1
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Yeoh GH, De Cachinho Cordeiro IM, Wang W, Wang C, Yuen ACY, Chen TBY, Vargas JB, Mao G, Garbe U, Chua HT. Carbon-based Flame Retardants for Polymers: A Bottom-up Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403835. [PMID: 38814633 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review is geared toward elucidating the molecular understanding of the carbon-based flame-retardant mechanisms for polymers via holistic characterization combining detailed analytical assessments and computational material science. The use of carbon-based flame retardants, which include graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs), and fullerenes, in their pure and functionalized forms are initially reviewed to evaluate their flame retardancy performance and to determine their elevation of the flammability resistance on various types of polymers. The early transition metal carbides such as MXenes, regarded as next-generation carbon-based flame retardants, are discussed with respect to their superior flame retardancy and multifunctional applications. At the core of this review is the utilization of cutting-edge molecular dynamics (MD) simulations which sets a precedence of an alternative bottom-up approach to fill the knowledge gap through insights into the thermal resisting process of the carbon-based flame retardants, such as the formation of carbonaceous char and intermediate chemical reactions offered by the unique carbon bonding arrangements and microscopic in-situ architectures. Combining MD simulations with detailed experimental assessments and characterization, a more targeted development as well as a systematic material synthesis framework can be realized for the future development of advanced flame-retardant polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Heng Yeoh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | | | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- Department of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Timothy Bo Yuan Chen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Juan Baena Vargas
- Commonwealth Science Industry Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ulf Garbe
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee DC, Sydney, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Hui Tong Chua
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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2
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Liu C, Tao J, Wu T, Zhao HB, Yu C, Rao W. Construction of hierarchical SiO 2 microcapsule towards flame retardation, low toxicity and mechanical enhancement of epoxy resins. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140184. [PMID: 37716559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for improving the flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical properties of epoxy resins (EPs) has been proposed by incorporating functionalized hollow mesoporous silica microcapsules (SHP) loaded with phosphorous silane flame retardants (SCA) and coated with polydopamine (PDA) and transition metals. The proposed approach involves a multi-level structure that combines several mechanisms to enhance the flame-retardant properties of EP. The physical barrier provided by silica serves to impede heat and mass transfer during combustion, while the catalytic carbonization effect of phosphorus and transition metals promotes the formation of a protective char layer, which acts as a barrier to further flame propagation. Incorporating a low loading amount of 3 wt% SHP into the epoxy matrix resulted in EP/SHP-3 composites with significantly improved flame retardancy, as evidenced by a limiting oxygen index of 31.5% and a V-1 rating, in contrast to the values obtained for unmodified EP, which were 23.8% and no rating, respectively. In addition, cone calorimeter test (CCT) results indicated that the total heat release, peak heat release rate and total smoke production of EP/SHP-3 decreased by 18.2%, 25.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Moreover, the improved interfacial compatibility facilitated by polydopamine assists in the dispersion and compatibility of the SHP with the epoxy matrix, leading to better mechanical properties. Herein, the addition of 1 wt% SHP to EP significantly improved its mechanical performance, with a 16.7% increase in tensile strength and a 19.2% increase in impact strength. The design of the multi-level structural approach has the potential to provide new ideas for the simultaneous improvement of fire safety as well as mechanical properties of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jie Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chuanbai Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Wenhui Rao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology (GUT), Guilin, 541004, China.
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3
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Thakur A, Chandran B S N, Davidson K, Bedford A, Fang H, Im Y, Kanduri V, Wyatt BC, Nemani SK, Poliukhova V, Kumar R, Fakhraai Z, Anasori B. Step-by-Step Guide for Synthesis and Delamination of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300030. [PMID: 37150839 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To advance the MXene field, it is crucial to optimize each step of the synthesis process and create a detailed, systematic guide for synthesizing high-quality MXene that can be consistently reproduced. In this study, a detailed guide is provided for an optimized synthesis of titanium carbide (Ti3 C2 Tx ) MXene using a mixture of hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids for the selective etching of the stoichimetric-Ti3 AlC2 MAX phase and delamination of the etched multilayered Ti3 C2 Tx MXene using lithium chloride at 65 °C for 1 h with argon bubbling. The effect of different synthesis variables is investigated, including the stoichiometry of the mixed powders to synthesize Ti3 AlC2 , pre-etch impurity removal conditions, selective etching, storage, and drying of MXene multilayer powder, and the subsequent delamination conditions. The synthesis yield and the MXene film electrical conductivity are used as the two parameters to evaluate the MXene quality. Also the MXenes are characterized with scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and ellipsometry. The Ti3 C2 Tx film made via the optimized method shows electrical conductivity as high as ≈21,000 S/cm with a synthesis yield of up to 38 %. A detailed protocol is also provided for the Ti3 C2 Tx MXene synthesis as the supporting information for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupma Thakur
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nithin Chandran B S
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Center of Excellence in Ceramic Technologies for Futuristic Mobility, Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, 600036, India
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Karis Davidson
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Annabelle Bedford
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yooran Im
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Kanduri
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Brian C Wyatt
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Srinivasa Kartik Nemani
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Valeriia Poliukhova
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Center of Excellence in Ceramic Technologies for Futuristic Mobility, Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras (IIT Madras), Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Babak Anasori
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Wu Z, Liu S, Hao Z, Liu X. MXene Contact Engineering for Printed Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207174. [PMID: 37096843 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MXenes emerging as an amazing class of 2D layered materials, have drawn great attention in the past decade. Recent progress suggest that MXene-based materials have been widely explored as conductive electrodes for printed electronics, including electronic and optoelectronic devices, sensors, and energy storage systems. Here, the critical factors impacting device performance are comprehensively interpreted from the viewpoint of contact engineering, thereby giving a deep understanding of surface microstructures, contact defects, and energy level matching as well as their interaction principles. This review also summarizes the existing challenges of MXene inks and the related printing techniques, aiming at inspiring researchers to develop novel large-area and high-resolution printing integration methods. Moreover, to effectually tune the states of contact interface and meet the urgent demands of printed electronics, the significance of MXene contact engineering in reducing defects, matching energy levels, and regulating performance is highlighted. Finally, the printed electronics constructed by the collaborative combination of the printing process and contact engineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Thin-Film Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Shuiren Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Thin-Film Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zijuan Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Thin-Film Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Innovation Center for Functional Polymer Membrane Materials, Xinxiang, 453000, P. R. China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Thin-Film Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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5
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Xu P, Qi G, Lv D, Niu D, Yang W, Bai H, Yan X, Zhao X, Ma P. Enhanced flame retardancy and toughness of eco-friendly polyhydroxyalkanoate/bentonite composites based on in situ intercalation of P-N-containing hyperbranched macromolecules. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123345. [PMID: 36669635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) is a biodegradable polyester, and its application range is limited by the poor flame retardancy and low modulus. Bentonite (BNT) as a green inorganic filler can improve the modulus and flame retardancy of PHA to a certain extent. An in situ polymerization method was designed to intercalate P-N-containing hyperbranched macromolecules (HBM) among BNT layers (HBM-B) and to improve the flame retardancy while improving the dispersion of BNT in the PHA matrix. The layer spacing of BNT was increased from 1.2 nm to 4.5 nm. The effect law of the joint action of in situ intercalation of BNT and the HBM on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PHA was systematically studied. The HBM-B showed stronger flame retardancy when the mass ratio of HBM to BNT was 75/25. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the PHA/HBM-B composite was increased to 27.6 % while maintaining good toughness. Compared to the physical blend of HBM and BNT (HBM/B), the elongation at break of PHA/HBM-B25 composites can be increased by up to 10 times. When the content of HBM-B is up to 15 wt%, the LOI of PHA-Based composites can reach 29.6 % and the UL-94 rating reaches V-0, which meets the standard of flame-retardant material. Therefore, the present work is expected to expand the application of PHA-based composites in the field of flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwu Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Gaopeng Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dongxuan Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Deyu Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huiyu Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiuping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Piming Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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6
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Hou B, Zhang W, Lu H, Song K, Geng Z, Ye X, Pan YT, Zhang W, Yang R. Multielement Flame-Retardant System Constructed with Metal POSS-Organic Frameworks for Epoxy Resin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49326-49337. [PMID: 36270017 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The direct coordination between polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and Co forms an assembly of nanoparticles with low specific surface area and leads to a poor dispersion state in the epoxy resin matrix, resulting in unsatisfactory flame-retardant efficiency. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), for instance, ZIF-67, provide not only the cobalt element but also the porous framework that endows the nanocomposite of MOFs and POSS with high specific surface area and abundant Co sites in the silica skeleton. Herein, ZIF-67 is hybridized with octacarboxyl POSS, resulting in the removal of the alkaline ligand to form novel metal POSS-organic frameworks (MPOFs). The size differences for organic groups and silica nanocages of POSS vs. micropores of ZIF-67 gave rise to a reverse click reaction, reforming octavinyl POSS isolated on the outer surface of the Co complex, which could be further modified by a phosphorous flame retardant using an addition reaction. The obtained MPOFs-P with 2 wt % loading in epoxy resin could improve the limiting oxygen index value of the composites to 27.0% and pass the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Meanwhile, the peaks of the heat release rate and especially the total smoke production were reduced by 46.6 and 25.2%, respectively. The robust char layer reduces the emission of toxic gas CO by 39.8%. The above epoxy product with promising flame retardancy also improved mechanical properties, thanks to the filler with a unique nanostructure. The ingenious work offers enlightenment for the hybridization method of MOFs and POSS to fabricate a multielement flame-retardant system for epoxy resin with high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyou Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kunpeng Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xinming Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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7
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Xia L, Wang X, Ren T, Luo L, Li D, Dai J, Xu Y, Yuan C, Zeng B, Dai L. Green construction of multi-functional fire resistant epoxy resins based on boron nitride with core-shell structure. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Yin Z, Chu F, Yu B, Wang B, Hu Y. Hierarchical Ti3C2Tx@BPA@PCL for flexible polyurethane foam capable of anti-compression, self-extinguishing and flame-retardant. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:208-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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9
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Ye X, Feng Y, Tian P, Li Z, Li Y, Wang W, Li J, Qiao L, Wang K, Zhang W, Pan YT, Yang R. Engineering two nitrogen-containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (N-POSSs) to enhance the fire safety of epoxy resin endowed with superior thermal stability. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Hou B, Song K, Ur Rehman Z, Song T, Lin T, Zhang W, Pan YT, Yang R. Precise Control of a Yolk-Double Shell Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanostructure Provides Enhanced Fire Safety for Epoxy Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14805-14816. [PMID: 35290025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly promising as future flame retardants for polymeric materials. The precise control of the interface for polymer nanocomposites is taking scientific research by storm, whereas such investigations for MOF-based nanofillers are rare. Herein, a novel yolk-double shell nanostructure (ZIF-67@layered double hydroxides@polyphophazenes, ZIF@LDH@PZS) was subtly designed and introduced into epoxy resin (EP) as a flame retardant to fill the vacancy of yolk/shell construction in the field. Meanwhile, the interface of the polymer nanocomposites can be further accurately tailored by the outermost layer of the nanofillers from PZS to Ni(OH)2 (NH), by which hollow nanocages with treble shells (LDH@PZS@NH) were obtained. It is remarkably interesting that LDH@PZS@NH endows the EP with the lowest peak of heat release rate in the cone calorimeter test, but the total heat and smoke releases (THR and TSP) of the nanocomposites are even higher than those of the neat polymer. In contrast, EP blended with ZIF@LDH@PZS shows outstanding comprehensive performance: with 2 wt.%, the limiting oxygen index is increased to 29.5%, and the peak heat release rate is reduced by 26.0%. The impact and flexural strengths are slightly lowered, while the storage modulus is enhanced remarkably compared with that for neat EP. The flame retardant mechanism is systematically explored focusing on the interfacial interactions of different hybrids within the epoxy matrix, ushering in a new stage of study of nanostructural design-guided interface manipulation in MOF-based polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyou Hou
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Kunpeng Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zeeshan Ur Rehman
- College of Mechatronic Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Tinglu Song
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Tao Lin
- Tsinghua University, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
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11
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Metal-organic Framework ZIF-67 Functionalized MXene for Enhancing the Fire Safety of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071142. [PMID: 35407260 PMCID: PMC9000687 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel functionalization strategy for ZIF-67-modified layered MXene was proposed, aiming at improving the fire safety of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU). The ZIF-67@MXene was verified by microscopic morphology, elemental composition, functional group species and crystal structure, and then the successfully prepared ZIF-67@MXene was introduced into the TPU material. When ZIF-67@MXene content was only 0.5 wt%, the peak heat release rate, total heat release rate, peak smoke release rate, total smoke release rate, and CO yield of the TPU/ZIF-67@MXene composites were reduced by 26%, 9%, 50%, and 22%, respectively, compared with the pure TPU. The thermogravimetric tests showed that the residual char of TPU/ZIF-67@MXene composites was the most in all samples. In short, the high-quality carbon layer of TPU/ZIF-67@MXene composites acts as a physical barrier to the transfer of heat and toxic gases, greatly improving the flame retardant properties of the TPU polymer.
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12
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Recent Advances in MXene/Epoxy Composites: Trends and Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061170. [PMID: 35335500 PMCID: PMC8954424 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins are thermosets with interesting physicochemical properties for numerous engineering applications, and considerable efforts have been made to improve their performance by adding nanofillers to their formulations. MXenes are one of the most promising functional materials to use as nanofillers. They have attracted great interest due to their high electrical and thermal conductivity, hydrophilicity, high specific surface area and aspect ratio, and chemically active surface, compatible with a wide range of polymers. The use of MXenes as nanofillers in epoxy resins is incipient; nevertheless, the literature indicates a growing interest due to their good chemical compatibility and outstanding properties as composites, which widen the potential applications of epoxy resins. In this review, we report an overview of the recent progress in the development of MXene/epoxy nanocomposites and the contribution of nanofillers to the enhancement of properties. Particularly, their application for protective coatings (i.e., anticorrosive and friction and wear), electromagnetic-interference shielding, and composites is discussed. Finally, a discussion of the challenges in this topic is presented.
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