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Liu X, Du L, Ma Y, Li T, Chen S, Yang J, Ran Z, Zhou L, Dong Q, Zheng W, Jiang Z. Highly conductive and stable double network carrageenan organohydrogels for advanced strain sensing and signal recognition arrays. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 279:135029. [PMID: 39197618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties, a broad detection range, and stability in complex environments have remained a significant challenge for the development of flexible sensors. In this study, a straightforward freeze-thaw cycles strategy was developed to fabricate a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/carrageenan (CA)/calcium chloride (CaCl2)/MXene-based double network organohydrogel (PCCME) for highly flexible and responsive strain detection across a broad temperature spectrum. The PCCME organohydrogel features multiple interactive forces including hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and microphase crystallization, which contribute to the organohydrogel's exceptional mechanical and electrical performance. The PCCME organohydrogel exhibited excellent performance in a load-unload test repeated 100 times after being maintained at room temperature for 7 days, with a minimal mechanical decay of only 2.6%. Furthermore, the repaired PCCME organohydrogel retained its robust stability after storage at low temperatures followed by placement at room temperature. The organohydrogel sensor not only detects various movement amplitudes of the human body but also recognizes arrays of pressure signals and converts these into digital images, highlighting its significant potential for applications in rehabilitation monitoring, pressure sensing, and human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Longmeng Du
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Yong Ma
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Tingxi Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China
| | - Song Chen
- China Safety Technology Research Academy of Ordnance Industry, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Jia Yang
- China Safety Technology Research Academy of Ordnance Industry, Beijing 100053, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Ran
- Luzhou North Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646605, PR China
| | - Longbao Zhou
- Luzhou North Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Luzhou 646605, PR China
| | - Qi Dong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, PR China.
| | - Zaixing Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, PR China.
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Yao R, Liu X, Yu H, Hou Z, Chang S, Yang L. Electronic skin based on natural biodegradable polymers for human motion monitoring. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134694. [PMID: 39142476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The wearability of the flexible electronic skin (e-skin) allows it to attach to the skin for human motion monitoring, which is essential for studying human motion and especially for assessing how well patients are recovering from rehabilitation therapy. However, the use of non-degradable synthetic materials in e-skin may raise skin safety concerns. Natural biodegradable polymers with advantages such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, sustainability, natural abundance, and low cost have the potential to be alternative materials for constructing flexible e-skin and applying them to human motion monitoring. This review summarizes the applications of natural biodegradable polymers in e-skin for human motion monitoring over the past three years, focusing on the discussion of cellulose, chitosan, silk fibroin, gelatin, and sodium alginate. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges of e-skin based on natural biodegradable polymers. It is hoped that this review will provide insights for the future development of flexible e-skin in the field of human motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Yao
- Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China; School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China
| | - Xun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 110004, P.R. China
| | - Honghao Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China.
| | - Shijie Chang
- School of Intelligent Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, P.R. China.
| | - Liqun Yang
- Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Techniques, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, P.R. China.
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3
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Zhang Q, Sun X, Jiang W, Zhao Q, Wang H, Liu M, Sun Y, Liu Y. Aminated lignin and phytic acid-assisted polyacrylic acid hydrogel sensors with enhanced mechanical properties and strong adhesion. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135944. [PMID: 39317281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Excellent comprehensive performance of hydrogels can be achieved by synergistically combining multiple interaction mechanisms. In this study, a series of hydrogels with rapid gelation and excellent adhesive, mechanical, self-healing, and conductive properties, driven by covalent bonds and multiple reversible interactions, were constructed by mixing acrylic acid (AA), aminated alkaline lignin (AAL), phytic acid (PA), and Fe3+. The rigid skeletons of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and AAL, as well as the metal coordination bonds formed between them and Fe3+, enhance the mechanical properties of the samples. The samples exhibit excellent tensile strength and compressive strength, reaching 73.7 kPa and 4.6 MPa (under a compressive strain of 80 %), respectively, with a tensile strain of 1142 % under the same condition. Adding PA enhances the compliance and adhesion (148.2 kPa for porcine skin) of the gel and endowed it with good flame retardancy. Additionally, the sample maintained its good mechanical properties and conductivity even after five cutting-healing cycles. Good durability, robust adhesion, and high electrical conductivity of the sample render it a promising strain sensor for electronic devices. This work provides a design strategy for preparing hydrogels with superior adhesion and good comprehensive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong academy of sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, PR China
| | - Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong academy of sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, PR China
| | - Weikun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong academy of sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, PR China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong academy of sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, PR China
| | - Huimei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong academy of sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, PR China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, PR China
| | - Yangyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong academy of sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, PR China.
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong academy of sciences), Ji'nan, Shandong Province 250353, PR China.
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Ara L, Sher M, Khan M, Rehman TU, Shah LA, Yoo HM. Dually-crosslinked ionic conductive hydrogels reinforced through biopolymer gellan gum for flexible sensors to monitor human activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133789. [PMID: 38992556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Human-machine interactions, monitoring of health equipment, and gentle robots all depend considerably on flexible strain sensors. However, making strain sensors have better mechanical behavior and an extensive sensing range remains an urgent difficulty. In this study, poly acrylamide-co-butyl acrylate with gellan gum (poly(AAm-co-BA)@GG) hydrophobic association networks and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions are used to fabricate dual cross-linked hydrogels for wearable resistive-type strain sensors. This could be an acceptable way to minimize the limitations in hydrogels previously identified. The robust fracture strength (870 kPa) and exceptional stretchability (1297 %) of the hydrogel arise from the collaborative action of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic associations. It also demonstrates exceptional resilience to repeated cycles of uninterrupted stretching and relaxation, retaining its structural integrity. The response and restoration times are 110 and 120 ms respectively. Furthermore, a wide sensing range (0-900 %), notable sensitivity across various strain levels, and an impressive gauge factor (GF) of 31.51 with high durability were observed by the dual cross-linked (DC) hydrogel-based strain sensors. The measured conductivity of the hydrogel was 0.32 S/m which is due to the incorporation of NaCl. Therefore, the hydrogels can be tailored to function as wearable strain sensors that can detect subtle human gestures like speech patterns, distinguish between distinct words, and recognize vibrations of the larynx during drinking, as well as large joint motions like wrist, finger, and elbow. Furthermore, these hydrogels are capable of reliably distinguishing and reproducing various printed text. These findings imply that any electronic device that demands strain-sensing functionality might make use of these developed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latafat Ara
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sher
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Tanzil Ur Rehman
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Luqman Ali Shah
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Hyeong-Min Yoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH), Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
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Liang X, Zhang M, Chong CM, Lin D, Chen S, Zhen Y, Ding H, Zhong HJ. Recent Advances in the 3D Printing of Conductive Hydrogels for Sensor Applications: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2131. [PMID: 39125157 PMCID: PMC11314299 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels, known for their flexibility, biocompatibility, and conductivity, have found extensive applications in fields such as healthcare, environmental monitoring, and soft robotics. Recent advancements in 3D printing technologies have transformed the fabrication of conductive hydrogels, creating new opportunities for sensing applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in the fabrication and application of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors. First, the basic principles and fabrication techniques of conductive hydrogels are briefly reviewed. We then explore various 3D printing methods for conductive hydrogels, discussing their respective strengths and limitations. The review also summarizes the applications of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel-based sensors. In addition, perspectives on 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors are highlighted. This review aims to equip researchers and engineers with insights into the current landscape of 3D-printed conductive hydrogel sensors and to inspire future innovations in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Liang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China; (X.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China;
| | - Danlei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shiji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yumiao Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hongyao Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (D.L.); (S.C.); (Y.Z.)
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Li G, Chen C, Liu Z, Sun Q, Liang L, Du C, Chen G. Distinguishing thermoelectric and photoelectric modes enables intelligent real-time detection of indoor electrical safety hazards. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1679-1688. [PMID: 38305351 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02187d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of electronic devices, intelligent sensors have attracted much interest for the detecting and providing alarms with respect to indoor electrical safety. Nonetheless, how to effectively identify various indoor electrical safety hazards remains a challenge. In this study, we fabricated single-walled carbon nanotube/poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (SWCNT/P3HT) composites with exceptional bifunctional thermoelectric and photoelectric responses. Through synergy of the thermo-/photoelectric effects, the composites yielded greatly enhanced output voltages compared with the use of thermoelectric effects alone. Interestingly, modes of heat transfer can be effectively distinguished using the nominal Seebeck coefficients. Based on the remarkable output voltages and deviations in the nominal Seebeck coefficients, we developed indoor intelligent sensors capable of effectively identifying and monitoring diverse indoor electrical conditions, including electrical overheating, fire, and air conditioning flow. This pioneering investigation proposes a novel avenue for designing intelligent sensors that can recognize heat transfer modes and hence effectively monitor indoor electrical safety hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Zijian Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lirong Liang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chunyu Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Guangming Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Dai W, Tang N, Zhu Y, Wang J, Hu W, Fei F, Chai X, Tian H, Lu W. Sandwich-Type Self-Healing Sensor with Multilevel for Motion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7927-7938. [PMID: 38289238 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Real-time detection of various parts of the human body is crucial in medical monitoring and human-machine technology. However, existing self-healing flexible sensing materials are limited in real-life applications due to the weak stability of conductive networks and difficulty in balancing stretchability and self-healing properties. Therefore, the development of wearable flexible sensors with high sensitivity and fast response with self-healing properties is of great interest. In this paper, a novel multilevel self-healing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material is proposed for enhanced sensing capabilities. The PDMS was designed to have multiple bonding mechanisms including hydrogen bonding, coordination bonding, disulfide bonding, and local covalent bonding. To further enhance its sensing properties, modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were embedded within the PDMS matrix using a solvent etching technique. This created a sandwich-type sensing material with improved stability and sensitivity. This self-healing flexible sensing material (self-healing efficiency = 70.1% at 80 °C and 6 h) has good mechanical properties (stretchability ≈413%, tensile strength ≈0.69 MPa), thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. It has ultrahigh sensitivity, which makes it possible to be manufactured as a multifunctional flexible sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisen Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Nvfan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yiyao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wanying Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fan Fei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Chai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hao Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wentong Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Street, Shanghai 201620, China
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Yue D, Shi S, Chen H, Bai L, Wang W, Yang H, Yang L, Wei D. Fabrication of anti-freezing and self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels based on phytic acid and cellulose nanocrystals for high strain sensing applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:762-771. [PMID: 38167689 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02482b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
For hydrogel-based flexible sensors, it is a challenge to enhance the stability at sub-zero temperatures while maintaining good self-healing properties. Herein, an anti-freezing nanocomposite hydrogel with self-healing properties and conductivity was designed by introducing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and phytic acid (PA). The CNCs were grafted with polypyrrole (PPy) by chemical oxidation, which were used as the nanoparticle reinforcement phase to reinforce the mechanical strength of hydrogels (851.8%). PA as a biomass material could form strong hydrogen bond interactions with H2O molecules, endowing hydrogels with prominent anti-freezing properties. Based on the non-covalent interactions, the self-healing rate of the hydrogels reached 92.9% at -15 °C as the content of PA was 40.0 wt%. Hydrogel-based strain sensors displayed high sensitivity (GF = 0.75), rapid response time (350 ms), good conductivity (3.1 S m-1) and stability at -15 °C. Various human movements could be detected by using them, including small (smile and frown) and large changes (elbow and knee bending). This work provides a promising method for the development of flexible wearable sensors that work stably in frigid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Yue
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province for High Performance Fibers and Their Composites, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Shaoning Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province for High Performance Fibers and Their Composites, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Hou Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province for High Performance Fibers and Their Composites, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Liangjiu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province for High Performance Fibers and Their Composites, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province for High Performance Fibers and Their Composites, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Huawei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province for High Performance Fibers and Their Composites, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Lixia Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province for High Performance Fibers and Their Composites, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Donglei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Key Laboratory of High Performance and Functional Polymer in the Universities of Shandong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Shandong Province for High Performance Fibers and Their Composites, Yantai 264025, China.
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