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Kasana S, Nigam V, Singh S, Kurmi BD, Patel P. A New Insight Into The Huisgen Reaction: Heterogeneous Copper Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition for the Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted Triazole (From 2018-2023). Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400109. [PMID: 38640439 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The Huisgen cycloaddition, often referred to as 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, is a well-established method for synthesizing 1,4-disubstituted triazoles. Originally conducted under thermal conditions [3+2] cycloaddition reactions were limited by temperature, prolonged reaction time, and regioselectivity. The introduction of copper catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) revitalized interest, giving rise to the concept of "click chemistry". The CuAAC has emerged as a prominent method for producing 1,2,3-triazole with excellent yields and exceptional regioselectivity even in unfavorable conditions. Copper catalysts conventionally facilitate azide-alkyne cycloadditions, but challenges include instability and recycling issues. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for heterogeneous and porous catalysts in various chemical reactions. Chemists have been more interested in heterogenous catalysts as a result of the difficulties in separating homogenous catalysts from reaction products. These catalysts are favored for their abundant active sites, extensive surface area, easy separation from reaction mixtures, and the ability to be reused. Heterogeneous catalysts have garnered significant attention due to their broad industrial utility, characterized by cost-effectiveness, stability, resistance to thermal degradation, and ease of removal compared to their homogeneous counterparts. The present review covers recent advancements from year 2018 to 2023 in the field of click reactions for obtaining 1,2,3-triazoles through Cu catalyzed 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition and the properties of the catalyst, reaction conditions such as solvent, temperature, reaction time, and the impact of different heterogeneous copper catalysts on product yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Kasana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Vaibhav Nigam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Surbhi Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
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Xue F, Zhang J, Ma Z, Wang Z. Copper Dispersed Covalent Organic Framework for Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition and Fast Synthesis of Rufinamide in Water. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307796. [PMID: 38185802 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
A crystalline porous bipyridine-based Bpy-COF with a high BET surface area (1864 m2 g-1) and uniform mesopore (4.0 nm) is successfully synthesized from 1,3,5-tris-(4'-formyl-biphenyl-4-yl)triazine and 5,5'-diamino-2,2'-bipyridine via a solvothermal method. After Cu(I)-loading, the resultant Cu(I)-Bpy-COF remained the ordered porous structure with evenly distributed Cu(I) ions at a single-atom level. Using Cu(I)-Bpy-COF as a heterogeneous catalyst, high conversions for cycloaddition reactions are achieved within a short time (40 min) at 25 °C in water medium. Moreover, Cu(I)-Bpy-COF proves to be applicable for aromatic and aliphatic azides and alkynes bearing various substituents such as ester, hydroxyl, amido, pyridyl, thienyl, bulky triphenylamine, fluorine, and trifluoromethyl groups. The high conversions remain almost constant after five cycles. Additionally, the antiepileptic drug (rufinamide) is successfully prepared by a simple one-step reaction using Cu(I)-Bpy-COF, proving its practical feasibility for pharmaceutical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Rd. 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Rd. 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhongcheng Ma
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Rd. 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhonggang Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Rd. 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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Jia S, Liu Y, Hao L, Ni J, Wang Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, Cheng P, Chen L, Zhang Z. A General Group-Protection Synthesis Strategy to Fabricate Covalent Organic Framework Gels. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26266-26278. [PMID: 38011228 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating insoluble and infusible porous materials into gels for advanced applications is of great importance but has formidable challenges. Here, we present a general, facile, and scalable protocol to fabricate covalent organic framework (COF) gels using a group-protection synthesis strategy. To prove the generality of this strategy, we successfully prepared 10 types of COF organohydrogels with high crystallinity, porosity, good mechanical properties, and excellent solvent and freezing resistance. Notably, these COF organohydrogels can easily transform into hydrogels, organogels, and aerogels, breaking the gaps between different types of COF gels. An in-depth mechanism investigation unveils that the group-protection strategy effectively slows down the formation rate and regulates the morphology of COFs, benefiting the formation of cross-linked nanofibers/nanosheets to produce COF gels. We also find that the hydrogen bond network formed by the organic/water binary solvent and functional groups in the COF skeletons plays a vital role in creating organohydrogels and maintaining frost resistance and solvent resistance. As an application demonstration, COF gels installed with photoresponsive azobenzene groups show excellent solar energy absorption, photothermal conversion, and water transmission performances, demonstrating great potential in solar desalination. This work enriches the synthesis toolboxes for COF gels and expands the application scope of COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Jia
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Materials Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Liqin Hao
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiayu Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Zhao J, Shen X, Liu YF, Zou RY. (3,3)-Connected Triazine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient CO 2 Separation over N 2 and Dye Adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16367-16373. [PMID: 37939229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a promising class of adsorption and separation materials that can meet the needs of ecological sustainability, such as the removal of carbon dioxide and organic dyes. The two synthesized (3,3)-connected triazine-based COFs demonstrate high specific surface area and good thermal and chemical stability. COFZ1 shows good CO2 adsorption selectivities for different CO2 and N2 volume percentage systems at 273 K and 1 bar, with an ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) CO2 selectivity (i.e., separation factor) of 35.09 for the simulated flue gas component and a CO2 adsorption capacity of 24.21 cm3 g-1. In the aqueous dye solutions, both COFs present good adsorption performance for the selected dyes, and the maximum adsorption capacities of COFZ1 for methylene blue (MB) and gentian violet (GV) reach 510 and 564 mg g-1, respectively. Each of the two COFs shows a high anti-interference performance and excellent recyclability. The adsorption capacities of two COFs for RhB (Rhodamine B), MB, and GV hardly vary with pH values and salt concentrations. The adsorption behaviors of the two COFs for dyes follow Langmuir isothermal adsorption and quasi-secondary kinetic adsorption, approaching monolayer adsorption and chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xinyu Shen
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yi-Fan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ru-Yi Zou
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Haldar S, Schneemann A, Kaskel S. Covalent Organic Frameworks as Model Materials for Fundamental and Mechanistic Understanding of Organic Battery Design Principles. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37307595 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have recently emerged as advanced electrodes in polymer batteries. COFs provide ideal molecular precision for understanding redox mechanisms and increasing the theoretical charge-storage capacities. Furthermore, the functional groups on the pore surface of COFs provide highly ordered and easily accessible interaction sites, which can be modeled to establish a synergy between ex situ/in situ mechanism studies and computational methods, permitting the creation of predesigned structure-property relationships. This perspective integrates and categorizes the redox functionalities of COFs, providing a deeper understanding of the mechanistic investigation of guest ion interactions in batteries. Additionally, it highlights the tunable electronic and structural properties that influence the activation of redox reactions in this promising organic electrode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattwick Haldar
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam Technology (IWS), Dresden 01277, Germany
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Guan Q, Zhou LL, Dong YB. Metalated covalent organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to diverse applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6307-6416. [PMID: 35766373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00983d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of organic crystalline porous materials discovered in the early 21st century that have become an attractive class of emerging materials due to their high crystallinity, intrinsic porosity, structural regularity, diverse functionality, design flexibility, and outstanding stability. However, many chemical and physical properties strongly depend on the presence of metal ions in materials for advanced applications, but metal-free COFs do not have these properties and are therefore excluded from such applications. Metalated COFs formed by combining COFs with metal ions, while retaining the advantages of COFs, have additional intriguing properties and applications, and have attracted considerable attention over the past decade. This review presents all aspects of metalated COFs, from synthetic strategies to various applications, in the hope of promoting the continued development of this young field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Guan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Le-Le Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Yu-Bin Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Chongdar S, Bhattacharjee S, Bhanja P, Bhaumik A. Porous organic-inorganic hybrid materials for catalysis, energy and environmental applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3429-3460. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of organic functionalities into the porous inorganic materials make the resulting hybrid porous framework not only more flexible and hydrophobic, but also provide additional scope for further functionalization, which...
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