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Mathew G, Lemma ED, Fontana D, Zhong C, Rainer A, Sekula-Neuner S, Aghassi-Hagmann J, Hirtz M, Berganza E. Site-Selective Biofunctionalization of 3D Microstructures Via Direct Ink Writing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404429. [PMID: 39291890 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography has revolutionized multi-photon 3D laser printing, enabling precise fabrication of micro- and nanoscale structures. Despite many advancements, challenges still persist, particularly in biofunctionalization of 3D microstructures. This study introduces a novel approach combining two-photon lithography with scanning probe lithography for post-functionalization of 3D microstructures overcoming limitations in achieving spatially controlled biomolecule distribution. The method utilizes a diverse range of biomolecule inks, including phospholipids, and two different proteins, introducing high spatial resolution and distinct functionalization on separate areas of the same microstructure. The surfaces of 3D microstructures are treated using bovine serum albumin and/or 3-(Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) to enhance ink retention. The study further demonstrates different strategies to create binding sites for cells by integrating different biomolecules, showcasing the potential for customized 3D cell microenvironments. Specific cell adhesion onto functionalized 3D microscaffolds is demonstrated, which paves the way for diverse applications in tissue engineering, biointerfacing with electronic devices and biomimetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mathew
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Enrico Domenico Lemma
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Dalila Fontana
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome, 00128, Italy
| | - Chunting Zhong
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, Rome, 00128, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 200, Rome, 00128, Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- n.able GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76341, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eider Berganza
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (CSIC), c) Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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Berganza E, Boltynjuk E, Mathew G, Vallejo FF, Gröger R, Scherer T, Sekula-Neuner S, Hirtz M. 3D Nanolithography by Means of Lipid Ink Spreading Inhibition. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205590. [PMID: 36538752 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While patterning 2D metallic nanostructures are well established through different techniques, 3D printing still constitutes a major bottleneck on the way to device miniaturization. In this work a fluid phase phospholipid ink is used as a building block for structuring with dip-pen nanolithography. Following a bioinspired approach that relies on ink-spreading inhibition, two processes are presented to build 2D and 3D metallic structures. Serum albumin, a widely used protein with an innate capability to bind to lipids, is the key in both processes. Covering the sample surface with it prior to lipid writing, anchors lipids on the substrate, which ultimately allows the creation of highly stable 3D lipid-based scaffolds to build metallic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Berganza
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 3, 29048, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Boltynjuk
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - George Mathew
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Fabio Fernando Vallejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 45, 111321, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Roland Gröger
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Wolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sylwia Sekula-Neuner
- n.able GmbH, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) & Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Huang Y, Karsai A, Sambre PD, Su WC, Faller R, Parikh AN, Liu GY. Production of Lipid Constructs by Design via Three-Dimensional Nanoprinting. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:372. [PMID: 36838072 PMCID: PMC9963025 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) in conjunction with microfluidic delivery was utilized to produce three-dimensional (3D) lipid structures following a custom design. While AFM is well-known for its spatial precision in imaging and 2D nanolithography, the development of AFM-based nanotechnology into 3D nanoprinting requires overcoming the technical challenges of controlling material delivery and interlayer registry. This work demonstrates the concept of 3D nanoprinting of amphiphilic molecules such as 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). Various formulations of POPC solutions were tested to achieve point, line, and layer-by-layer material delivery. The produced structures include nanometer-thick disks, long linear spherical caps, stacking grids, and organizational chiral architectures. The POPC molecules formed stacking bilayers in these constructions, as revealed by high-resolution structural characterizations. The 3D printing reached nanometer spatial precision over a range of 0.5 mm. The outcomes reveal the promising potential of our designed technology and methodology in the production of 3D structures from nanometer to continuum, opening opportunities in biomaterial sciences and engineering, such as in the production of 3D nanodevices, chiral nanosensors, and scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arpad Karsai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pallavi D. Sambre
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wan-Chih Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Roland Faller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Atul N. Parikh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gang-yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Apte G, Hirtz M, Nguyen TH. FluidFM-Based Fabrication of Nanopatterns: Promising Surfaces for Platelet Storage Application. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24133-24143. [PMID: 35594573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are cell fragments from megakaryocytes devoid of the cell nucleus. They are highly sensitive and easily activated by nonphysiological surfaces. Activated platelets have an intrinsic mechanism to release various proteins that participate in multiple pathways, initiating the platelet activation cascade. Surface-induced platelet activation is a challenge encountered during platelet storage, which eventually leads to aggregation of platelets and can thereby result in the degradation of the platelet concentrates. We have previously reported that surface-induced platelet activation can be minimized by either modifying their contact surfaces with polymers or introducing nanogroove patterns underneath the platelets. Here, we investigated the response of platelets to various nanotopographical surfaces printed using fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM). We found that the hemispherical array (grid) and hexagonal tile (hive) structures caused a reduction of surface stiffness, which leads to an inhibition of platelet adhesion. Our results reveal that nanopatterns enable the inhibition of platelet activation on surfaces, thus implying that development in nanotexturing of storage bags can extend the lifetime of platelet concentrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurunath Apte
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thi-Huong Nguyen
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques (iba), 37308 Heilbad Heiligenstadt, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98694 Ilmenau, Germany
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Arrabito G, Gulli D, Alfano C, Pignataro B. "Writing biochips": high-resolution droplet-to-droplet manufacturing of analytical platforms. Analyst 2022; 147:1294-1312. [PMID: 35275148 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-resolution molecular printing allows the engineering of analytical platforms enabling applications at the interface between chemistry and biology, i.e. in biosensing, electronics, single-cell biology, and point-of-care diagnostics. Their successful implementation stems from the combination of large area printing at resolutions from sub-100 nm up to macroscale, whilst controlling the composition and volume of the ink, and reconfiguring the deposition features in due course. Similar to handwriting pens, the engineering of continuous writing systems tackles the issue of the tedious ink replenishment between different printing steps. To this aim, this review article provides an unprecedented analysis of the latest continuous printing methods for bioanalytical chemistry, focusing on ink deposition systems based on specific sets of technologies that have been developed to this aim, namely nanofountain probes, microcantilever spotting, capillary-based polymer pens and continuous 3D printing. Each approach will be discussed revealing the most important applications in the fields of biosensors, lab-on-chips and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Daniele Gulli
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Caterina Alfano
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
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Integration of Biofunctional Molecules into 3D-Printed Polymeric Micro-/Nanostructures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071327. [PMID: 35406201 PMCID: PMC9002480 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing at the micro-/nanoscale represents a new challenge in research and development to achieve direct printing down to nanometre-sized objects. Here, FluidFM, a combination of microfluidics with atomic force microscopy, offers attractive options to fabricate hierarchical polymer structures at different scales. However, little is known about the effect of the substrate on the printed structures and the integration of (bio)functional groups into the polymer inks. In this study, we printed micro-/nanostructures on surfaces with different wetting properties, and integrated molecules with different functional groups (rhodamine as a fluorescent label and biotin as a binding tag for proteins) into the base polymer ink. The substrate wetting properties strongly affected the printing results, in that the lateral feature sizes increased with increasing substrate hydrophilicity. Overall, ink modification only caused minor changes in the stiffness of the printed structures. This shows the generality of the approach, as significant changes in the mechanical properties on chemical functionalization could be confounders in bioapplications. The retained functionality of the obtained structures after UV curing was demonstrated by selective binding of streptavidin to the printed structures. The ability to incorporate binding tags to achieve specific interactions between relevant proteins and the fabricated micro-/nanostructures, without compromising the mechanical properties, paves a way for numerous bio and sensing applications. Additional flexibility is obtained by tuning the substrate properties for feature size control, and the option to obtain functionalized printed structures without post-processing procedures will contribute to the development of 3D printing for biological applications, using FluidFM and similar dispensing techniques.
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Karimian T, Hager R, Karner A, Weghuber J, Lanzerstorfer P. A Simplified and Robust Activation Procedure of Glass Surfaces for Printing Proteins and Subcellular Micropatterning Experiments. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:140. [PMID: 35323410 PMCID: PMC8946821 DOI: 10.3390/bios12030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Depositing biomolecule micropatterns on solid substrates via microcontact printing (µCP) usually requires complex chemical substrate modifications to initially create reactive surface groups. Here, we present a simplified activation procedure for untreated solid substrates based on a commercial polymer metal ion coating (AnteoBindTM Biosensor reagent) that allows for direct µCP and the strong attachment of proteins via avidity binding. In proof-of-concept experiments, we identified the optimum working concentrations of the surface coating, characterized the specificity of protein binding and demonstrated the suitability of this approach by subcellular micropatterning experiments in living cells. Altogether, this method represents a significant enhancement and simplification of existing µCP procedures and further increases the accessibility of protein micropatterning for cell biological research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Karimian
- School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria; (T.K.); (R.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Roland Hager
- School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria; (T.K.); (R.H.); (J.W.)
| | - Andreas Karner
- School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria;
| | - Julian Weghuber
- School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria; (T.K.); (R.H.); (J.W.)
- FFoQSI GmbH, Austrian Competence Center for Feed and Food Quality, Safety & Innovation, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Peter Lanzerstorfer
- School of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria; (T.K.); (R.H.); (J.W.)
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