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Ding Y, Xiong S, Sun L, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Li Y, Peng J, Fukuda K, Someya T, Liu R, Zhang X. Metal nanowire-based transparent electrode for flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:7784-7827. [PMID: 38953906 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00080c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
High-quality transparent electrodes are indispensable components of flexible optoelectronic devices as they guarantee sufficient light transparency and electrical conductivity. Compared to commercial indium tin oxide, metal nanowires are considered ideal candidates as flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) owing to their superior optoelectronic properties, excellent mechanical flexibility, solution treatability, and higher compatibility with semiconductors. However, certain key challenges associated with material preparation and device fabrication remain for the practical application of metal nanowire-based electrodes. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art solution-processed metal nanowire-based FTEs and their applications in flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the important properties of FTEs and a cost-benefit analysis of existing technologies are introduced, followed by a summary of the synthesis strategy, key properties, and fabrication technologies of the nanowires. Subsequently, we explore the applications of metal-nanowire-based FTEs in different optoelectronic devices including solar cells, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. Finally, the current status, future challenges, and emerging strategies in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
| | - Sixing Xiong
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Lulu Sun
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yiying Wang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yaowen Li
- College of Chemistry, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jun Peng
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Soochow Institute of Energy and Material Innovations, Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
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Feng X, Wang L, Xue Z, Xie C, Han J, Pei Y, Zhang Z, Guo W, Lu B. Melt electrowriting enabled 3D liquid crystal elastomer structures for cross-scale actuators and temperature field sensors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk3854. [PMID: 38446880 PMCID: PMC10917348 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) have garnered attention for their remarkable reversible strains under various stimuli. Early studies on LCEs mainly focused on basic dimensional changes in macrostructures or quasi-three-dimensional (3D) microstructures. However, fabricating complex 3D microstructures and cross-scale LCE-based structures has remained challenging. In this study, we report a compatible method named melt electrowriting (MEW) to fabricate LCE-based microfiber actuators and various 3D actuators on the micrometer to centimeter scales. By controlling printing parameters, these actuators were fabricated with high resolutions (4.5 to 60 μm), actuation strains (10 to 55%), and a maximum work density of 160 J/kg. In addition, through the integration of a deep learning-based model, we demonstrated the application of LCE materials in temperature field sensing. Large-scale, real-time, LCE grid-based spatial temperature field sensors have been designed, exhibiting a low response time of less than 42 ms and a high precision of 94.79%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueming Feng
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Li Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, No. 997, Shanglinyuan 8th Road, Gaoxin District, Xi’an 710300, China
| | - Zhengjie Xue
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Chao Xie
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Jie Han
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yuechen Pei
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Zhaofa Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
| | - Wenhua Guo
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, No. 997, Shanglinyuan 8th Road, Gaoxin District, Xi’an 710300, China
| | - Bingheng Lu
- The State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China
- National Innovation Institute of Additive Manufacturing, No. 997, Shanglinyuan 8th Road, Gaoxin District, Xi’an 710300, China
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Chen L, Khan A, Dai S, Bermak A, Li W. Metallic Micro-Nano Network-Based Soft Transparent Electrodes: Materials, Processes, and Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302858. [PMID: 37890452 PMCID: PMC10724424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Soft transparent electrodes (TEs) have received tremendous interest from academia and industry due to the rapid development of lightweight, transparent soft electronics. Metallic micro-nano networks (MMNNs) are a class of promising soft TEs that exhibit excellent optical and electrical properties, including low sheet resistance and high optical transmittance, as well as superior mechanical properties such as softness, robustness, and desirable stability. They are genuinely interesting alternatives to conventional conductive metal oxides, which are expensive to fabricate and have limited flexibility on soft surfaces. This review summarizes state-of-the-art research developments in MMNN-based soft TEs in terms of performance specifications, fabrication methods, and application areas. The review describes the implementation of MMNN-based soft TEs in optoelectronics, bioelectronics, tactile sensors, energy storage devices, and other applications. Finally, it presents a perspective on the technical difficulties and potential future possibilities for MMNN-based TE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical EngineeringETH ZurichZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
- Division of Information and Computing TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringHamad Bin Khalifa UniversityDoha34110Qatar
| | - Shuqin Dai
- Department School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Amine Bermak
- Division of Information and Computing TechnologyCollege of Science and EngineeringHamad Bin Khalifa UniversityDoha34110Qatar
| | - Wen‐Di Li
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Hong KongHong Kong00000China
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Xu X, Xue P, Gao M, Li Y, Xu Z, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Wang L, Liu H, Cheng B. Assembled one-dimensional nanowires for flexible electronic devices via printing and coating: Techniques, applications, and perspectives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 321:102987. [PMID: 37852138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid progress in flexible electronic devices has necessitated continual research into nanomaterials, structural design, and fabrication processes. One-dimensional nanowires, characterized by their distinct structures and exceptional properties, are considered essential components for various flexible electronic devices. Considerable attention has been directed toward the assembly of nanowires, which presents significant advantages. Printing and coating techniques can be used to assemble nanowires in a relatively simple, efficient, and cost-competitive manner and exhibit potential for scale-up production in the foreseeable future. This review aims to provide an overview of nanowire assembly using printing and coating techniques, such as bar coating, spray coating, dip coating, blade coating, 3D printing, and so forth. The application of assembled nanowires in flexible electronic devices is subsequently discussed. Finally, further discussion is presented on the potential and challenges of flexible electronic devices based on assembled nanowires via printing and coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Pan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zhengjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250117, PR China.
| | - Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Kumar S, Seo Y. Flexible Transparent Conductive Electrodes: Unveiling Growth Mechanisms, Material Dimensions, Fabrication Methods, and Design Strategies. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300908. [PMID: 37821417 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductive electrodes (FTCEs) constitute an indispensable component in state-of-the-art electronic devices, such as wearable flexible sensors, flexible displays, artificial skin, and biomedical devices, etc. This review paper offers a comprehensive overview of the fabrication techniques, growth modes, material dimensions, design, and their impacts on FTCEs fabrication. The growth modes, such as the "Stranski-Krastanov growth," "Frank-van der Merwe growth," and "Volmer-Weber growth" modes provide flexibility in fabricating FTCEs. Application of different materials including 0D, 1D, 2D, polymer composites, conductive oxides, and hybrid materials in FTCE fabrication, emphasizing their suitability in flexible devices are discussed. This review also delves into the design strategies of FTCEs, including microgrids, nanotroughs, nanomesh, nanowires network, and "kirigami"-inspired patterns, etc. The pros and cons associated with these materials and designs are also addressed appropriately. Considerations such as trade-offs between electrical conductivity and optical transparency or "figure of merit (FoM)," "strain engineering," "work function," and "haze" are also discussed briefly. Finally, this review outlines the challenges and opportunities in the current and future development of FTCEs for flexible electronics, including the improved trade-offs between optoelectronic parameters, novel materials development, mechanical stability, reproducibility, scalability, and durability enhancement, safety, biocompatibility, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Yongho Seo
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering and HMC, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
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Park H, Si H, Gu J, Lee D, Park D, Lee YI, Kim K. Engineered kirigami design of PVDF-Pt core-shell nanofiber network for flexible transparent electrode. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2582. [PMID: 36788304 PMCID: PMC9929047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanofiber networks comprising polymer-metal core-shell structures exhibit several advantages, such as high uniformities and considerable flexibilities. Additionally, the flexibility of the nanofiber network may be further enhanced by engineering the network topology. Therefore, in this study, the topologies of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-Pt core-shell nanofiber (CS NF) networks were engineered, and their performances as flexible transparent electrodes were comprehensively evaluated. Three distinct topologies of nanofiber networks were induced using circular, square, and rectangular electrode collectors. A highly uniform nanofiber network was obtained using the square electrode collector, which generated a high density of nanofiber junctions (nodes). Consequently, this nanofiber network exhibited the smallest sheet resistance [Formula: see text] and lowest optical transmittance [Formula: see text] among the three CS NF networks. In contrast, nanofiber bundles were frequently formed in the randomly aligned CS NF network prepared using the circular electrode collector, reducing the node density. As a result, it simultaneously exhibited a very small [Formula: see text] and high [Formula: see text], generating the largest percolation figure of merit [Formula: see text]. Under certain strain directions, the CS NF network with the engineered topology exhibited a significantly enhanced mechanical durability. Finally, a flexible piezoelectric pressure sensor with CS NF network electrodes was fabricated and its sensing performance was excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Park
- grid.412485.e0000 0000 9760 4919Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering (MSDE), Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SeoulTech), Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Si
- grid.412485.e0000 0000 9760 4919Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering (MSDE), Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SeoulTech), Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Junseo Gu
- grid.412485.e0000 0000 9760 4919Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering (MSDE), Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SeoulTech), Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- grid.412485.e0000 0000 9760 4919Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering (MSDE), Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SeoulTech), Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuck Park
- grid.412485.e0000 0000 9760 4919Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering (MSDE), Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SeoulTech), Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-In Lee
- grid.412485.e0000 0000 9760 4919Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (Seoultech), Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanlae Kim
- Department of Manufacturing Systems and Design Engineering (MSDE), Seoul National University of Science and Technology (SeoulTech), Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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All-atmospheric fabrication of Ag-Cu core-shell nanowire transparent electrodes with Haacke figure of merit >600 × 10 -3 Ω -1. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20962. [PMID: 36470957 PMCID: PMC9722900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are essential components in devices such as touch screens, smart windows, and photovoltaics. Metal nanowire networks are promising next-generation TCEs, but best-performing examples rely on expensive metal catalysts (palladium or platinum), vacuum processing, or transfer processes that cannot be scaled. This work demonstrates a metal nanowire TCE fabrication process that focuses on high performance and simple fabrication. Here we combined direct and plating metallization processes on electrospun nanowires. We first directly metallize silver nanowires using reactive silver ink. The silver catalyzes subsequent copper plating to produce Ag-Cu core-shell nanowires and eliminates nanowire junction resistances. The process allows for tunable transmission and sheet resistance properties by adjusting electrospinning and plating time. We demonstrate state-of-the-art, low-haze TCEs using an all-atmospheric process with sheet resistances of 0.33 Ω sq-1 and visible light transmittances of 86% (including the substrate), leading to a Haacke figure of merit of 652 × 10-3 Ω-1. The core-shell nanowire electrode also demonstrates high chemical and bending durability.
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Chen Y, Liang T, Chen L, Chen Y, Yang BR, Luo Y, Liu GS. Self-assembly, alignment, and patterning of metal nanowires. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1299-1339. [PMID: 36193823 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Armed with the merits of one-dimensional nanostructures (flexibility, high aspect ratio, and anisotropy) and metals (high conductivity, plasmonic properties, and catalytic activity), metal nanowires (MNWs) have stood out as a new class of nanomaterials in the last two decades. They are envisaged to expedite significantly and even revolutionize a broad spectrum of applications related to display, sensing, energy, plasmonics, photonics, and catalysis. Compared with disordered MNWs, well-organized MNWs would not only enhance the intrinsic physical and chemical properties, but also create new functions and sophisticated architectures of optoelectronic devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of assembly strategies of MNWs, including self-assembly for specific structures, alignment for anisotropic constructions, and patterning for precise configurations. The technical processes, underlying mechanisms, performance indicators, and representative applications of these strategies are described and discussed to inspire further innovation in assembly techniques and guide the fabrication of optoelectrical devices. Finally, a perspective on the critical challenges and future opportunities of MNW assembly is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Tianwei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yaofei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gui-Shi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510632, China
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