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Lai L, Liu G, Zhou Y, He X, Ma Y. Modulating Dimensionality of 2D Perovskite Layers for Efficient and Stable 2D/3D Perovskite Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19849-19857. [PMID: 38572837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) perovskites have been widely adopted for improving the performance and stability of three-dimensional (3D) metal halide perovskite devices. However, rational manipulation of the phase composition of 2D perovskites for suitable energy level alignment in 2D/3D perovskite photodetectors (PDs) has been rarely explored. Herein, we precisely controlled the dimensionality of the 2D perovskite on CsPbI2Br films by tuning the polarity of the n-butylammonium iodide (BAI)-based solvents. In comparison to the pure n = 1 2D perovskite (ACN-BAI) formed by acetonitrile treatment, a mixture of n = 1 and n = 2 phases (IPA-BAI) generated by isopropanol (IPA) treatment guaranteed more robust defect passivation and favorable energy level alignment at the perovskite/hole transport layer interface. Consequently, the IPA-BAI PD exhibited a responsivity of 0.41 A W-1, a detectivity of 1.01 × 1013 Jones, and a linear dynamic range of 120 dB. Furthermore, the mixed-phase 2D layer effectively shielded the 3D perovskite from moisture. The IPA-BAI device retained 76% of its initial responsivity after 500 h of nonencapsulated storage at 10% relative humidity. This research provides valuable insights into the dimensional modulation of 2D perovskites for further enhancing the performance of 2D/3D perovskite PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yibo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
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Wu W, Chen Q, Cao J, Fu J, Zhang Z, Chen L, Rui D, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Song B. Chirality-Induced Crystallization and Defect Passivation of Perovskites: Toward High-Performance Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16340-16350. [PMID: 38511525 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
As an additive for perovskites, in addition to functional groups, the steric configuration of molecules is worthy of consideration because it influences perovskite crystallization, thus determining whether defect passivation is effective without any side effects. In this work, the chiral molecules l- and d-pyroglutamic acid (l-PA and d-PA) were chosen as additives for perovskite passivators to reveal the reasons for the differences in passivation between amino acids with different steric configurations. Functional groups, such as the C═O groups and N-H groups of l-PA and d-PA, can passivate the perovskite defects. However, l-PA exhibited a more distorted steric configuration, while d-PA was more planar, leading to differences in the distances between the two C═O groups. Taking the Pb-Pb bond length as a reference, the shorter distance between the two C═O groups of l-PA distorts the perovskite lattice structure, which results in poor device stability. Conversely, the similar distance between the two C═O groups of d-PA promoted the preferred orientational growth of the perovskite. Finally, the d-PA-doped device accomplished an excellent efficiency of 24.11% with an improved open-circuit voltage of 1.17 V. Furthermore, the efficiency of the unencapsulated d-PA-doped device was maintained at 93% in N2 for more than 3000 h and 74% after 500 h of operation at maximum power point tracking under continuous illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoyun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ji Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zelong Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Material Science & Engineering, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dong Rui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Material Science & Engineering, National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Bo Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Ye S, Sun Z, Zhu J, Liu Y, Wang R, Lin F, Zhang W, Yang Y, Wang C. Multifunctional Regioisomeric Passivation Strategy for Fabricating Self-Driving, High Detectivity All-Inorganic Perovskite Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59005-59015. [PMID: 38055857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The fluorination of the aromatic multifunctional Lewis base passivation strategy has been demonstrated recently as an effective approach to markedly enhance the performance of perovskite photovoltaic devices. However, the regulation mechanisms of the passivation efficiency by varying the functional group position of fluorine (F) in the regioisomers have received little attention and inadequate research. Herein, a pair of bifluorine-substituted aminobenzoic acid regioisomers [3-amino-2,6-difluorobenzoic acid (13-FABA) and 4-amino-3,5-difluorobenzoic acid (14-FABA)] were employed to investigate the passivation effects of Lewis bases dependent on behaviors of the ortho/meta-substituted position of fluorine. The density functional theory calculation on electron cloud density, interaction energy, and the basicity of Lewis bases combined with experimental evidence reveal that the ortho-effect induced by fluorine substitution weakens the passivating effect of 13-FABA Lewis base and induces its molecular propensity to form internal salts, accelerating the degradation and deterioration of the device performance. Conversely, 14-FABA with meta-connected fluorine atoms exhibit superior efficacy in suppressing defects and enhancing hydrophobicity. Eventually, the 14-FABA-modified photodetectors (PDs) achieved a high detectivity of 1.69 × 1013 Jones, the comparatively lower dark current density of 2.2 × 10-10 A/cm2 among all-inorganic perovskite PD systems. Our work has not only clarified the fundamental mechanisms of the F-substituted position effects of Lewis base on suppressing defects but also provided a promising passivation strategy for perovskite films via designing the regioisomeric atoms in a multifunctional Lewis base molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Shuming Ye
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Zhu
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Rongfei Wang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Feng Lin
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Chong Wang
- National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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Mustafa G, Minhas N, Singh H, Singh J, Singh G, Kaura A, Goswamy J. Lattice softness regulates recombination and lifetime of carrier in Germanium doped CsPbI2Br perovskite: First principles DFT and NAMD simulations. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2023.123981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Liu S, Li H, Lu H, Wang Y, Wen X, Deng S, Li MY, Liu S, Wang C, Li X. High Performance 0D ZnO Quantum Dot/2D (PEA) 2PbI 4 Nanosheet Hybrid Photodetectors Fabricated via a Facile Antisolvent Method. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4217. [PMID: 36500840 PMCID: PMC9738548 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic perovskites have great potential for the fabrication of next-generation photodetectors owing to their outstanding optoelectronic features, but their utilization has encountered a bottleneck in anisotropic carrier transportation induced by the unfavorable continuity of the thin films. We propose a facile approach for the fabrication of 0D ZnO quantum dot (QD)/2D (PEA)2PbI4 nanosheet hybrid photodetectors under the atmospheric conditions associated with the ZnO QD chloroform antisolvent. Profiting from the antisolvent, the uniform morphology of the perovskite thin films is obtained owing to the significantly accelerated nucleation site formation and grain growth rates, and ZnO QDs homogeneously decorate the surface of (PEA)2PbI4 nanosheets, which spontaneously passivate the defects on perovskites and enhance the carrier separation by the well-matched band structure. By varying the ZnO QD concentration, the Ion/Ioff ratio of the photodetectors radically elevates from 78.3 to 1040, and a 12-fold increase in the normalized detectivity is simultaneously observed. In addition, the agglomeration of perovskite grains is governed by the annealing temperature, and the photodetector fabricated at a relatively low temperature of 120 °C exhibits excellent stability after a 50-cycle test in the air condition without any encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haifei Lu
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanran Wang
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wen
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming-Yu Li
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Cong Wang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Hisense Visual Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266555, China
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Gao Z, Zhou H, Dong K, Wang C, Wei J, Li Z, Li J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Fang G. Defect Passivation on Lead-Free CsSnI 3 Perovskite Nanowires Enables High-Performance Photodetectors with Ultra-High Stability. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:215. [PMID: 36342568 PMCID: PMC9640512 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Pb-free CsSnI3 perovskite materials with excellent photoelectric properties as well as low toxicity are attracting much attention in photoelectric devices. However, deep level defects in CsSnI3, such as high density of tin vacancies, structural deformation of SnI6- octahedra and oxidation of Sn2+ states, are the major challenge to achieve high-performance CsSnI3-based photoelectric devices with good stability. In this work, defect passivation method is adopted to solve the above issues, and the ultra-stable and high-performance CsSnI3 nanowires (NWs) photodetectors (PDs) are fabricated via incorporating 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride salt (BMIMCl) into perovskites. Through materials analysis and theoretical calculations, BMIM+ ions can effectively passivate the Sn-related defects and reduce the dark current of CsSnI3 NW PDs. To further reduce the dark current of the devices, the polymethyl methacrylate is introduced, and finally, the dual passivated CsSnI3 NWPDs show ultra-high performance with an ultra-low dark current of 2 × 10-11 A, a responsivity of up to 0.237 A W-1, a high detectivity of 1.18 × 1012 Jones and a linear dynamic range of 180 dB. Furthermore, the unpackaged devices exhibit ultra-high stability in device performance after 60 days of storage in air (25 °C, 50% humidity), with the device performance remaining above 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gao
- International School of Microelectronics, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Zhou
- International School of Microelectronics, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kailian Dong
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayun Wei
- Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Li
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiashuai Li
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Faculty of Physics and Electronic Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guojia Fang
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
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Gao Y, Zhao C, Pu K, He M, Cai W, Tang MC, Kang F, Yip HL, Wei G. Low-voltage-modulated perovskite/organic dual-band photodetectors for visible and near-infrared imaging. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1982-1990. [PMID: 36546208 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Visible and near-infrared (NIR) light dual-band photodetectors (PDs) have potential applications in signal detection, bioimaging, optical communications and safety monitoring. Herein, we report an ultrafast perovskite/organic heterojunction dual-mode PD with a voltage-modulated photoresponse range in visible and NIR spectra. The PD, comprising a perovskite layer to absorb visible light (500-810 nm) and an organic bulk heterojunction layer for NIR light absorption (810-950 nm), exhibited a switchable spectral response in the visible or NIR bands. The voltage-modulated visible and NIR photoresponses of the PD were attributable to controlled charge photogeneration in perovskite and organic blend thin films under different bias polarities. The device exhibited peak responsivities of 93.5 and 102.2 mA/W in the visible and NIR bands, respectively; a high detectivity of 4.3 × 109 Jones (at forward bias of 0.7 V and incident 625 nm light) and 1.6 × 1012 Jones (at reverse bias of -1.5 V and incident 900 nm light); a fast microsecond response time; and a wide dynamic range (>120 dB) both in the visible mode and NIR mode. Also, this voltage-modulated dual-band PD shows promising applications in visible light and NIR imaging, which is proven by demonstrating a PD array with 25 pixels (5 × 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Kai Pu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Miao He
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wanqing Cai
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Man-Chung Tang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guodan Wei
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China; Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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Wang Y, Li J, Yao X, Xie C, Chen Q, Liu W, Gao Z, Fu Y, Liu Q, He D, Li Y. Improved Comprehensive Photovoltaic Performance and Mechanisms by Additive Engineering of Ti 3C 2T x MXene into CsPbI 2Br. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40930-40938. [PMID: 36049130 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CsPbI2Br is promising in the application of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to its reasonable bandgap and good thermal stability. However, the reported power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the CsPbI2Br solar cells is still much lower than that of the organic-inorganic hybrid PSCs, mainly due to relatively poor CsPbI2Br crystal quality. Herein, additive engineering to the photoactive layer of CsPbI2Br using the Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets is reported. Thanks to the improved crystallinity/reduced defect density, together with the formation of the Schottky junction between the MXene nanosheets and CsPbI2Br, enhanced separation and transfer of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs can be achieved for optimal MXene addition. A simple device configuration of ITO/SnO2/Ti3C2Tx-added CsPbI2Br/P3HT/Ag can thus deliver a significantly boosted PCE of 15.10%, i.e., a ∼16.69% relative increment compared with that (12.94%) of the control device without adding MXene. In addition, the enhanced humidity resistance is achieved for the MXene-added CsPbI2Br layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhou Wang
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junshuai Li
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xincheng Yao
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Caidong Xie
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiulu Chen
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weining Liu
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhe Gao
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yujun Fu
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiming Liu
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Deyan He
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yali Li
- LONGi Institute of Future Technology, and School of Materials & Energy, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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