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Xiao J, Zhang X, Fan H, Lin Q, Ng ZS, Chen W, Zhang Y. Releasing Free Anions by High Donor Number Cosolvent in Noncorrosive Electrolytes of Commercially Available Magnesium Salts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:17673-17682. [PMID: 38533740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Passivation of the magnesium (Mg) anode in the chloride-free electrolytes using commercially available Mg salts is a critical issue for rechargeable Mg batteries. Herein, a high donor number cosolvent of 1-methylimidazolium (MeIm) is introduced into Mg(TFSI)2- and Mg(HMDS)2-based electrolytes to address the passivation problem and realize highly reversible Mg plating/stripping. Theoretical calculations and experimental characterization results reveal that the strong coordination ability of MeIm with Mg2+ can weaken the anion-cation interactions and promote the formation of free anions that have higher reduction stability, thus significantly suppressing anion-derived passivation layer formation. By adding MeIm cosolvent into Mg(TFSI)2-based electrolyte, the average Coulombic efficiency of the Mg//Cu cell is increased from less than 20% to over 90%, and the Mg//Mg cell can stably cycle for over 800 h with a low overpotential. In the MeIm-regulated Mg(HMDS)2-based electrolyte, the solvation structure change, featured by an effective separation of Mg2+ and HMDS-, greatly increases the ionic conductivity by more than 30 times. This solvation structure regulation strategy for noncorrosive electrolytes of commercially available Mg salts has a great potential for application in future rechargeable Mg metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiyuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zi Shyun Ng
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuegang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Luo T, Wang Y, Elander B, Goldstein M, Mu Y, Wilkes J, Fahrenbruch M, Lee J, Li T, Bao JL, Mohanty U, Wang D. Polysulfides in Magnesium-Sulfur Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306239. [PMID: 37740905 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Mg-S batteries hold great promise as a potential alternative to Li-based technologies. Their further development hinges on solving a few key challenges, including the lower capacity and poorer cycling performance when compared to Li counterparts. At the heart of the issues is the lack of knowledge on polysulfide chemical behaviors in the Mg-S battery environment. In this Review, a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of polysulfide behaviors in Mg-S batteries is provided. First, a systematic summary of experimental and computational techniques for polysulfide characterization is provided. Next, conversion pathways for Mg polysulfide species within the battery environment are discussed, highlighting the important role of polysulfide solubility in determining reaction kinetics and overall battery performance. The focus then shifts to the negative effects of polysulfide shuttling on Mg-S batteries. The authors outline various strategies for achieving an optimal balance between polysulfide solubility and shuttling, including the use of electrolyte additives, polysulfide-trapping materials, and dual-functional catalysts. Based on the current understanding, the directions for further advancing knowledge of Mg polysulfide chemistry are identified, emphasizing the integration of experiment with computation as a powerful approach to accelerate the development of Mg-S battery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Brooke Elander
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Michael Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Yu Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - James Wilkes
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | | | - Justin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Tevin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Junwei Lucas Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Udayan Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
| | - Dunwei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA
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Sheha E, Fan S, Farrag M, El-Dek E, Moselhy MA, Sulatt D, Sa N. Life Aging Effect as a Conditioning Process that Regulates the Performance of the Halogen-Free Mg Electrolyte. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16637-16647. [PMID: 37934700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Studying the interplay between the electrochemical performance and the electrolyte conditioning process is crucial for building an efficient magnesium battery. In this work, we use halogen-free electrolyte (HFE) based on Mg(NO3)2 in acetonitrile (ACN) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (G4) to study the effect of the aging time calendar on its electrochemical properties. The characterization techniques confirm apparent changes occurring in the bulk speciation and the Mg2+ solvation barrier of the aging HFE relative to the as-prepared fresh HFE. The overpotential of Mg plating/stripping and bulk resistance of the aging HFE is reduced relative to the as-prepared fresh HFE. Mg-S cells using aged HFE deliver high specific capacities (586 mA h/g), higher Coulombic efficiencies, and higher cycle life (up to 30 cycles at 25 °C) relative to Mg-S cells with fresh HFE that deliver a specific capacity of ∼535 mA h g-1, low Coulombic efficiency, and short cycle life at a current density of 0.02 mA cm-2. The present findings provide a new concept describing how the aging process regulates the electrochemical performance of the HFE and enhances the cycle life of Mg-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Sheha
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, 13518 Benha, Egypt
| | - Shengqi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Farrag
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, 13518 Benha, Egypt
| | - Engy El-Dek
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, 13518 Benha, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Moselhy
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, 13518 Benha, Egypt
| | - Dora Sulatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States of America
| | - Niya Sa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States of America
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Shin S, Kwak JH, Oh SH, Kim HS, Yu SH, Lim HD. Reversible Mg-Metal Batteries Enabled by a Ga-Rich Protective Layer through One-Step Interface Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37257080 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Practical applications of Mg-metal batteries (MMBs) have been plagued by a critical bottleneck─the formation of a native oxide layer on the Mg-metal interface─which inevitably limits the use of conventional nontoxic electrolytes. The major aim of this work was to propose a simple and effective way to reversibly operate MMBs in combination with Mg(TFSI)2-diglyme electrolyte by forming a Ga-rich protective layer on the Mg metal (GPL@Mg). Mg metal was carefully reacted with a GaCl3 solution to trigger a galvanic replacement reaction between Ga3+ and Mg, resulting in the layering of a stable and ion-conducting Ga-rich protective film while preventing the formation of a native insulating layer. Various characterization tools were applied to analyze GPL@Mg, and it was demonstrated to contain inorganic-rich compounds (MgCO3, Mg(OH)2, MgCl2, Ga2O3, GaCl3, and MgO) roughly in a double-layered structure. The artificial GPL on Mg was effective in greatly reducing the high polarization for Mg plating and stripping in diglyme-based electrolyte, and the stable cycling was maintained for over 200 h. The one-step process suggested in this work offers insights into exploring a cost-effective approach to cover the Mg-metal surface with an ion-conducting artificial layer, which will help to practically advance MMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Shin
- Energy Storage Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Kwak
- Energy Storage Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hyoung Oh
- Energy Storage Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Energy Storage Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Dae Lim
- Energy Storage Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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Fan S, Cora S, Sa N. Evolution of the Dynamic Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Mg Electrolytes for Rechargeable Mg-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46635-46645. [PMID: 36205546 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Formation and evolution of the microscopic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the Mg electrolyte/electrode interface are less reported and need to be completely understood to overcome the compatibility challenges at the Mg anode-electrolyte. In this paper, SEI evolution at the Mg electrolyte/electrode interface is investigated via an in situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation mode (EQCM-D), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Results reveal remarkably different interfacial evolutions for the two Mg electrolyte systems that are studied, a non-halogen Mg(TFSI)2 electrolyte in THF with DMA as a cosolvent (nhMg-DMA electrolyte) versus a halogen-containing all-phenyl complex (APC) electrolyte. The nhMg-DMA electrolyte reports a minuscule SEI formation along with a significant Coulomb loss at the initial electrochemical cycles owing to an electrolyte reconstruction process. Interestingly, a more complicated SEI growth is observed at the later electrochemical cycles accompanied by an improved reversible Mg deposition attributed to the newly formed coordination environment with Mg2+ and ultimately leads to a more homogeneous morphology for the electrochemically deposited Mg0, which maintains a MgF2-rich interface. In contrast, the APC electrolyte shows an extensive SEI formation at its initial electrochemical cycles, followed by a SEI dissolution process upon electrochemical cycling accompanied by an improved coulombic efficiency with trace water and chloride species removed. Therefore, it leads to SEI stabilization progression upon further electrochemical cycling, resulting in elevated charge transport kinetics and superior purity of the electrochemically deposited Mg0. These outstanding findings augment the understanding of the SEI formation and evolution on the Mg interface and pave a way for a future Mg-ion battery design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Boston, Massachusetts02125, United States
| | - Saida Cora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Boston, Massachusetts02125, United States
| | - Niya Sa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Boston, Massachusetts02125, United States
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Yang Z, Yang M, Hahn NT, Connell J, Bloom I, Liao C, Ingram BJ, Trahey L. Toward practical issues: Identification and mitigation of the impurity effect in glyme solvents on the reversibility of Mg plating/stripping in Mg batteries. Front Chem 2022; 10:966332. [PMID: 36034674 PMCID: PMC9413053 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.966332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible electrochemical magnesium plating/stripping processes are important for the development of high-energy-density Mg batteries based on Mg anodes. Ether glyme solutions such as monoglyme (G1), diglyme (G2), and triglyme (G3) with the MgTFSI2 salt are one of the conventional and commonly used electrolytes that can obtain the reversible behavior of Mg electrodes. However, the electrolyte cathodic efficiency is argued to be limited due to the enormous parasitic reductive decomposition and passivation, which is governed by impurities. In this work, a systematic identification of the impurities in these systems and their effect on the Mg deposition–dissolution processes is reported. The mitigation methods generally used for eliminating impurities are evaluated, and their beneficial effects on the improved reactivity are also discussed. By comparing the performances, we proposed a necessary conditioning protocol that can be easy to handle and much safer toward the practical application of MgTFSI2/glyme electrolytes containing impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Yang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhenzhen Yang, ; Lynn Trahey,
| | - Mengxi Yang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Nathan T. Hahn
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Justin Connell
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Ira Bloom
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Chen Liao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Brian J. Ingram
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
| | - Lynn Trahey
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhenzhen Yang, ; Lynn Trahey,
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Attias R, Dlugatch B, Blumen O, Shwartsman K, Salama M, Shpigel N, Sharon D. Determination of Average Coulombic Efficiency for Rechargeable Magnesium Metal Anodes in Prospective Electrolyte Solutions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30952-30961. [PMID: 35763568 PMCID: PMC9284514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The design of electrolyte solutions that permit reversible and efficient Mg metal electrodeposition is one of the most important tasks in the development of rechargeable Mg batteries. Several types of electrolyte solutions for Mg metal anodes have been developed and explored over the last two decades. These investigations have contributed to a better understanding of the Mg deposition and stripping processes. However, the Coulombic efficiency (CE) for reversible electrodeposition reported for these various systems and their performance in comparison to one another remained unclear. We used rigorous electrochemical methods to accurately quantify the average CE of the major electrolyte solutions considered for secondary Mg metal batteries. We demonstrated how changes in the experiential protocols influence CE measurements, resulting in inconsistent reports. Even though exceptional efficiency has been reported for a variety of systems, we discovered that the only candidate that currently meets the 99% CE benchmark during a prolonged cycling procedure is the dichloro-complex, which is a first-generation Grignard-based electrolyte solution. Second- and third-generation Grignard-free and chloride-free solutions showed reasonable CE only when the deposition currents densities were lowered. This comprehensive and systematic investigation will help to create a more accurate treasure map for potential electrolyte solutions for rechargeable Mg metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Attias
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 919040, Israel
| | - Ben Dlugatch
- Department
of Chemistry and BINA—BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced
Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Omer Blumen
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 919040, Israel
| | - Keren Shwartsman
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 919040, Israel
| | - Michal Salama
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 919040, Israel
| | - Netanel Shpigel
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 919040, Israel
| | - Daniel Sharon
- Institute
of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 919040, Israel
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Pavčnik T, Lozinšek M, Pirnat K, Vizintin A, Mandai T, Aurbach D, Dominko R, Bitenc J. On the Practical Applications of the Magnesium Fluorinated Alkoxyaluminate Electrolyte in Mg Battery Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:26766-26774. [PMID: 35642900 PMCID: PMC9204688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
High-performance electrolytes are at the heart of magnesium battery development. Long-term stability along with the low potential difference between plating and stripping processes are needed to consider them for next-generation battery devices. Within this work, we perform an in-depth characterization of the novel Mg[Al(hfip)4]2 salt in different glyme-based electrolytes. Specific importance is given to the influence of water content and the role of additives in the electrolyte. Mg[Al(hfip)4]2-based electrolytes exemplify high tolerance to water presence and the beneficial effect of additives under aggravated cycling conditions. Finally, electrolyte compatibility is tested with three different types of Mg cathodes, spanning different types of electrochemical mechanisms (Chevrel phase, organic cathode, sulfur). Benchmarking with an electrolyte containing a state-of-the-art Mg[B(hfip)4]2 salt exemplifies an improved performance of electrolytes comprising the Mg[Al(hfip)4]2 salt and establishes Mg[Al(hfip)4]2 as a new standard salt for the future Mg battery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjaša Pavčnik
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Lozinšek
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova
cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Pirnat
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Vizintin
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Toshihiko Mandai
- Center
for Advanced Battery Collaboration, Center for Green Research on Energy
and Environmental Materials, National Institute
for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Doron Aurbach
- Chemistry
Department and BINA − BIU Center for Nano-technology and Advanced
Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Robert Dominko
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Alistore-European
Research Institute, CNRS FR 3104, Hub de l’Energie, Rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jan Bitenc
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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