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Yi J, Liu L, Gao W, Zeng J, Chen Y, Pang E, Lan M, Yu C. Advances and perspectives in phototherapy-based combination therapy for cancer treatment. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38895829 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), has the advantages of spatiotemporal selectivity, non-invasiveness, and negligible drug resistance. Phototherapy has been approved for treating superficial epidermal tumors. However, its therapeutic efficacy is limited by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and the highly expressed heat shock protein. Moreover, poor tissue penetration and focused irradiation laser region in phototherapy make treating deep tissues and metastatic tumors challenging. Combination therapy strategies, which integrate the advantages of each treatment and overcome their disadvantages, can significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy. Recently, many combination therapy strategies have been reported. Our study summarizes the strategies used for combining phototherapy with other cancer treatments such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, gas therapy, starvation therapy, and chemodynamic therapy. Some research cases were selected to analyze the combination therapy effect, delivery platform feature, and synergetic anticancer mechanisms. Moreover, additional research cases are summarized in the tables. This review provides strong evidence that phototherapy-based combination strategies can enhance the anticancer effect compared with phototherapy alone. Additionally, the challenges and future perspectives associated with these combinational therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Yi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Gland Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Luyao Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Gland Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, China.
| | - Wenjie Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Gland Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410005, China.
| | - Yongzhi Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225000, China
| | - E Pang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China.
| | - Minhuan Lan
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China.
| | - Chunzhao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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Zhu H, Cui M, Tang Q, Zhao H, Zhang P, Zeng S, Li W, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Chen Y. Photoactivated full-API nanodrug (FAND): harnessing transition metal complexes and MTH1 inhibitor for enhanced DNA damage in cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3154-3162. [PMID: 38687170 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00316k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been greatly restricted by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and the susceptible resistance of monotherapy. Although nanodrugs based on transition metal complexes capable of integrating PDT with photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) have garnered tremendous attention as promising candidates for overcoming the above limitations, the therapeutic efficacy of these nanodrugs is still hampered by inadequate loading of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and the inherent ability of cancer cells to repair damaged DNA. Herein, we developed a photoactivated full-API nanodrug, Ru-T FAND, by one-step self-assembly of RuDPB and TH287. By virtue of its 100 wt% API content and favorable stability in water, the Ru-T FAND exhibited improved cellular uptake behavior and intracellular 1O2 generation. Attractively, the Ru-T FAND with triple anti-cancer modalities can photogenerate 1O2, photo-release DPB ligand and inhibit the repair of DNA damage, ultimately enhancing its phototherapeutic effect on cancer cells. Importantly, the uncaged DPB ligand from RuDPB emits red fluorescence, enabling real-time monitoring of the drug's absorption, distribution and efficacy. Collectively, the presented photoactivated Ru-T FANDs with multiple anti-cancer mechanisms will expand new horizons for the development of safe, efficient and synergistic tumor phototherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Zhu
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Maozhi Cui
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Qiang Tang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Hua Zhao
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Pu Zhang
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Shengmei Zeng
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Weiyu Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qianxiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Research Center for Pharmacodynamic Evaluation Engineering Technology of Chongqing, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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3
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Spector D, Bubley A, Zharova A, Bykusov V, Skvortsov D, Ipatova D, Erofeev A, Gorelkin P, Vaneev A, Mazur D, Nikitina V, Melnikov M, Pergushov V, Bunin D, Kuzmin V, Kostyukov A, Egorov A, Beloglazkina E, Akasov R, Krasnovskaya O. Light-Responsive Pt(IV) Prodrugs with Controlled Photoactivation and Low Dark Toxicity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3431-3440. [PMID: 38697834 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Light-induced release of cisplatin from Pt(IV) prodrugs represents a promising approach for precise control over the antiproliferative activity of Pt-based chemotherapeutic drugs. This method has the potential to overcome crucial drawbacks of conventional cisplatin therapy, such as high general toxicity toward healthy organs and tissues. Herein, we report two Pt(IV) prodrugs with BODIPY-based photoactive ligands Pt-1 and Pt-2, which were designed using carbamate and triazole linkers, respectively. Both prodrugs demonstrated the ability to release cisplatin under blue light irradiation without the requirement of an external reducing agent. Dicarboxylated Pt-2 prodrug turned out to be more stable in the dark and more sensitive to light than its monocarbamate Pt-1 counterpart; these observations were explained using DFT calculations. The investigation of the photoreduction mechanism of Pt-1 and Pt-2 prodrugs using DFT modeling and ΔG0 PET estimation suggests that the photoinduced electron transfer from the singlet excited state of the BODIPY axial ligand to the Pt(IV) center is the key step in the light-induced release of cisplatin from the complexes. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that both prodrugs were nontoxic in the dark and toxic to MCF-7 cells under low-dose irradiation with blue light, and the observed effect was solely due to the cisplatin release from the Pt(IV) prodrugs. Our research presents an elegant synthetic approach to light-activated Pt(IV) prodrugs and presents findings that may contribute to the future rational design of photoactivatable Pt(IV) prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Spector
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Anna Bubley
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Anastasia Zharova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladislav Bykusov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Skvortsov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daria Ipatova
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Petr Gorelkin
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Alexander Vaneev
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
- National University of Science and Technology (MISIS), Leninskiy Prospect 4, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Dmitrii Mazur
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vita Nikitina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail Melnikov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Pergushov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Bunin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr., 31, bldg. 4, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kuzmin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Alexey Kostyukov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anton Egorov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Street 4, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Elena Beloglazkina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman Akasov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Moscow Pedagogical State University, Malaya Pirogovskaya str. 1, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Olga Krasnovskaya
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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4
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Krikunova PV, Tolordava ER, Arkharova NA, Karimov DN, Bukreeva TV, Shirinian VZ, Khaydukov EV, Pallaeva TN. Riboflavin Crystals with Extremely High Water Solubility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5504-5512. [PMID: 38278768 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
New insights into the unique biochemical properties of riboflavin (Rf), also known as vitamin B2, are leading to the development of its use not only as a vitamin supplement but also as a potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral agent, where it may play a role as an inhibitor of viral proteinases. At the same time, the comparison of the pharmacoactivity of Rf with its known metabolites, namely, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), is very complicated due to its poor water solubility: 0.1-0.3 g/L versus 67 g/L for FMN and 50 g/L for FAD, which is the limiting factor for its administration in clinical practice. In this study, we report the recrystallization procedure of the type A Rf crystals into the slightly hydrophobic type B/C and a new hydrophilic crystal form that has been termed the P type. Our method of Rf crystal modification based on recrystallization from dilute alkaline solution provides an unprecedented extremely high water solubility of Rf, reaching 23.5 g/L. A comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of type P riboflavin showed increased photodynamic therapeutic activity compared to the known types A and B/C against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium. Importantly, our work not only demonstrates a simple and inexpensive method for the synthesis of riboflavin with high solubility, which should lead to increased bioactivity, but also opens up opportunities for improving both known and new therapeutic applications of vitamin B2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eteri R Tolordava
- Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | | | - Denis N Karimov
- FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | | | - Valerii Z Shirinian
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Xu L, Kong X, Li X, Zhang B, Deng Y, Wang J, Duan C, Zhang D, Liu W. Current Status of Novel Multifunctional Targeted Pt(IV) Compounds and Their Reductive Release Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:746. [PMID: 38398498 PMCID: PMC10892972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs are widely used in chemotherapy for various types of cancer and are considered crucial. Tetravalent platinum (Pt(IV)) compounds have gained significant attention and have been extensively researched among these drugs. Traditionally, Pt(IV) compounds are reduced to divalent platinum (Pt(II)) after entering cells, causing DNA lesions and exhibiting their anti-tumor effect. However, the available evidence indicates that some Pt(IV) derivatives may differ from the traditional mechanism and exert their anti-tumor effect through their overall structure. This review primarily focuses on the existing literature regarding targeted Pt(II) and Pt(IV) compounds, with a specific emphasis on their in vivo mode of action and the properties of reduction release in multifunctional Pt(IV) compounds. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the design and synthesis strategies employed for Pt(II) derivatives that selectively target various enzymes (glucose receptor, folate, telomerase, etc.) or substances (mitochondria, oleic acid, etc.). Furthermore, it thoroughly examines and summarizes the rational design, anti-tumor mechanism of action, and reductive release capacity of novel multifunctional Pt(IV) compounds, such as those targeting p53-MDM2, COX-2, lipid metabolism, dual drugs, and drug delivery systems. Finally, this review aims to provide theoretical support for the rational design and development of new targeted Pt(IV) compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwen Xu
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yuxiao Deng
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Jinhu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Chonggang Duan
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Drugs, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China; (L.X.); (X.K.); (X.L.); (B.Z.); (Y.D.); (J.W.); (C.D.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
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Kamzeeva P, Dagaev N, Lizunova S, Khodarovich Y, Sogomonyan A, Kolchanova A, Pokrovsky V, Alferova V, Chistov A, Eshtukov-Shcheglov A, Eshtukova-Shcheglova E, Belyaev E, Skvortsov D, Varizhuk A, Aralov A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzo [4,5]- and Naphtho[2',1':4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidinone Derivatives. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1669. [PMID: 38002351 PMCID: PMC10669118 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Azacarbazoles have attracted significant interest due to their valuable properties, such as anti-pathogenic and antitumor activity. In this study, a series of structurally related tricyclic benzo[4,5]- and tertacyclic naphtho[2',1':4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidinone derivatives with one or two positively charged tethers were synthesized and evaluated for anti-proliferative activity. Lead tetracyclic derivative 5b with two amino-bearing arms inhibited the metabolic activity of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells with a CC50 value of 3.6 μM, with remarkable selectivity (SI = 17.3) over VA13 immortalized fibroblasts. Cell-cycle assays revealed that 5b triggers G2/M arrest without signs of apoptosis. A study of its interaction with various DNA G4s and duplexes followed by dual luciferase and intercalator displacement assays suggests that intercalation, rather than the modulation of G4-regulated oncogene expression, might contribute to the observed activity. Finally, a water-soluble salt of 5b was shown to cause no acute toxic effects, changes in mice behavior, or any decrease in body weight after a 72 h treatment at concentrations up to 20 mg/kg. Thus, 5b is a promising candidate for studies in vivo; however, further investigations are needed to elucidate its molecular target(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Kamzeeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.)
| | - Nikolai Dagaev
- Department of Chemistry and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.D.)
| | - Sofia Lizunova
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri Khodarovich
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.)
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Cellular Technologies, The Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Sogomonyan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.)
| | - Anastasia Kolchanova
- Department of Chemistry and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.D.)
| | - Vadim Pokrovsky
- N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, RUDN University, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Alferova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.)
| | - Alexey Chistov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.)
| | - Artur Eshtukov-Shcheglov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.)
| | | | - Evgeny Belyaev
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Skvortsov
- Department of Chemistry and Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.D.)
| | - Anna Varizhuk
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- G4_Interact, USERN, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrey Aralov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.)
- Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- G4_Interact, USERN, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Bera A, Nepalia A, Upadhyay A, Kumar Saini D, Chakravarty AR. Biotin and boron-dipyrromethene-tagged platinum(IV) prodrug for cellular imaging and mito-targeted photocytotoxicity in red light. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13339-13350. [PMID: 37671587 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01796f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
A platinum(IV) prodrug, cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2(biotin)(L)] (1), derived from cisplatin, where HL is the PEGylated red-light active boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) ligand, was synthesized, characterized and its photocytotoxicity evaluated. The complex showed a near-IR absorption band at 653 nm (ε ∼9.19 × 104 M-1 cm-1) in dimethyl sulfoxide and Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (1 : 1 v/v) at pH 7.2. When excited at 630 nm, it showed an emission band at 677 nm in DMSO with a fluorescence quantum yield of 0.13. The 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran titration experiment gave a singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) of ∼0.32. A mechanistic DNA photocleavage study revealed singlet oxygen as the reactive oxygen species (ROS). The complex with biotin and PEGylated-distyryl-BODIPY showed significantly higher cellular uptake in A549 cancer cells as compared to non-cancerous Beas-2B cells from flow cytometry, indicating selectivity towards cancer cells. A dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay showed cellular ROS generation. Confocal images revealed predominant internalization in the mitochondria. The prodrug showed remarkable photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity in cancerous A549 and multidrug-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells with a high photocytotoxicity index value (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 0.61-1.54 μM in red light), while being non-toxic in the dark. The chemo-PDT activity was significantly less in non-tumorigenic lung epithelial cells (Beas-2B). The prodrug effectively triggered cellular apoptosis, which was confirmed by the Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assay, and the alteration of the mitochondrial membrane potential was substantiated by the JC-1 dye assay. The β-tubulin immunofluorescence assay confirmed that incubating the cells with a light-treated complex resulted in the rapture of the cytoskeletal structure and the formation of apoptotic bodies. The results demonstrate that the prodrug triggered apoptosis via DNA damage, a reduction in mitochondrial function and disruption of the cytoskeletal framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Amrita Nepalia
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Akhil R Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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