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Hong D, Lee YJ, Jeon OS, Lee IS, Lee SH, Won JY, Jeon YP, La Y, Kim S, Park GS, Yoo YJ, Park SY. Humidity-tolerant porous polymer coating for passive daytime radiative cooling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4457. [PMID: 38796451 PMCID: PMC11127965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coating building envelopes with a passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) material has attracted enormous attention as an alternative cooling technique with minimal energy consumption and carbon footprint. Despite the exceptional performance and scalability of porous polymer coating (PPC), achieving consistent performance over a wide range of drying environments remains a major challenge for its commercialization as a radiative cooling paint. Herein, we demonstrate the humidity vulnerability of PPC during the drying process and propose a simple strategy to greatly mitigate the issue. Specifically, we find that the solar reflectance of the PPC rapidly decreases with increasing humidity from 30% RH, and the PPC completely losses its PDRC ability at 45% RH and even become a solar-heating material at higher humidity. However, by adding a small amount of polymer reinforcement to the PPC, it maintains its PDRC performance up to 60% RH, resulting in a 950% increase in estimated areal coverage compared to PPC in the United States. This study sheds light on a crucial consistency issue that has thus far been rarely addressed, and offers engineering guidance to handle this fundamental threat to the development of dependable PDRC paint for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpyo Hong
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joon Lee
- PURITECH co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17745, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sung Jeon
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sung Lee
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Lee
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Won
- School of Electronic Engineering, Kyounggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jeon
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju La
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonmyeong Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Institute of Applied Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Mechatronics Research, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Sik Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Institute of Applied Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Yoo
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yoon Park
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
- School of Electronic Engineering, Kyounggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Hu W, Zhang F, Tan X, Tu Y, Nie S. Antibacterial PVDF Coral-Like Hierarchical Structure Composite Film Fabrication for Self-Cleaning and Radiative Cooling Effect. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19828-19837. [PMID: 38567790 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Passive radiative cooling (PRC) is a zero-energy-consumption technology that reflects sunlight and radiates heat to cold outer space. In this work, a porous poly(vinylidene fluoride)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PVDF-PMMA) composite film is fabricated by decorating zinc-imidazolate metal-organic framework (MOF) (ZIF-8) particles obtained by phase inversion. Due to the competent scattering via the coral-like hierarchical structures and the vibration excitations of specific functional groups, the prepared film exhibits good solar reflectance (92.6%) and intermediate infrared emittance (99.1%), with an average sub-ambient cooling of 10.4 °C under a solar radiation intensity of 0.6 AM1.5. Additionally, poly(vinylidene fluoride) has a low surface energy, while the ZIF-8 particles and coral-like hierarchical structures enhance the surface roughness, endowing the surface with significant superhydrophobicity characterized by a water contact angle (WCA) of 157.5° and a sliding angle (SA) of 2°. These films exhibit excellent antibacterial properties. When the content of ZIF-8 particles in the film is 300 mg·L-1, the antibacterial rate reaches 100% after 1 h of treatment. Thus, the ZIF-8 porous poly(vinylidene fluoride)-poly(methyl methacrylate) composite (ZPPP) film has potential application prospects in areas with high health and environmental requirements, such as cold chain transportation and public spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Hu
- College of Science and College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Solar Energy High Value Utilization and Green Conversion Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443000, China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials (CTGU), China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Fatao Zhang
- College of Science and College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Solar Energy High Value Utilization and Green Conversion Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443000, China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials (CTGU), China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Xinyu Tan
- College of Science and College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Solar Energy High Value Utilization and Green Conversion Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443000, China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials (CTGU), China Three Gorges University, Hubei, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Yiteng Tu
- State Grid Yichang Electric Power Supply Company, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Shijin Nie
- Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Ergonomics and Environmental Control, School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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3
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Han D, Wang C, Han CB, Cui Y, Ren WR, Zhao WK, Jiang Q, Yan H. Highly Optically Selective and Thermally Insulating Porous Calcium Silicate Composite SiO 2 Aerogel Coating for Daytime Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9303-9312. [PMID: 38343044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Daytime radiative cooling technology offers a low-carbon, environmentally friendly, and nonpower-consuming approach to realize building energy conservation. It is important to design materials with high solar reflectivity and high infrared emissivity in atmospheric windows. Herein, a porous calcium silicate composite SiO2 aerogel water-borne coating with strong passive radiative cooling and high thermal insulation properties is proposed, which shows an exceptional solar reflectance of 94%, high sky window emissivity of 96%, and 0.0854 W/m·K thermal conductivity. On the SiO2/CaSiO3 radiative cooling coating (SiO2-CS-coating), a strategy is proposed to enhance the atmospheric window emissivity by lattice resonance, which is attributed to the eight-membered ring structure of porous calcium silicate, thereby increasing the atmospheric window emissivity. In the daytime test (solar irradiance 900W/m2, ambient temperature 43 °C, wind speed 0.53 m/s, humidity 25%), the temperature inside the box can achieve a cooling temperature of 13 °C lower than that of the environment, which is 30 °C, and the theoretical cooling power is 96 W/m2. Compared with the commercial white coating, SiO2-CS-coating can save 70 kW·h of electric energy in 1 month, and the energy consumption is reduced by 36%. The work provides a scalable, widely applicable radiative-cooling coating for building comfort, which can greatly reduce indoor temperatures and is suitable for building surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
- Langgu (Tianjin) New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Bao Han
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Cui
- Langgu (Tianjin) New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300392, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Rui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Kang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Jiang
- China Testing & Certification International Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, People's Republic of China
- China Buiding Material Federation Metal Composite Materials & Products Branch, Beijing 100024, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials (Beijing University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People's Republic of China
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4
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Kousis I, D’Amato R, Pisello AL, Latterini L. Daytime Radiative Cooling: A Perspective toward Urban Heat Island Mitigation. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2023; 8:3239-3250. [PMID: 37469389 PMCID: PMC10353003 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Traditional cooling and heating systems in residential buildings account for more than 15% of global electricity consumption and 10% of global emissions of greenhouse gases. Daytime radiative cooling (DRC) is an emerging passive cooling technology that has garnered significant interest in recent years due to its high cooling capability. It is expected to play a pivotal role in improving indoor and outdoor urban environments by mitigating surface and air temperatures while decreasing relevant energy demand. Yet, DRC is in its infancy, and thus several challenges need to be addressed to establish its efficient wide-scale application into the built environment. In this Perspective, we critically discuss the strategies and progress in materials development to achieve DRC and highlight the challenges and future paths to pave the way for real-life applications. Advances in nanofabrication in combination with the establishment of uniform experimental protocols, both in the laboratory/field and through simulations, are expected to drive economic increases in DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kousis
- Environmental
Applied Physics Lab (EAPLAB) at Interuniversity Research Center on
Pollution and Environment (CIRIAF), University
of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 63, Perugia 06125, Italy
| | - Roberto D’Amato
- Nano4Light-Lab,
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Pisello
- Environmental
Applied Physics Lab (EAPLAB) at Interuniversity Research Center on
Pollution and Environment (CIRIAF), University
of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 63, Perugia 06125, Italy
- Department
of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 97, Perugia 06125, Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Nano4Light-Lab,
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
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5
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Gao F, Tong Z, Xiao W, Liu Q, Lu J, Hou Y, He Q, Gao X, Cheng D, Zhan X, Ma Y, Zhang Q. Structural Engineering of Hierarchical Aerogels Hybrid Networks for Efficient Thermal Comfort Management and Versatile Protection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301164. [PMID: 36919943 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, growing concerns regarding energy efficiency and heat mitigation, along with the critical goal of carbon neutrality, have drawn human attention to the zero-energy-consumption cooling technique. Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) can be an invaluable tool for combating climate change by dispersing ambient heat directly into outer space instead of just transferring it across the surface. Although significant progress has been made in cooling mechanisms, materials design, and application exploration, PDRC faces challenges regarding functionality, durability, and commercialization. Herein, a silica nanofiber aerogels (SNAs) functionalized poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (P(VDF-HFP)) membrane (SFP membrane), inspired by constructional engineering is constructed. As-prepared membranes with flexible network structure combined hierarchical structure design and practicability principal. As the host material for thermal comfort management (TCM) and versatile protection, the SFP membrane features a large surface area, porous structure, and a robust skeleton that can render excellent mechanical properties. Importantly, the SFP membrane can keep exceptional solar reflectivity (0.95) and strong mid-infrared emittance (0.98) drop the temperature to 12.5 °C below ambient and 96 W m-2 cooling power under typical solar intensities over 910 W m-2 . This work provides a promising avenue for high performance aerogel membranes that can be created for use in a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zheming Tong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Weiqiang Xiao
- Research department of technology center, Zhejiang China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Special polymer research institute, Quzhou Research Institute Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Jianguo Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yang Hou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Special polymer research institute, Quzhou Research Institute Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dangguo Cheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Special polymer research institute, Quzhou Research Institute Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Special polymer research institute, Quzhou Research Institute Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Yaoguang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Special polymer research institute, Quzhou Research Institute Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
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6
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Ma B, Cheng Y, Hu P, Fang D, Wang J. Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling of Silica Aerogels. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:467. [PMID: 36770428 PMCID: PMC9919039 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Silica aerogels are one of the most widely used aerogels, exhibiting excellent thermal insulation performance and ultralow density. However, owing to their plenitude of Si-O-Si bonds, they possess high infrared emissivity in the range of 8-13 µm and are potentially robust passive radiative cooling (PRC) materials. In this study, the PRC behavior of traditional silica aerogels prepared from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMS) in outdoor environments was investigated. The silica aerogels possessed low thermal conductivity of 0.035 W/m·K and showed excellent thermal insulation performance in room environments. However, sub-ambient cooling of 12 °C was observed on a clear night and sub-ambient cooling of up to 7.5 °C was achieved in the daytime, which indicated that in these cases the silica aerogel became a robust cooling material rather than a thermal insulator owing to its high IR emissivity of 0.932 and high solar reflectance of 0.924. In summary, this study shows the PRC performance of silica aerogels, and the findings guide the utilization of silica aerogels by considering their application environments for achieving optimal thermal management behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Ma
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Peiying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dan Fang
- Suzhou Institute of Metrology, Suzhou, 215128, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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7
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Tian Q, Tu X, Yang L, Liu H, Zhou Y, Xing Y, Chen Z, Fan S, Evans J, He S. Super-Large-Scale Hierarchically Porous Films Based on Self-Assembled Eye-Like Air Pores for High-Performance Daytime Radiative Cooling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2205091. [PMID: 36328709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal-free polymer daytime radiative cooling coatings with hierarchical eye-like air pores are proposed and fabricated with a super-large-scale film-stretching method. The hierarchically porous film (HPF) can be further coated with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) micro-hemispheres, forming coated HPF (cHPF), which do not dramatically change the optical or thermal properties. The cHPF is slightly better with a lower solar absorptivity (2.4%) and a higher thermal emissivity over the atmospheric transparency window (90.1%). The low solar absorptivity is due to the strong scattering of the hierarchical eye-like air pores, while the molecular vibrations and the focusing effect of the PMMA micro-hemispheres contribute to the high emissivity. An average mid-day temperature reduction of 7.92 °C is achieved relative to the air temperature, and the average cooling power reaches 116.0 W m-2 , which are much better than the cooling performances of the commercial cooling cushion. During the day, the cHPF-covered simulated building is up to 6.47 and 4.84 °C cooler than the ambient and the white painted counterpart, respectively. The film is durable and resistant to chemical etching, and very promising to use globally, especially in warm and tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tian
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xitao Tu
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Haibo Liu
- Ningbo Solartron Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315034, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- Ningbo Solartron Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315034, China
| | - Yuxin Xing
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Ningbo Solartron Technology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, 315034, China
| | - Shanhui Fan
- E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, and Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Julian Evans
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research Center for Optical Instruments, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- JORCEP, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, S-100 44, Sweden
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8
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Wang HD, Xue CH, Ji ZY, Huang MC, Jiang ZH, Liu BY, Deng FQ, An QF, Guo XJ. Superhydrophobic Porous Coating of Polymer Composite for Scalable and Durable Daytime Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51307-51317. [PMID: 36320188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technology provides an eco-friendly cooling strategy by reflecting sunlight reaching the surface and radiating heat underneath to the outer space through the atmospheric transparency window. However, PDRC materials face challenges in cooling performance degradation caused by outdoor contamination and requirements of easy fabrication approaches for scale-up and high cooling efficiency. Herein, a polymer composite coating of polystyrene, polydimethylsiloxane and poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) (PS/PDMS/PECA) with superhydrophobicity and radiative cooling performance was fabricated and demonstrated to have sustained radiative cooling capability, utilizing the superhydrophobic self-cleaning property to maintain the optical properties of the coating surface. The prepared coating is hierarchically porous which exhibits an average solar reflectance of 96% with an average emissivity of 95% and superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of 160°. The coating realized a subambient radiative cooling of 12.9 °C in sealed air and 7.5 °C in open air. The self-cleaning property of the PS/PDMS/PECA coating helped sustain the cooling capacity for long-term outdoor applications. Moreover, the coating exhibited chemical resistance, UV resistance, and mechanical durability, which has promising applications in wider fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Di Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Hua Xue
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-You Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Chen Huang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hao Jiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Ying Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Quan Deng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Feng An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an710021, People's Republic of China
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9
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Du T, Niu J, Wang L, Bai J, Wang S, Li S, Fan Y. Daytime Radiative Cooling Coating Based on the Y 2O 3/TiO 2 Microparticle-Embedded PDMS Polymer on Energy-Saving Buildings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51351-51360. [PMID: 36332077 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Daytime radiative cooling technology can release heat into outer space without consuming any electricity during the day while reflecting as much solar radiation as possible. This characteristic gives radiative cooling materials considerable application potential in the fields of energy-saving buildings, fabrics, and photovoltaic cells. The radiative cooling coating (RC coating) applied to a building should cover a large area of the building surface, so a RC coating was prepared by spraying. The RC coating consisted of highly near-infrared reflective yttrium oxide (Y2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The RC coating could reach a high solar reflectance of 92.2% and a high atmospheric window emissivity of 94.9%. The complementary reflectivity of TiO2 and Y2O3 was the key to obtaining high reflectivity for RC coatings. The results of field tests showed that the cavity where the RC coating is cooled was 7.7 °C lower than the ambient temperature under direct sunlight. Moreover, the average radiative cooling power of the RC coating was 72.5 W/m2 on a hot summer day. In addition, the RC coating has good stability and thus can be used in various conditions, such as on outdoor buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin300130, China
| | - Jun Niu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin300130, China
| | - Leyao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin300130, China
| | - Jintao Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin300130, China
| | - Shengxing Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin300130, China
| | - Shijie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin300130, China
- Key Lab for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin300130, China
| | - Yongzhe Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin300130, China
- Key Lab for New Type of Functional Materials in Hebei Province, Tianjin300130, China
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10
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Wang J, Shan X, Hu P, Zhang C, Yuan D, Hu X, Wang J. Bioinspired Multilayer Structures for Energy-Free Passive Heating and Thermal Regulation in Cold Environments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46569-46580. [PMID: 36206445 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Passive thermal regulation has attracted increasing interest owing to its zero-energy consumption capacity, which is expected to alleviate current crises in fossil energy and global warming. In this study, a biomimetic multilayer structure (BMS) comprising a silica aerogel, a photothermal conversion material (PTCM), and a phase change material (PCM) layer is designed inspired by the physiological skin structure of polar bears for passive heating with desirable temperature and endurance. The transparent silica aerogel functions as transparent hairs and allows solar entry and prevents heat dissipation; the PTCM, a glass plate coated with black paint, acts as the black skin to convert the incident sunlight into heat; and the PCM composed of n-octadecane microcapsules stores the heat, regulating temperature and increasing endurance. Impressively, outdoor and simulated experiments indicate efficient passive heating (increment of 60 °C) of the BMS in cold environments, and endurance of 157 and 92 min is achieved compared to a single aerogel and PTCM layer, respectively. The uses of the BMS for passive heating of model houses in winter show an increase of 12.1 °C. COMSOL simulation of the BMSs in high latitudes indicates robust heating and endurance performance in a -20 °C weather. The BMS developed in this study exhibits a smart thermal regulation behavior and paves the way for passive heating in remote areas where electricity and fossil energy are unavailable in cold seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiameng Shan
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, P. R. China
| | - Peiying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, P. R. China
| | - Chengjiao Zhang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong226019, P. R. China
| | - Dengsen Yuan
- Gusu Laboratory of Materials, Suzhou215123, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou215123, P. R. China
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11
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Shan X, Liu L, Wu Y, Yuan D, Wang J, Zhang C, Wang J. Aerogel-Functionalized Thermoplastic Polyurethane as Waterproof, Breathable Freestanding Films and Coatings for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201190. [PMID: 35474617 PMCID: PMC9284144 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is an emerging sustainable technology that can spontaneously radiate heat to outer space through an atmospheric transparency window to achieve self-cooling. PDRC has attracted considerable attention and shows great potential for personal thermal management (PTM). However, PDRC polymers are limited to polyethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, and their derivatives. In this study, a series of polymer films based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and their composite films with silica aerogels (aerogel-functionalized TPU (AFTPU)) are prepared using a simple and scalable non-solvent-phase-separation strategy. The TPU and AFTPU films are freestanding, mechanically strong, show high solar reflection up to 94%, and emit strongly in the atmospheric transparency window, thereby achieving subambient cooling of 10.0 and 7.7 °C on a hot summer day for the TPU and AFTPU film (10 wt%), respectively. The AFTPU films can be used as waterproof and moisture permeable coatings for traditional textiles, such as cotton, polyester, and nylon, and the highest temperature drop of 17.6 °C is achieved with respect to pristine nylon fabric, in which both the cooling performance and waterproof properties are highly desirable for the PTM applications. This study opens up a promising route for designing common polymers for highly efficient PDRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiameng Shan
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart SystemsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart SystemsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Yusi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart SystemsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Dengsen Yuan
- Gusu Laboratory of Materials ScienceSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart SystemsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesSuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Chengjiao Zhang
- School of Textile and ClothingNantong UniversityNantong226019P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart SystemsSuzhou Institute of Nano‐Tech and Nano‐BionicsChinese Academy of SciencesSuzhou215123P. R. China
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12
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Xinyuan Z, Wang J, Li Y, Yang R, Zhan Y. Spectral decoupling of cooperative emissivity in silica-polymer metamaterials for radiative cooling. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2506-2509. [PMID: 35561386 DOI: 10.1364/ol.455302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Silica-polymer metamaterials are one promising candidate of radiative-cooling materials suitable for scalable manufacture. However, the strong coupling between the silica and polymer components and their respective contribution to total emission remain unexplored. In this work, we developed a 3D full-wave model for such a randomized composite system to retrieve the spectral emissivity of individual components and uncover the interacted physical mechanisms. The results demonstrate and decouple the cooperative emission in the scatter-medium system and quantitatively evaluate the geometry-dependent light-matter interactions, which sheds more light on silica-polymer metamaterials and provides helpful guidance for designing similar thermal-control materials.
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13
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Xu X, Gu J, Zhao H, Zhang X, Dou S, Li Y, Zhao J, Zhan Y, Li X. Passive and Dynamic Phase-Change-Based Radiative Cooling in Outdoor Weather. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14313-14320. [PMID: 35302341 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cooling has attracted considerable attention due to its tremendous potential in exploiting the cold reservoir of deep sky. However, overcooling always occurs in the conventional static radiative coolers because they operate only in the cooling mode in both hot and cold. Therefore, a dynamic radiative cooler based on phase change materials is highly desired. Nevertheless, the practical outdoor phase-change-based dynamic radiative cooling has not yet been experimentally demonstrated. To satisfy the stringent requirement of the phase-change-based radiative cooler in outdoor weather conditions, we engineered the phase-change material (VO2) to possess the room-temperature phase-transition capability for typical weather conditions. Second, the reconfigurable cavity consists of the lossless spacer to ensure the magnitude of thermal modulation and suppress the solar absorption simultaneously. Third, the practical selective-filtering method is devised to shield the solar irradiance while permitting the thermal emission. Our experiment demonstrates that these materials and photonic measures can work together to realize the dynamic radiative cooling in actual weather conditions, which shows a self-adaptive switch between the ON-cooling state in hot daytime and the OFF-cooling state in cold nighttime. The study pushes the radiative cooler toward multifunctionality and provides beneficial guidance for the phase-change-based intelligent thermal control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jinxin Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haipeng Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shuliang Dou
- Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yao Li
- Center for Composite Materials and Structure, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiupeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yaohui Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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14
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Qian HL, Huang WP, Fang Y, Zou LY, Yu WJ, Wang J, Ren KF, Xu ZK, Ji J. Fabrication of "Spongy Skin" on Diversified Materials Based on Surface Swelling Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57000-57008. [PMID: 34816710 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous surfaces have attracted tremendous interest for customized incorporation of functional agents on biomedical devices. However, the versatile preparation of porous structures on complicated devices remains challenging. Herein, we proposed a simple and robust method to fabricate "spongy skin" on diversified polymeric substrates based on non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS). Through the swelling and the subsequent phase separation process, interconnected porous structures were directly formed onto the polymeric substrates. The thickness and pore size could be regulated in the ranges of 5-200 and 0.3-0.75 μm, respectively. The fast capillary action of the porous structure enabled controllable loading and sustained release of ofloxacin and bovine albumin at a high loading dosage of 79.9 and 24.1 μg/cm2, respectively. We verified that this method was applicable to diversified materials including polymethyl methacrylate, polystyrene, thermoplastic polyurethane, polylactide acid, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and can be realized onto TCPS cell culture plates. This NIPS-based method is promising to generate porous surfaces on medical devices for incorporating therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lin Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wei-Pin Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yu Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ling-Yun Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wei-Jiang Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ke-Feng Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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15
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Yang Z, Zhang J. Bioinspired Radiative Cooling Structure with Randomly Stacked Fibers for Efficient All-Day Passive Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:43387-43395. [PMID: 34468118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Without the help of compression-based cooling systems, natural creatures have to make use of other things to decrease their body temperature to survive under thermally harsh conditions. This work finds that the silkworm cocoon of Bombyx mori protects pupae from the rapid temperature fluctuations via the randomly stacked silk fibers, which possess high solar reflectance and thermal emittance for thermal regulation. Inspired by this microstructure, the melt-blown polypropylene (MB-PP) with randomly stacked fibers is fabricated by a large-scale melt-blown fabrication method. For enhancing the thermal emittance of MB-PP, the surface-modified MB-PP (SMB-PP) is obtained by constructing the poly(dimethylsiloxane) film on the MB-PP. As the reason for its high solar reflectance (∼95%) and thermal emittance (∼0.82), the SMB-PP displays subambient temperature drops of 4 °C in the daytime and 5 °C in the nighttime, respectively. Moreover, building energy simulation indicates that the SMB-PP could save ∼132 GJ (∼58.1% of the baseline energy consumption) for 1 year in the contiguous United States. Overall, the bioinspired structures offer a novel pathway out of cooling buildings, showing great promising application prospects in zero-energy buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangbin Yang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing 211816, China
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16
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Jing W, Zhang S, Zhang W, Chen Z, Zhang C, Wu D, Gao Y, Zhu H. Scalable and Flexible Electrospun Film for Daytime Subambient Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29558-29566. [PMID: 34132091 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Daytime radiative cooling materials reflect solar light and dissipate heat directly to outer space without any energy consumption, and thus, have attracted much attention due to the potential applications in many fields. Recently, elaborately designed photonic crystal and metamaterials have been reported for daytime subambient radiative cooling. However, such materials and structures have the drawbacks of complex shapes, inflexibility, high cost, and limitation in scaling up. It is also extremely difficult to apply such materials to buildings, vehicles, and other objects having complex surfaces. Here, a scalable and flexible hybrid film for daytime subambient radiative cooling was fabricated by a facile electrospinning method. The hybrid film consists of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/alumina (PVDF/Al2O3) fibers with diameters of 0.5-2.5 μm. Owing to the efficient scattering by fibers and Al2O3 nanoparticles, the hybrid film exhibits an extremely high average solar reflectance of 0.97. A high average atmospheric window emittance of 0.95 is simultaneously achieved due to the molecular vibrations of PVDF and the phonon polariton resonance of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The composite film delivers an average net radiative cooling power of 82.7 W/m2, and a temperature drop of up to 4.0 °C under direct sunlight. The hybrid film exhibits remarkable radiative cooling performance under different weather conditions including sunny, cloudy, overcast, and rainy. It can be used not only for cooling buildings and vehicles but also for delaying the melting of glaciers. This work demonstrates a promising method for scale-up production of the radiative cooling film with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Jing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Canying Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P. R. China
| | - Daxiong Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266042, P. R. China
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