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Liu K, Zhao Z, Zheng S, Liu A, Wang Y, Chen L, Miao Q. High Ion-Conducting PVA Nanocomposite Hydrogel-Based Wearable Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Sensors for Harsh Environments. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:4384-4393. [PMID: 38822786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Traditional hydrogel-based wearable sensors with flexibility, biocompatibility, and mechanical compliance exhibit potential applications in flexible wearable electronics. However, the low sensitivity and poor environmental resistance of traditional hydrogels severely limit their practical application. Herein, high-ion-conducting poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposite hydrogels were fabricated and applied for harsh environments. MXene ion-conducting microchannels and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) ion sources contributed to the directional transport of abundant free ions in the hydrogel, which significantly improved the sensitivity and mechanical-electric conversion of the nanocomposite hydrogel-based piezoelectric and triboelectric sensors. More importantly, the glycerol as an antifreezing agent enabled the hydrogel-based sensors to function in harsh environments. Therefore, the nanocomposite hydrogel exhibited high gauge factor (GF) at -20 °C (GF = 3.37) and 60 °C (GF = 3.62), enabling the hydrogel-based sensor to distinguish different writing letters and sounding words. Meanwhile, the hydrogel-based piezoelectric and triboelectric generators showed excellent mechanical-electric conversion performance regardless of low- (-20 °C) or high- (60 °C) temperature environments, which can be applied as a visual feedback system for information transmission without external power sources. This work provides self-powered nanocomposite hydrogel-based sensors that exhibit potential applications in flexible wearable electronics under harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Zheng
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Afei Liu
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yingyue Wang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Lihui Chen
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Qingxian Miao
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
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2
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He Y, Xu X, Xiao S, Wu J, Zhou P, Chen L, Liu H. Research Progress and Application of Multimodal Flexible Sensors for Electronic Skin. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2275-2293. [PMID: 38659386 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, wearable electronic skin has garnered significant attention due to its broad range of applications in various fields, including personal health monitoring, human motion perception, human-computer interaction, and flexible display. The flexible multimodal sensor, as the core component of electronic skin, can mimic the multistimulus sensing ability of human skin, which is highly significant for the development of the next generation of electronic devices. This paper provides a summary of the latest advancements in multimodal sensors that possess two or more response capabilities (such as force, temperature, humidity, etc.) simultaneously. It explores the relationship between materials and multiple sensing capabilities, focusing on both active materials that are the same and different. The paper also discusses the preparation methods, device structures, and sensing properties of these sensors. Furthermore, it introduces the applications of multimodal sensors in human motion and health monitoring, as well as intelligent robots. Finally, the current limitations and future challenges of multimodal sensors will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin He
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Yi mai Artificial Intelligence Medical Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Xu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Xiao
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Xinxing Cathay (Shanghai) Engineering Science and Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Junxian Wu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Winner Medical (Wuhan) Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430415, Hubei province, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Yi mai Artificial Intelligence Medical Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tiangong University Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
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3
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Li Y, Cheng Q, Deng Z, Zhang T, Luo M, Huang X, Wang Y, Wang W, Zhao X. Recent Progress of Anti-Freezing, Anti-Drying, and Anti-Swelling Conductive Hydrogels and Their Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:971. [PMID: 38611229 PMCID: PMC11013939 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are soft-wet materials with a hydrophilic three-dimensional network structure offering controllable stretchability, conductivity, and biocompatibility. However, traditional conductive hydrogels only operate in mild environments and exhibit poor environmental tolerance due to their high water content and hydrophilic network, which result in undesirable swelling, susceptibility to freezing at sub-zero temperatures, and structural dehydration through evaporation. The application range of conductive hydrogels is significantly restricted by these limitations. Therefore, developing environmentally tolerant conductive hydrogels (ETCHs) is crucial to increasing the application scope of these materials. In this review, we summarize recent strategies for designing multifunctional conductive hydrogels that possess anti-freezing, anti-drying, and anti-swelling properties. Furthermore, we briefly introduce some of the applications of ETCHs, including wearable sensors, bioelectrodes, soft robots, and wound dressings. The current development status of different types of ETCHs and their limitations are analyzed to further discuss future research directions and development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Qiwei Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zexing Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Man Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Qi Z, Ren R, Hu J, Chen Y, Guo Y, Huang Y, Wei J, Zhang H, Pang Q, Zhang X, Wang H. Flexible Supercapacitor with Wide Electrochemical Stable Window Based on Hydrogel Electrolyte. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400369. [PMID: 38558327 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel electrolyte can endow supercapacitors with excellent flexibility, which has developed rapidly in recent years. However, the water-rich structures of hydrogel electrolyte are easy to freeze at subfreezing and dry at high temperatures, which will affect its energy storage characteristics. The low energy density of micro supercapacitors also hinders their development. Herein, a strategy is proposed to reduce the free water activity in the hydrogel to improve the operating voltage and the energy density of the device, which is achieved through the synergistic effect of the hydrogel skeleton, N, N'-dimethylformamide (DMF), NaClO4 and water. High concentrations of DMF and NaClO4 are introduced into sodium alginate/polyacrylamide (SA/PAAM) hydrogel through solvent exchange to obtain SA/PAAM/DMF/NaClO4 hydrogel electrolyte, which exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 82.1 mS cm-1, a high breaking strength of 563.2 kPa, and a wide voltage stability window of 3.5 V. The supercapacitor devices are assembled by the process of direct adhesion of the hydrogel electrolyte and laser induced graphene (LIG). The micro-supercapacitor exhibited an operating voltage of 2.0 V, with a specific capacitance of 2.41 mF cm-2 and a high energy density of 1.34 µWh cm-2, and it also exhibit a high cycle stability, good flexibility, and integration performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Chifeng Qiaobei Fulong Thermal Power Co., Ltd, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Ruili Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yonggui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Cangzhou, 061000, China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Cangzhou, 061000, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Junfu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Cangzhou, 061000, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Cangzhou, 061000, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Qianchan Pang
- Research Center of Modern Analysis Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Research Center of Modern Analysis Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Huicai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Cangzhou Institute of Tiangong University, Cangzhou, 061000, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
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5
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Yang Y, Yao C, Huang WY, Liu CL, Zhang Y. Wearable Sensor Based on a Tough Conductive Gel for Real-Time and Remote Human Motion Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11957-11972. [PMID: 38393750 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The usage of a conductive hydrogel in wearable sensors has been thoroughly researched recently. Nonetheless, hydrogel-based sensors cannot simultaneously have excellent mechanical property, high sensitivity, comfortable wearability, and rapid self-healing performance, which result in poor durability and reusability. Herein, a robust conductive hydrogel derived from one-pot polymerization and subsequent solvent replacement is developed as a wearable sensor. Owing to the reversible hydrogen bonds cross-linked between polymer chains and clay nanosheets, the resulting conductive hydrogel-based sensor exhibits outstanding flexibility, self-repairing, and fatigue resistance performances. The embedding of graphene oxide nanosheets offers an enhanced hydrogel network and easy release of wearable sensor from the target position through remote irradiation, while Li+ ions incorporated by solvent replacement endow the wearable sensor with low detection limit (sensing strain: 1%), high conductivity (4.3 S m-1) and sensitivity (gauge factor: 3.04), good freezing resistance, and water retention. Therefore, the fabricated wearable sensor is suitable to monitor small and large human motions on the site and remotely under subzero (-54 °C) or room temperature, indicating lots of promising applications in human-motion monitoring, information encryption and identification, and electronic skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Ling Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, No. 28, Changsheng West Road, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P. R. China
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6
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Kushwaha R, Dey S, Gupta K, Mandal BB, Das D. Secondary Chemical Cross-Linking to Improve Mechanical Properties in a Multifaceted Biocompatible Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5183-5195. [PMID: 38235678 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A new conductive and transparent organohydrogel is developed with high stretchability, excellent mechanical, self-healing, antifreezing, and adhesive properties. A simple one-pot polymerization method is used to create polyacrylamide cross-linked through N,N'-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAA) and divinylbenzene (DVB). The dual chemical cross-linked gel network is complemented by several physical cross-links via hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction. Multiple chemical and physical cross-links are used to construct the gel network that allows toughness (171 kPa), low modulus (≈45 kPa), excellent stretchability (>1100%), and self-healing ability. The use of appropriate proportions of the water/glycerol binary solvent system ensures efficient environment tolerance (-20 to 40 °C). Phytic acid is used as a conductive filler that provides excellent conductivity and contributes to the physical cross-linking. Dopamine is incorporated in the gel matrix, which endows excellent adhesive property of the gel. The organohydrogel-based strain sensors are developed with state-independent properties, highly linear dependence, and excellent antifatigue performance (>100 cycles). Moreover, during the practical wearable sensing tests, human motions can be detected, including speaking, smiling, and joint movement. Additionally, the sensor is biocompatible, indicating the potential applications for the next generation of epidermal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritvika Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Souradeep Dey
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Kanika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Biman B Mandal
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Jyoti and Bhupat Mehta School of Health Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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7
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Liu J, Zhang X, Cui Y, Liu Y, Wang W, Guo Y, Wang Q, Dong X. Ionic Liquid/Water Binary Solvent Anti-Freezing Hydrogel for Strain and Temperature Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5208-5216. [PMID: 38236660 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely applied in the flexible wearable electronic devices field owing to their skin-like stretchability, superb biocompatibility, and high conductivity retention under mechanical deformations. Nevertheless, hydrogels are prone to freezing at low temperatures and losing water at high temperatures, which seriously limits their practical applications. Herein, a binary solvent system of ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) and water was prepared to endow the ionic hydrogel high ionic conductivity (0.28 S m-1 at 25 °C), high transparency (94.26%), and superior freezing tolerance (-50 °C). The multiple hydrogen bonds formed among polymer chains, water, and ionic liquids significantly improved the mechanical properties of the ionic hydrogel, enabling excellent tensile properties (strain >1800%) and durability (1000 times at 100% strain). Moreover, the ionic hydrogel was further assembled into a dual-response sensor, which exhibited satisfactory sensitivity to both tension (gauge factor = 2.15 at 200% strain) and temperature (temperature coefficient of resistance = -1.845%/°C) and can be applied for human motion and body temperature monitoring. This study provides a versatile method for preparing multifunctional hydrogels with a wide range of applications and lays the groundwork for human movement detection and smart health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ying Cui
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
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8
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Chai J, Wang X, Li X, Wu G, Zhao Y, Nan X, Xue C, Gao L, Zheng G. A Dual-Mode Pressure and Temperature Sensor. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:179. [PMID: 38398909 PMCID: PMC10893131 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The emerging field of flexible tactile sensing systems, equipped with multi-physical tactile sensing capabilities, holds vast potential across diverse domains such as medical monitoring, robotics, and human-computer interaction. In response to the prevailing challenges associated with the limited integration and sensitivity of flexible tactile sensors, this paper introduces a versatile tactile sensing system capable of concurrently monitoring temperature and pressure. The temperature sensor employs carbon nanotube/graphene conductive paste as its sensitive material, while the pressure sensor integrates an ionic gel containing boron nitride as its sensitive layer. Through the application of cost-effective screen printing technology, we have successfully manufactured a flexible dual-mode sensor with exceptional performance, featuring high sensitivity (804.27 kPa-1), a broad response range (50 kPa), rapid response time (17 ms), and relaxation time (34 ms), alongside exceptional durability over 5000 cycles. Furthermore, the resistance temperature coefficient of the sensor within the temperature range of 12.5 °C to 93.7 °C is -0.17% °C-1. The designed flexible dual-mode tactile sensing system enables the real-time detection of pressure and temperature information, presenting an innovative approach to electronic skin with multi-physical tactile sensing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chai
- Xiamen Zehuo Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361102, China;
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuan Li
- The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Guirong Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Xueli Nan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Libo Gao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.Z.)
| | - Gaofeng Zheng
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; (Y.Z.)
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Xiao S, Lao Y, Liu H, Li D, Wei Q, Li Z, Lu S. Highly stretchable anti-freeze hydrogel based on aloe polysaccharides with high ionic conductivity for multifunctional wearable sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127931. [PMID: 37944728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have limitations such as non-degradability, loss of electrical conductivity at sub-zero temperatures, and single functionality, which limit their applicability as materials for wearable sensors. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a bio-based hydrogel using aloe polysaccharides as the matrix and degradable polyvinyl alcohol as a reinforcing material. The hydrogel was crosslinked with borax in a glycerol-water binary solvent system, producing good toughness and compressive strength. Furthermore, the hydrogel was developed as a sensor that could detect both small and large deformations with a low detection limit of 1 % and high stretchability of up to 300 %. Moreover, the sensor exhibited excellent frost resistance at temperatures above -50 °C, and the gauge factor of the hydrogel was 2.86 at 20 °C and 2.12 at -20 °C. The Aloe-polysaccharide-based conductive hydrogels also functioned effectively as a wearable sensor; it detected a wide range of humidities (0-98 % relative humidity) and exhibited fast response and recovery times (1.1 and 0.9 s) while detecting normal human breathing. The polysaccharide hydrogel was also temperature sensitive (1.737 % °C-1) and allowed for information sensing during handwriting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suijun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yufei Lao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dacheng Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qiaoyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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10
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Li H, Zhou K. 3D Printable Organohydrogel with Long-Lasting Moisture and Extreme-Temperature Tolerance for Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:44167-44174. [PMID: 37683044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels with high electrical conductivity and mechanical stretchability are promising materials for flexible electronics. However, traditional hydrogels are applied in short-term usage at room temperature or low temperature due to their poor water-retention ability and freezing-tolerance property. Here, a dually cross-linked glycerol-organohydrogel (GL-organohydrogel) based on GL and acrylic acid was synthesized in a GL-water binary solvent. Fe3+ ions working as an electrolyte were added to improve the conductivity of the organohydrogel and form coordination interactions between Fe3+ ions and carboxyl groups of acrylic acid. The strong hydrogen bonding between GL and water molecules firmly lock water in the organohydrogel network, thereby endowing the GL-organohydrogel with the antifreezing property, long-term stability, and moisture lock-in capability. Our organohydrogel could endure extremely low temperature (-80 °C) over 30 days without freezing and retain its water content (almost 100% of its initial state) after being stored at room temperature (25 °C, 54% humidity) for 30 days. It also demonstrated desired stretchable properties, conductivity, three-dimensional (3D) printability, and self-healing ability. A wearable data glove was constructed by using the GL-organohydrogel and digital light processing technology. This work opens a new avenue for developing hydrogels with long-term stability, moisture lock-in capability, and extreme-temperature tolerance for stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Li
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Kun Zhou
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Li Y, Jin Y, Zeng W, Jin H, Shang X, Zhou R. Bioinspired Fast Room-Temperature Self-Healing, Robust, Adhesive, and AIE Fluorescent Waterborne Polyurethane via Hierarchical Hydrogen Bonds and Use as a Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:35469-35482. [PMID: 37462218 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Developing a new generation of ecofriendly water-based polymeric materials that integrate mechanical robustness, fast room-temperature self-healing, adhesive, and fluorescence remains a formidable challenge. Herein, inspired by titin protein, a series of novel waterborne polyurethanes (WPU-CHZ-NAGA) containing irregular 6-fold and diamide hydrogen bonds are synthesized by introducing carbohydrazide (CHZ) and N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-amino propionyl glycinamide (HO-NAGA-OH) groups. The representative WPU-CHZ2-NAGA3 exhibits outstanding mechanical properties (tensile strength of 36.58 MPa, tearing energy of 81.2 kJ m-2, and toughness of 125.82 MJ m-3) and fast room-temperature self-healing ability with the aid of ethanol (≥90% within 8 h) originated from hierarchical hydrogen bonds. These properties are superior to those of most of the reported room-temperature self-healing polymer materials. Benefiting from plentiful hydrogen bonds, the WPU matrix achieves excellent adhesive properties without heating or adding curing agents. Interestingly, WPU-CHZ2-NAGA3 film emits inherent blue fluorescence due to the aggregation-induced emission effect of tertiary amine groups, and its potential applications in information encryption and anticounterfeiting are further demonstrated. Specially, a eutectic gel strain sensor is also fabricated with WPU-CHZ2-NAGA3 and deep eutectic solvent by a simple physical blending method, which can be used to monitor the movement of human fingers and wrists as well as the change in body temperature. In summary, this work provides new insight into the design and synthesis of multifunctional WPU with fast room-temperature self-healing and high mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yong Jin
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenhua Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiang Shang
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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12
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Li T, Wei H, Zhang Y, Wan T, Cui D, Zhao S, Zhang T, Ji Y, Algadi H, Guo Z, Chu L, Cheng B. Sodium alginate reinforced polyacrylamide/xanthan gum double network ionic hydrogels for stress sensing and self-powered wearable device applications. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 309:120678. [PMID: 36906361 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong and ductile sodium alginate (SA) reinforced polyacrylamide (PAM)/xanthan gum (XG) double network ionic hydrogels were constructed for stress sensing and self-powered wearable device applications. In the designed network of PXS-Mn+/LiCl (short for PAM/XG/SA-Mn+/LiCl, where Mn+ stands for Fe3+, Cu2+ or Zn2+), PAM acts as a flexible hydrophilic skeleton, and XG functions as a ductile second network. The macromolecule SA interacts with metal ion Mn+ to form a unique complex structure, significantly improving the mechanical strength of the hydrogel. The addition of inorganic salt LiCl endows the hydrogel with high electrical conductivity, and meanwhile reduces the freezing point and prevents water loss of the hydrogel. PXS-Mn+/LiCl exhibits excellent mechanical properties and ultra-high ductility (a fracture tensile strength up to 0.65 MPa and a fracture strain up to 1800%), and high stress-sensing performance (a high GF up to 4.56 and pressure sensitivity of 0.122). Moreover, a self-powered device with a dual-power-supply mode, i.e., PXS-Mn+/LiCl-based primary battery and TENG, and a capacitor as the energy storage component was constructed, which shows promising prospects for self-powered wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Huige Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | | | - Tong Wan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dapeng Cui
- College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shixiang Zhao
- College of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Automation, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Yanxiu Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hassan Algadi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Liqiang Chu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brine Chemical Engineering and Resource Eco-utilization, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Bowen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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13
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Meng Q, Zhao L, Geng Y, Yin P, Mao Z, Sui X, Zhao M, Benetti EM, Feng X. A one-pot approach to prepare stretchable and conductive regenerated silk fibroin/CNT films as multifunctional sensors. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37158132 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01347b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF)-based materials are characterized by their outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability and are considered as the most promising candidates for next-generation flexible electronics. In order to generate such devices, SF can be mixed with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which feature excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. However, obtaining regenerated SF with homogeneous dispersion of CNTs in a sustainable manner represents a challenging task, mainly due to the difficulty in overcoming van der Waals forces and strong π-π interactions that hold together the CNT structure. In this study, a one-pot strategy for fabricating SF/CNT films is proposed by designing SF as a modifier of CNTs through non-covalent interactions with the assistance of aqueous phosphoric acid solution. Glycerol (GL) was introduced, endowing the SF/GL/CNT composite film with excellent flexibility and stretchability. The sustainable strategy greatly simplifies the preparation process, avoiding dialysis of SF and the use of artificial dispersants. The as-fabricated SF/GL/CNT films showed an excellent mechanical strength of 1.20 MPa and high sensitivity with a gauge factor of up to 13.7 toward tensile deformation. The composite films had a sensitive monitoring capability for small strains with detection limits as low as 1% and can be assembled into versatile sensors to detect human movement. Simultaneously, the composite films showed a superb thermosensitive capacity (1.64% °C-1), which satisfied the requirement of real-time and continuous skin temperature monitoring. We anticipate that the presented one-pot strategy and the prepared composite films could open a new avenue for forthcoming technologies for electronic skins, personal health monitoring, and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujie Meng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lunyu Zhao
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yu Geng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Pengxiang Yin
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhiping Mao
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sui
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Meixin Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 North Garden Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Xueling Feng
- Key Lab of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- National Manufacturing Innovation Center of Advanced Dyeing and Finishing Technology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
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Yao P, Bao Q, Yao Y, Xiao M, Xu Z, Yang J, Liu W. Environmentally Stable, Robust, Adhesive, and Conductive Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Gels as Ultrasensitive Flexible Temperature Sensor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300114. [PMID: 36847514 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It is essential and of great significance to impart high mechanical performance, environmental stability, and high sensitivity to emerging flexible temperature sensors. In this work, polymerizable deep eutectic solvents are designed and prepared by simply mixing N-cyanomethyl acrylamide (NCMA) containing an amide group and a cyano group in the same side chain with lithium bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI), and obtain supramolecular deep eutectic polyNCMA/LiTFSI gels after polymerization. These supramolecular gels exhibit excellent mechanical performance (tensile strength of 12.9 MPa and fracture energy of 45.3 kJ m-2 ), strong adhesion force, high-temperature responsiveness, self-healing ability, and shape memory behavior due to the reversible reconstruction ability of amide hydrogen bonds and cyano-cyano dipole-dipole interactions in the gel network. In addition, the gels also demonstrate good environmental stability and 3D printability. To verify its application potential as a flexible temperature sensor, the polyNCMA/LiTFSI gel-based wireless temperature monitor is developed and displays outstanding thermal sensitivity (8.4%/K) over a wide detection range. The preliminary result also suggests the promising potential of PNCMA gel as a pressure sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puqing Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qiwen Bao
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianhai Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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15
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Transparent, intrinsically stretchable cellulose nanofiber-mediated conductive hydrogel for strain and humidity sensing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Zhang H, Shi LWE, Zhou J. Recent developments of polysaccharide‐based double‐network hydrogels. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhang
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer‐based Medical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Ling Wa Eric Shi
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer‐based Medical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
| | - Jinping Zhou
- Hubei Engineering Center of Natural Polymer‐based Medical Materials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan China
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17
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Zhou R, Jin Y, Zeng W, Jin H, Bai L, Shi L, Shang X. Liquid-Free Ion-Conducting Elastomer with Environmental Stability for Soft Sensing and Thermoelectric Generating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39120-39131. [PMID: 35973131 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic conductors are promising candidates for fabricating soft electronics, but currently applied ionic hydrogels and organogels suffer from liquid leakage and evaporation issues. Herein, we fabricated a free-liquid ionic conducting elastomer (LFICE) with dry lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonimide) and elastomeric waterborne polyurethane. The resultant versatile LFICE exhibits superior tensile strength (∼4.5 MPa), satisfactory stretchability (>900%), excellent ionic conductivity (8.32 × 10-4 S m-1 at 25 °C), and sensitive strain (3.21) and temperature (2.22% °C-1) response. The LFICE also presents durable environmental stability due to the all-solid-state feature. In the exploration of application prospects, the as-assembled LFICE sensor can precisely and repeatedly detect human motion and temperature changes, demonstrating its potentials in digital medical diagnosis and monitoring; the as-assembled LFICE thermoelectric generator (TEG) shows a high ionic thermovoltage of 4.41 mV K-1, paving a bright path for the advent of self-powered soft electronics. It is believed that this research boosts the facile fabrication of environmental stable stretchable ionic conductors holding great promise in next-generation soft electronics integrated with dual thermo- and strain-response and energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- Department of Liver Surgery & Liver Transplantation, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Long Bai
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Liangjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Shang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Clean Technology in Leather Industry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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