Enhancing the Solubility of Semiconducting Polymers in Eco-Friendly Solvents with Carbohydrate-Containing Side Chains

Exploring the Impact of Structural Modifications of Phenothiazine-Based Novel Compounds for Organic Solar Cells: DFT Investigations

This paper explores a novel group of D-π-A configurations that has been specifically created for organic solar cell applications. In these material compounds, the phenothiazine, the furan, and two derivatives of the thienyl-fused IC group act as the donor, the π-conjugated spacer, and the end-group acceptors, respectively. We assess the impact of substituents by introducing bromine atoms at two potential substitution sites on each end-group acceptor (EG1 and EG2). With the donor and π-bridge held constant, we have employed density functional theory and time-dependent DFT simulations to explore the photophysical and optoelectronic properties of tailored compounds (M1-M6). We have demonstrated how structural modifications influence the optoelectronic properties of materials for organic solar cells. Moreover, all proposed compounds exhibit a greater Voc exceeding 1.5 V, a suitable HOMO-LUMO energy gap (2.14-2.30 eV), and higher dipole moments (9.23-10.90 D). Various decisive key factors that are crucial for exploring the properties of tailored compounds-frontier molecular orbitals, transition density matrix, electrostatic potential, open-circuit voltage, maximum absorption, reduced density gradient, and charge transfer length (Dindex)-were also explored. Our analysis delivers profound insights into the design principles of optimizing the performance of organic solar cell applications based on halogenated material compounds.

Nonhalogenated Solvent Processable and High-Density Photopatternable Polymer Semiconductors Enabled by Incorporating Hydroxyl Groups in the Side Chains

Polymer semiconductors hold tremendous potential for applications in flexible devices, which is however hindered by the fact that they are usually processed by halogenated solvents rather than environmentally more friendly solvents. An effective strategy to boost the solubility of high-performance polymer semiconductors in nonhalogenated solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) by appending hydroxyl groups in the side chains is herein presented. The results show that hydroxyl groups, which can be easily incorporated into the side chains, can significantly improve the solubility of typical p- and n-types as well as ambipolar polymer semiconductors in THF. Meanwhile, the thin films of these polymer semiconductors from the respective THF solutions show high charge mobilities. With THF as the processing and developing solvents these polymer semiconductors with hydroxyl groups in the side chains can be well photopatterned in the presence of the photo-crosslinker, and the charge mobilities of the patterned thin films are mostly maintained by comparing with those of the respective pristine thin films. Notably, THF is successfully utilized as the processing and developing solvent to achieve high-density photopatterning with ≈82 000 device arrays cm-2 for polymer semiconductors in which hydroxyl groups are appended in the side chains.

Green-Processed Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells Based on Y-Series Acceptors

The development of environmentally friendly and sustainable processes for the production of high-performance organic solar cells (OSCs) has become a critical research area. Currently, Y-series electron acceptors are widely used in high-performance OSCs, achieving power conversion efficiencies above 19%. However, these acceptors have large fused conjugated backbones that are well-soluble in halogenated solvents, such as chloroform and chlorobenzene, but have poor solubility in non-halogenated green solvents. To overcome this challenge, recent studies have focused on developing green-processed OSCs that use non-chlorinated and non-aromatic solvents to dissolve bulk-heterojunction photoactive layers based on Y-series electron acceptors, enabling environmentally friendly fabrication. In this comprehensive review, an overview of recent progress in green-processed OSCs based on Y-series acceptors is provided, covering the determination of Hansen solubility parameters, the use of non-chlorinated solvents, and the dispersion of conjugated nanoparticles in water/alcohol. It is hoped that the timely review will inspire researchers to develop new ideas and approaches in this important field, ultimately leading to the practical application of OSCs.

Debossed Contact Printing as a Patterning Method for Paper-Based Electronics

The proliferation of printed electronic devices is feeding the growth of the Internet of Things, with devices deployed everywhere to collect and communicate data. At the same time, the increase in low-cost disposable devices is a cause for serious environmental concern. In particular, widely used plastic substrates such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) are persistent hazards to the environment. Paper is promising as a greener substrate for printed electronics because it is biodegradable and sourced from renewable materials as well as being low cost and compatible with roll-to-roll printing. However, the porous microstructure of paper promotes wicking of functional inks, leading to poor electrical performance and printing resolution. Hydrophobic coatings applied to the surface of paper create a planarized, printable surface, but these materials may compromise biodegradability and/or recyclability. This paper describes a new resist-free patterning method for printed paper-based electronics that takes advantage of the porous structure of paper. Debossed contact printing uses the pressure from a debossing tip to compress the porous structure of paper and create a patterned relief structure. Printing functional inks with an unpatterned roller deposits ink only on the raised regions of the relief structure. We demonstrate debossed contact printing of silver, carbon black, and conducting polymer inks and show that this new fabrication method is suitable for the fabrication of printed devices with dense features. We demonstrate the fabrication of antennas and patterned electrodes for RFID and smart wallpaper applications, respectively.

Gels of Semiconducting Polymers in Benign Solvents

Gels of semiconducting polymers have many potential applications, including biomedical devices and sensors. Here, we report a self-assembled gel system consisting of isoindigo-based semiconducting polymers with galactose side chains in benign, alcohol-based solvents. Because of the carbohydrate side chains, the modified isoindigo polymers are soluble in alcohols. We obtained thermoreversible gels in 1-propanol using these polymers and di-Fmoc-l-lysine, a molecular gelator. The polymers and molecular gelators have been selected in such a way that they do not have significant physical interactions. The molecular gelator self-assembled to form a fibrous structure that confines the polymer chains in the interstitial spaces of the fibers. The polymer chains formed local aggregations and increased the shear moduli of the gels significantly. Bulky galactose side chains and the less planar nature of the polymer backbone hindered the formation of long-range assembled structures of the polymers. However, the dispersion of polymers throughout the gel samples resulted in a percolated structure in the dried gel films. The bulk electrical conductivity of dried gels confirmed the presence of such percolated structures. Our results demonstrated that carbohydrate-containing conjugated polymers can be combined with molecular gelators to obtain gels in eco-friendly solvents.

Molecular-Shape-Controlled Binary to Ternary Resistive Random-Access Memory Switching of N-Containing Heteroaromatic Semiconductors

In organic resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) devices, deeply understanding how to control the performance of π-conjugated semiconductors through molecular-shape-engineering is important and highly desirable. Herein, we design a family of N-containing heteroaromatic semiconductors with molecular shapes moving from mono-branched 1Q to di-branched 2Q and tri-branched 3Q. We find that this molecular-shape engineering can induce reliable binary to ternary ReRAM switching, affording a highly enhanced device yield that satisfies the practical requirement. The density functional theory calculation and experimental evidence suggest that the increased multiple paired electroactive nitrogen sites from mono-branched 1Q to tri-branched 3Q are responsible for the multilevel resistance switching, offering stable bidentate coordination with the active metal atoms. This study sheds light on the prospect of N-containing heteroaromatic semiconductors for promising ultrahigh-density data-storage ReRAM application.