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Xiong Y, Mi B, Liu G, Zhao Y. Microenvironment-sensitive nanozymes for tissue regeneration. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122585. [PMID: 38692147 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Tissue defect is one of the significant challenges encountered in clinical practice. Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, and metal-organic frameworks, have demonstrated an extensive potential in tissue regeneration, offering a promising avenue for future clinical applications. Nonetheless, the intricate landscape of the inflammatory tissue microenvironment has engendered challenges to the efficacy of nanomaterial-based therapies. This quandary has spurred researchers to pivot towards advanced nanotechnological remedies for overcoming these therapeutic constraints. Among these solutions, microenvironment-sensitive nanozymes have emerged as a compelling instrument with the capacity to reshape the tissue microenvironment and enhance the intricate process of tissue regeneration. In this review, we summarize the microenvironmental characteristics of damaged tissues, offer insights into the rationale guiding the design and engineering of microenvironment-sensitive nanozymes, and explore the underlying mechanisms that underpin these nanozymes' responsiveness. This analysis includes their roles in orchestrating cellular signaling, modulating immune responses, and promoting the delicate process of tissue remodeling. Furthermore, we discuss the diverse applications of microenvironment-sensitive nanozymes in tissue regeneration, including bone, soft tissue, and cartilage regeneration. Finally, we shed our sights on envisioning the forthcoming milestones in this field, prospecting a future where microenvironment-sensitive nanozymes contribute significantly to the development of tissue regeneration and improved clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Bobin Mi
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore; Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guohui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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Wang J, Ye J, Yang G, Xie J, Miao X, Deng J, Wu T, Cheng X, Wang X. Fenton-like Reaction Inspired "·OH Catalyzed" Osteogenic Process for the Treatment of Osteoporosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304091. [PMID: 38381065 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the Fenton-like reaction, this work combines copper peroxide (CP) nanoparticles with black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets to form a hydroxyl radical (·OH)-centered "catalytic" osteogenic system. CP-produced ·OH interacts with BP to rapidly produce a large amount of phosphate ions, thus accelerating self-mineralization and promoting bone formation. In turn, BP not only exerts anti-inflammatory effects, thereby providing a favorable microenvironment for bone formation, but also offsets the potential toxicity of CP induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Together with copper ions (Cu2+), phosphate ions are also released as a byproduct of this process, which can contribute to the comprehensive promotion of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
| | - Guoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
| | - Jialiang Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
| | - Xinxin Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
| | - Jianjian Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
| | - Tianlong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
| | - Xigao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, China
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Zheng X, Chen X, Li X, Zhu J, Chen J, Lin F, Shen L, Xu Y, Jiang L. Designed Synthesis of Fe/Zr Bimetallic Organic Framework to Enhance the Selective Conversion of H 2S to Sulfur. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5586-5597. [PMID: 38481363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of stable and effective catalysts to convert toxic H2S into high value-added sulfur is essential for production safety and environmental protection. However, the inherent defects of traditional iron- and zirconium-based catalysts, such as poor activity, high oxygen consumption, and low sulfur selectivity, limit their further developments and applications. Herein, the Fe-Zr bimetallic organic framework FeUIO-66(x) with different cubic morphologies was synthesized via a facile solvothermal method. The results indicate that the introduction of Fe not only increases the specific surface area and weak L-sites of the catalyst without changing its crystal structure, which provides enough reaction space and more active sites for the adsorption and activation of H2S, but also reduces the activation energy of the reaction, significantly promoting the selective oxidation of H2S. As a result, the as-obtained FeUIO-66(1) catalyst exhibits the highest desulfurization activity and superior durability and water resistance stability, and its H2S conversion and sulfur selectivity within 50 h are 100 and 88%, respectively. More importantly, the structure of the catalyst after the desulfurization reaction is consistent with that of the fresh counterpart. The study offers new insights into the development of effective and stable bimetallic catalysts to eliminate H2S and recycle sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zheng
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jide Zhu
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jipeng Chen
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Fengcai Lin
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China
| | - Yanlian Xu
- Fujian Engineering and Research Center of New Chinese Lacquer Materials, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Lilong Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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Zheng W, Meng Z, Zhu Z, Wang X, Xu X, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Liu Y, Pei X. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Nanomaterials for Regulation of the Osteogenic Microenvironment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2310622. [PMID: 38377299 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
As the global population ages, bone diseases have become increasingly prevalent in clinical settings. These conditions often involve detrimental factors such as infection, inflammation, and oxidative stress that disrupt bone homeostasis. Addressing these disorders requires exogenous strategies to regulate the osteogenic microenvironment (OME). The exogenous regulation of OME can be divided into four processes: induction, modulation, protection, and support, each serving a specific purpose. To this end, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an emerging focus in nanomedicine, which show tremendous potential due to their superior delivery capability. MOFs play numerous roles in OME regulation such as metal ion donors, drug carriers, nanozymes, and photosensitizers, which have been extensively explored in recent studies. This review presents a comprehensive introduction to the exogenous regulation of OME by MOF-based nanomaterials. By discussing various functional MOF composites, this work aims to inspire and guide the creation of sophisticated and efficient nanomaterials for bone disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zihan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xiangrui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yankun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Xibo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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Tang H, Yu Y, Zhan X, Chai Y, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Xia D, Lin H. Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 in bone regeneration: A systematic review. J Control Release 2024; 365:558-582. [PMID: 38042375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is a biomaterial that has been increasingly studied in recent years. It has several applications such as bone regeneration, promotion of angiogenesis, drug loading, and antibacterial activity, and exerts multiple effects to deal with various problems in the process of bone regeneration. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the applications and effectiveness of ZIF-8 in bone regeneration. A search of papers published in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases revealed 532 relevant studies. Title, abstract, and full-text screening resulted in 39 papers being included in the review, including 39 in vitro and 22 animal studies. Appropriate concentrations of nano ZIF-8 can promote cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation by releasing Zn2+ and entering the cell, whereas high doses of ZIF-8 are cytotoxic and inhibit osteogenic differentiation. In addition, five studies confirmed that ZIF-8 exhibits good vasogenic activity. In all in vivo experiments, nano ZIF-8 promoted bone formation. These results indicate that, at appropriate concentrations, materials containing ZIF-8 promote bone regeneration more than materials without ZIF-8, and with characteristics such as promoting angiogenesis, drug loading, and antibacterial activity, it is expected to show promising applications in the field of bone regeneration. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This manuscript reviewed the use of ZIF-8 in bone regeneration, clarified the biocompatibility and effectiveness in promoting bone regeneration of ZIF-8 materials, and discussed the possible mechanisms and factors affecting its promotion of bone regeneration. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the latest advances in the field of bone regeneration of ZIF-8, serves as a design guide, and contributes to the design of future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yameng Yu
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinxin Zhan
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Chai
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Dandan Xia
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China.
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Sun X, Xu X, Yue X, Wang T, Wang Z, Zhang C, Wang J. Nanozymes With Osteochondral Regenerative Effects: An Overview of Mechanisms and Recent Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2301924. [PMID: 37633309 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
With the discovery of the intrinsic enzyme-like activity of metal oxides, nanozymes garner significant attention due to their superior characteristics, such as low cost, high stability, multi-enzyme activity, and facile preparation. Notably, in the field of biomedicine, nanozymes primarily focus on disease detection, antibacterial properties, antitumor effects, and treatment of inflammatory conditions. However, the potential for application in regenerative medicine, which primarily addresses wound healing, nerve defect repair, bone regeneration, and cardiovascular disease treatment, is garnering interest as well. This review introduces nanozymes as an innovative strategy within the realm of bone regenerative medicine. The primary focus of this approach lies in the facilitation of osteochondral regeneration through the modulation of the pathological microenvironment. The catalytic mechanisms of four types of representative nanozymes are first discussed. The pathological microenvironment inhibiting osteochondral regeneration, followed by summarizing the therapy mechanism of nanozymes to osteochondral regeneration barriers is introduced. Further, the therapeutic potential of nanozymes for bone diseases is included. To improve the therapeutic efficiency of nanozymes and facilitate their clinical translation, future potential applications in osteochondral diseases are also discussed and some significant challenges addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueheng Sun
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Xiaokun Yue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Tianchang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai ZhongYe Hospital, Genertec Universal Medical Group, Shanghai, 200941, China
| | - Changru Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Rd, Shanghai, 200011, China
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Yin Z, Gong G, Liu X, Yin J. Mechanism of regulating macrophages/osteoclasts in attenuating wear particle-induced aseptic osteolysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1274679. [PMID: 37860014 PMCID: PMC10582964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1274679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Joint replacement surgery is the most effective treatment for end-stage arthritis. Aseptic loosening caused by periprosthetic osteolysis is a common complication after joint replacement. Inflammation induced by wear particles derived from prosthetic biomaterials is a major cause of osteolysis. We emphasize that bone marrow-derived macrophages and their fusion-derived osteoclasts play a key role in this pathological process. Researchers have developed multiple intervention approaches to regulate macrophage/osteoclast activation. Aiming at wear particle-induced periprosthetic aseptic osteolysis, this review separately discusses the molecular mechanism of regulation of ROS formation and inflammatory response through intervention of macrophage/osteoclast RANKL-MAPKs-NF-κB pathway. These molecular mechanisms regulate osteoclast activation in different ways, but they are not isolated from each other. There is also a lot of crosstalk among the different mechanisms. In addition, other bone and joint diseases related to osteoclast activation are also briefly introduced. Therefore, we discuss these new findings in the context of existing work with a view to developing new strategies for wear particle-associated osteolysis based on the regulation of macrophages/osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, China
| | - Ge Gong
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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