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Tan Y, Yang Q, Zheng M, Sarwar MT, Yang H. Multifunctional Nanoclay-Based Hemostatic Materials for Wound Healing: A Review. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302700. [PMID: 37816310 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Bleeding to death accounts for around 30-40% of all trauma-related fatalities. Current hemostatic materials are mainly mono-functional or have insufficient hemostatic capacity. Nanoclay has been recently shown to accelerate hemostasis, improve wound healing, and provide the resulting multifunctional hemostatic materials antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and healing-promoting due to its distinctive morphological structure and physicochemical properties. Herein, the chemical design and action mechanism of nanoclay-based hemostatic, antibacterial, and pro-wound healing materials in the context of wound healing are discussed. The physiological processes of hemostasis and wound healing to elucidate the significance of nanoclay for functional wound hemostatic dressing design are outlined. A summary of the features of various nanoclay and product types used in wound hemostatic dressings is provided. Nanoclay can be antimicrobial due to the slow release of metal ions and has an abundant surface charge allowing for high affinity for proteins and cells, which can activate the coagulation reaction or facilitate tissue repair. Nanoclay with a microporous structure can be used as drug carriers to create composites critical for inhibiting bacterial growth on wounds or promoting the regeneration of vascular, muscle, and skin tissues. Directions for further research and innovation of nanoclay-based multifunctional materials for hemostasis and tissue regeneration are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mineral Materials and Application, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Centre for Immune-Oncology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Meng Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Muhammad Tariq Sarwar
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huaming Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mineral Materials and Application, School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Huang X, Hu B, Zhang X, Fan P, Chen Z, Wang S. Recent advances in the application of clay-containing hydrogels for hemostasis and wound healing. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:457-477. [PMID: 38467560 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2329641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immediate control of bleeding and anti-infection play important roles in wound management. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death may occur if persistent bleeding, hemodynamic instability, and hypoxemia are not addressed. The combination of clay and hydrogel provides a new outlet for wound hemostasis. In this review, the current research progress of hydrogel/clay composite hemostatic agents was reviewed. AREAS COVERED This paper summarizes the characteristics of several kinds of clay including kaolinite, montmorillonite, laponite, sepiolite, and palygorskite. The advantages and disadvantages of its application in hemostasis were also summarized. Future directions for the application of hydrogel/clay composite hemostatic agents are presented. EXPERT OPINION Clay can activate the endogenous hemostatic pathway by increasing blood cell concentration and promoting plasma absorption to accelerate the hemostasis. Clay is antimicrobial due to the slow release of metal ions and has a rich surface charge with a high affinity for proteins and cells to promote tissue repair. Hydrogels have some properties such as good biocompatibility, strong adhesion, high stretchability, and good self-healing. Despite promising advances, hydrogel/clay composite hemostasis remains a limitation. Therefore, more evidence is needed to further elucidate the risk factors and therapeutic effects of hydrogel/clay in hemostasis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Huang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Peng Fan
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shige Wang
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Yang J, Cai F, Lv Y, Jiang T, Zhao X, Hu X, Zheng Y, Shi X. Chitosan nonwoven fabric composited calcium alginate and adenosine diphosphate as a hemostatic bandage for acute bleeding wounds. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128561. [PMID: 38056735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute bleeding following accidental injury is a leading cause of mortality. However, conventional hemostatic bandages impede wound healing by inducing excessive blood loss, dehydration, and adherence to granulation tissue. Strategies such as incorporating active hemostatic agents and implementing chemical modifications can augment the properties of these bandages. Nevertheless, the presence of remote thrombosis and initiators may pose risks to human health. Here, a hemostatic bandage was developed by physically combined chitosan nonwoven fabric, calcium alginate sponge, and adenosine diphosphate. The presented hemostatic bandage not only exhibits active and passive mechanisms for promoting clotting but also demonstrates excellent mechanical properties, breathability, ease of removal without causing damage to the wound bed or surrounding tissues, as well as maintaining an optimal moist environment conducive to wound healing. In vitro evaluation results indicated that the hemostatic bandage possesses favorable cytocompatibility with low levels of hemolysis. Furthermore, it effectively aggregates various blood cells while activating platelets synergistically to promote both extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways. In an in vivo rat model study involving liver laceration and femoral artery injury scenarios, our developed hemostatic bandage demonstrated rapid clot formation capabilities along with reduced blood loss compared to commercially available fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Yang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Fengying Cai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yicheng Lv
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xingkai Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xueli Hu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yunquan Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xianai Shi
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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Dong Y, Xu Y, Lian C, Prak K, Leo HL, Tetley TD, Braga V, Emerson M, Ahnström J, Yap CH. Safe and Efficacious Near Superhydrophobic Hemostat for Reduced Blood Loss and Easy Detachment in Traumatic Wounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4307-4320. [PMID: 38240181 PMCID: PMC10835652 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Hemorrhage is the leading cause of trauma death, and innovation in hemostatic technology is important. The strongly hydrophobic carbon nanofiber (CNF) coating has previously been shown to have excellent hemostatic properties. However, the understanding of how CNF coating guides the coagulation cascade and the biosafety of CNF as hemostatic agents has yet to be explored. Here, our thrombin generation assay investigation showed that CNF induced fast blood coagulation via factor (F) XII activation of the intrinsic pathway. We further performed studies of a rat vein injury and demonstrated that the CNF gauze enabled a substantial reduction of blood loss compared to both the plain gauze and kaolin-imbued gauze (QuikClot). Analysis of blood samples from the model revealed no acute toxicity from the CNF gauze, with no detectable CNF deposition in any organ, suggesting that the immobilization of CNF on our gauze prevented the infiltration of CNF into the bloodstream. Direct injection of CNF into the rat vein was also investigated and found not to elicit overt acute toxicity or affect animal survival or behavior. Finally, toxicity assays with primary keratinocytes revealed minimal toxicity responses to CNF. Our studies thus supported the safety and efficacy of the CNF hemostatic gauze, highlighting its potential as a promising approach in the field of hemostatic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Dong
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National University
of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yaoxian Xu
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chengxing Lian
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Krisna Prak
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, National University
of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Teresa D. Tetley
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Vania Braga
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Emerson
- National
Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College
London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Josefin Ahnström
- Department
of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial
College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department
of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Wang M, Zhang W, Wang C, Xiao L, Yu L, Fan J. Hemostatic and antibacterial calcium-copper zeolite gauze for infected wound healing. RSC Adv 2024; 14:878-888. [PMID: 38174278 PMCID: PMC10759188 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The design and development of wound dressings with excellent procoagulant and antibacterial activity to achieve high wound healing effectiveness are highly desirable in clinical applications. In this work, we develop a calcium-copper zeolite gauze (CaCu-ZG) by a two-step process involving calcium and copper ion exchange in a zeolite gauze. The CaCu-ZG exhibits remarkable procoagulant and antibacterial abilities, as well as good biocompatibility. Compared with the medical gauze, the blood clotting time of CaCu-ZG significantly decreases and the antibacterial activity increases in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. The remarkable ability of wound healing has been verified using a mouse dorsal skin-infected wound model, demonstrating its great potential for wound treatment in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingtao Wang
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Liping Xiao
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lisha Yu
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310009 China
| | - Jie Fan
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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Xiong L, Wang H, Wang J, Luo J, Xie R, Lu F, Lan G, Ning LJ, Yin R, Wang W, Hu E. Facilely Prepared Thirsty Granules Arouse Tough Wet Adhesion on Overmoist Wounds for Hemostasis and Tissue Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49035-49050. [PMID: 37823272 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Bioadhesives have been widely used in hemostasis and tissue repair, but the overmoist and wet nature of wound surface (due to the presence of blood and/or wound exudate) has led to poor wet adhesion of bioadhesives, which interrupts the continuous care of wounds. Here, a thirsty polyphenolic silk granule (Tan@SF-pwd-hydro), which absorbs blood and exudate to self-convert to robust bioadhesives (Tan@SF-gel-hydro) in situ, was facilely developed in this study for enhanced wet adhesion toward hemostasis and tissue repair. Tan@SF-pwd-hydro could shield wounds' wetness and immediately convert itself to Tan@SF-gel-hydro to seal wounds for hemorrhage control and wound healing. The maximum adhesiveness of Tan@SF-gel-hydro over wet pigskin was as high as 59.8 ± 2.1 kPa. Tan@SF-pwd-hydro is a promising transformative dressing for hemostasis and tissue repair since its hemostatic time was approximately half of that of the commercial hemostatic product, CeloxTM, and its healing period was much shorter than that of the commercial bioadhesive product, TegadermTM. This pioneering study utilized adverse wetness over wounds to arouse robust adhesiveness by converting thirsty granules to bioadhesives in situ, creatively turning adversity into opportunities. The facile fabrication approach also offers new perspectives for manufacturing sustainability of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Winner Medical Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518131, China
| | - Junsu Wang
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jinyang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ruiqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangqian Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang-Ju Ning
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Rong Yin
- Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Enling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong
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Yang L, Li C, Wang X, Zhang X, Li Y, Liu S, Li J. Electroactive nanofibrous membrane with temperature monitoring for wound healing. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14224-14235. [PMID: 37179989 PMCID: PMC10170354 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01665j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing functional dressings for promoting cellular activities and monitoring the healing progress is receiving increasingly widespread attention. In this study, Ag/Zn electrodes were deposited on the surface of a polylactic acid (PLA) nanofibrous membrane which can mimic the extracellular matrix. When wetted by wound exudate, the Ag/Zn electrodes could generate an electric stimulation (ES), promoting the migration of fibroblasts that heal wounds. Moreover, the Ag/Zn@PLA dressing showed excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli (95%) and S. aureus (97%). The study found that the electrostatic (ES) effect and the release of metal ions mainly contribute to the wound healing properties of Ag/Zn@PLA. In vivo mouse models demonstrated that Ag/Zn@PLA could promote wound healing by improving re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, and neovascularization. Additionally, the integrated sensor within the Ag/Zn@PLA dressing can monitor the wound site's temperature in real-time, providing timely information on wound inflammatory reactions. Overall, this work suggests that combining electroactive therapy and wound temperature monitoring may provide a new strategy for designing functional wound dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Yang
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Chenglin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Xuefang Wang
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Yongxin Li
- Department of Pathology, Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Shangpeng Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Jiwei Li
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Industrial Research Institute of Nonwovens and Technical Textiles, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- Shandong Center for Engineered Nonwovens Qingdao 266071 China
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Zhou F, Li H, Liu Y, Deng H, Rong J, Zhao J. Hyaluronan derivative decorated calcium carbonate nanoparticle as a potential platform for breast cancer synergistic therapy via blood coagulation and drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Jia YJ, Du WQ, Zong ZW, Jiang RQ, Zhong X, Ye Z, Li TS, Yang HY, Xiao LP, Fan J. Hemostatic Effects of Bio-Zeolite Gauze and QuikClot Combat Gauze on Major Bleeding in Rabbits Acutely Exposed to High Altitude. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2022; 27:592-599. [PMID: 36125429 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2022.2126912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Hemostatic gauze application is an effective way to control major bleeding, which is the most common cause of death in trauma in both civilian and military settings. Coagulation derangement after acute exposure to high altitude might alter the effects of hemostatic gauzes. The present study aimed to observe the hemostatic effects of bio-zeolite gauze (BZG) and QuikClot Combat Gauze® (QCG) on major bleeding in rabbits acutely exposed to high altitude.Methods: Sixty rabbits were randomly and evenly divided into six groups. Animal models of simulated blast- and fragment-induced inguinal major bleeding were prepared in lower altitude and high-altitude areas, and BZG, QCG, and ordinary gauze without hemostatic material were used to control bleeding. The primary outcomes included immediate hemostasis rate, blood loss, and survival rate, while the secondary outcomes included hemodynamic parameters, laboratory examinations, and coagulation-relevant markers.Results: The overall effects of BZG and QCG were better than those of ordinary gauze, with a higher immediate hemostatic rate, less blood loss, and higher survival rate at 90 min after gauze application and higher red blood cell and platelet counts and lower creatinine level at 30 min after gauze application in lower altitude. The concentrations of coagulation factor XII and factor X in rabbits acutely exposed to high altitude were significantly lower than those in lower altitude. At high altitude, the hemostatic effects of BZG did not decrease significantly compared to those in the lower altitude, whereas those of ordinary gauze and QCG decreased significantly at high altitude compared to those in the lower altitude.Conclusions: Coagulation derangement after acute exposure to high altitude has negative effects on ordinary gauze and QCG but has no significant negative hemostatic effects on BZG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jun Jia
- State key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injuries, Department of Combat Casualty Care, Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Qiong Du
- State key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injuries, Department of Combat Casualty Care, Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao-Wen Zong
- State key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injuries, Department of Combat Casualty Care, Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ren-Qing Jiang
- State key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injuries, Department of Combat Casualty Care, Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- State key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injuries, Department of Combat Casualty Care, Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhao Ye
- State key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injuries, Department of Combat Casualty Care, Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tan-Shi Li
- Department of Emergency, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Yang Yang
- State key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined injuries, Department of Combat Casualty Care, Training Base for Health Care, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li-Ping Xiao
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Key Lab of Applied Chemistry of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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