevent compliance mismatches between the inclusions and the matrix, thus leading to improved performance and durability. Various liquids, including metallic, water-based, and ionic liquids, have been selected as inclusions for embedding into soft materials, resulting in unique properties and functionalities that enable a wide range of applications in soft robotics, wearable devices, and other cutting-edge fields. This review provides an overview of recent studies on the functional properties of composites with liquid inclusions and discusses theoretical models used to estimate these properties, aiming to bridge the gap between the microstructure/components and the overall properties of the composite from a theoretical perspective. Furthermore, current challenges and future opportunities for the widespread application of these composites are explored, highlighting their potential in advancing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiying Li
- Robotic Materials Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
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Zheng S, Xue H, Liu Y, Yu X, Cao Z. Alveoli-Mimetic Synergistic Liquid and Solid Thermal Conductive Interface as a Novel Strategy for Designing High-Performance Thermal Interface Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306750. [PMID: 38044278 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are in desperate desire with the development of the modern electronic industry. An excellent TIM needs desired comprehensive properties including but not limited to high thermal conductivity, low Yong's modulus, lightweight, as well as low price. However, as is typically the case, those properties are naturally contradictory. To tackle such dilemmas, a strategy of construction high-performance TIM inspired by alveoli is proposed. The material design includes the self-alignment of graphite into 3D interconnected thermally conductive networks by polydimethylsiloxane beads (PBs) -the alveoli; and a small amount of liquid metal (LM) - capillary networks bridging the PBs and graphite network. Through the delicate structural regulation and the synergistic effect of the LM and solid graphite filler, superb thermal conductivity (9.98 ± 0.34 W m-1 K-1) can be achieved. The light emitting diode (LED) application and their performance in the central processing unit (CPU) heat dispersion manifest the TIM developed in the work has stable thermal conductivity for long-term applications. The thermally conductive, soft, and lightweight composites are believed to be high-performance silicone bases TIMs for advanced electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Haiyan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhihai Cao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing & Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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Liang S, Yang J, Li F, Xie S, Song N, Hu L. Recent progress in liquid metal printing and its applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26650-26662. [PMID: 37681047 PMCID: PMC10481125 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the latest research printing technology and broad application for flexible liquid metal (LM) materials. Through the newest template printing method, centrifugal force assisted method, pen lithography technology, and laser method, the precision of liquid metal printing on the devices was improved to 10 nm. The development of novel liquid metal inks, such as PVA-LM ink and ethanol/PDMS/LM double emulsion ink, have further enhanced the recovery, rapid printing, high conductivity, and strain resistance. At the same time, liquid metals also show promise in the application of biochemical sensors, photocatalysts, composite materials, driving machines, and electrode materials. Liquid metals have been applied to biomedical, pressure/gas, and electrochemical sensors. The sensitivity, biostability, and electrochemical performance of these LM sensors were improved rapidly. They could continue to be used in healthy respiratory, heartbeat monitoring, and dopamine detection. Meanwhile, the applications of liquid metal droplets in catalytic-assisted MoS2 deposition, catalytic growth of two-dimensional (2D) lamellar, catalytic free radical polymerization, catalytic hydrogen absorption/dehydrogenation, photo/electrocatalysis, and other fields were also summarized. Through improving liquid metal composites, magnetic, thermal, electrical, and tensile enhancement alloys, and shape memory alloys with excellent properties could also be prepared. Finally, the applications of liquid metal in micro-motors, intelligent robot feet, nanorobots, self-actuation, and electrode materials were also summarized. This paper comprehensively summarizes the practical application of liquid metals in different fields, which helps understand LMs development trends, and lays a foundation for subsequent research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Liang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Textile and Flexible Interconnection of Zhejiang Province Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 PR China
| | - Fengjiao Li
- Shenzhen Automotive Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518118 PR China
| | - Shunbi Xie
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials & Remediation Technologies, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 PR China
| | - Na Song
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Municipal Chinese Medicine Hospital Chongqing 400021 China
| | - Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University Beijing 100083 PR China
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Suresh JN, Arief I, Naskar K, Heinrich G, Tahir M, Wießner S, Das A. The role of chemical microstructures and compositions on the actuation performance of dielectric elastomers: A materials research perspective. NANO SELECT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jishnu Nirmala Suresh
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft Dresden Germany
| | - Injamamul Arief
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Dresden Germany
| | - Kinsuk Naskar
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Technische Universität Dresden Institut für Textilmaschinen und Textile Hochleistungswerkstofftechnik Dresden Germany
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Dresden Germany
| | - Sven Wießner
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaft Dresden Germany
| | - Amit Das
- Leibniz‐Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Dresden Germany
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Dutta A, Chanda J, Bhandary T, Das SK, Banerjee SS, Ghosh P, Das Gupta S, Mukhopadhyay R. Influence of organically modified clays on the barrier properties of bromo butyl rubber composites for tyre inner liner application. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2089579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Dutta
- Department of Material Research Group, Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Jagannath Chanda
- Department of Material Research Group, Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Tirthankar Bhandary
- Department of Material Research Group, Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Sanjit Kumar Das
- Department of Material Research Group, Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Shib Shankar Banerjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, India
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Department of Material Research Group, Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Saikat Das Gupta
- Department of Material Research Group, Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Rabindra Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Material Research Group, Hari Shankar Singhania Elastomer and Tyre Research Institute, Mysore, India
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Aiswarya S, Awasthi P, Banerjee SS. Self-healing thermoplastic elastomeric materials: Challenges, opportunities and new approaches. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Gupta A, S A, Basu D, Banerjee SS. Construction of mechanically strong and dual network-induced elastomeric materials with self-healing functionality. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Influence of microstructural alterations of liquid metal and its interfacial interactions with rubber on multifunctional properties of soft composite materials. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 308:102752. [PMID: 36007286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM)-based polymer composites are currently new breakthrough and emerging classes of soft multifunctional materials (SMMs) having immense transformative potential for soft technological applications. Currently, room-temperature LMs, mostly eutectic gallium‑indium and Galinstan alloys are used to integrate with soft polymer due to their outstanding properties such as high conductivity, fluidity, low adhesion, high surface tension, low cytotoxicity, etc. The microstructural alterations and interfacial interactions controlling the efficient integration of LMs with rubber are the most critical aspects for successful implementation of multifunctionality in the resulting material. In this review article, a fundamental understanding of microstructural alterations of LMs to the formation of well-defined percolating networks inside an insulating rubber matrix has been established by exploiting several existing theoretical and experimental studies. Furthermore, effects of the chemical modifications of an LM surface and its interfacial interactions on the compatibility between solid rubber and fluid filler phase have been discussed. The presence of thin oxide layer on the LM surface and the effects and challenges it poses to the adequate functionalization of these materials have been discussed. Plausible applications of SMMs in different soft matter technologies, like soft robotics, flexible electronics, soft actuators, sensors, etc. have been provided. Finally, the current technical challenges and further prospective to the development of SMMs using non‑silicone rubbers have been critically discussed. This review is anticipated to infuse a new impetus to the associated research communities for the development of next generation SMMs.
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Guymon GG, Malakooti MH. Multifunctional liquid metal polymer composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G. Guymon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Mohammad H. Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Nano‐Engineered Systems University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
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