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Wei X, Chen J, Shen HY, Jiang K, Ren H, Liu Y, Luo E, Zhang J, Xu JZ, Li ZM. Hierarchically Biomimetic Scaffolds with Anisotropic Micropores and Nanotopological Patterns to Promote Bone Regeneration via Geometric Modulation. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2304178. [PMID: 38490686 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202304178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Structural engineering is an appealing means to modulate osteogenesis without the intervention of exogenous cells or therapeutic agents. In this work, a novel 3D scaffold with anisotropic micropores and nanotopographical patterns is developed. Scaffolds with oriented pores are fabricated via the selective extraction of water-soluble polyethylene oxide from its poly(ε-caprolactone) co-continuous mixture and uniaxial stretching. The plate apatite-like lamellae are subsequently hatched on the pore walls through surface-induced epitaxial crystallization. Such a unique geometric architecture yields a synergistic effect on the osteogenic capability. The prepared scaffold leads to a 19.2% and 128.0% increase in the alkaline phosphatase activity of rat bone mesenchymal stem cells compared to that of the scaffolds with only oriented pores and only nanotopographical patterns, respectively. It also induces the greatest upregulation of osteogenic-related gene expression in vitro. The cranial defect repair results demonstrate that the prepared scaffold effectively promotes new bone regeneration, as indicated by a 350% increase in collagen I expression in vivo compared to the isotropic porous scaffold without surface nanotopology after implantation for 14 weeks. Overall, this work provides geometric motifs for the transduction of biophysical cues in 3D porous scaffolds, which is a promising option for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Center for Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Yuan Shen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kai Jiang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Haohao Ren
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 1 Xueyuan Road, Quanzhou, 362801, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Zhuang Xu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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Felix LC, Ambekar R, Tromer RM, Woellner CF, Rodrigues V, Ajayan PM, Tiwary CS, Galvao DS. Schwarzites and Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces: From Pure Topology Mathematics to Macroscale Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400351. [PMID: 38874126 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Schwarzites are porous (spongy-like) carbon allotropes with negative Gaussian curvatures. They are proposed by Mackay and Terrones inspired by the works of the German mathematician Hermann Schwarz on Triply-Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS). This review presents and discusses the history of schwarzites and their place among curved carbon nanomaterials. The main works on schwarzites are summarized and are available in the literature. Their unique structural, electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties are discussed. Although the synthesis of carbon-based schwarzites remains elusive, recent advances in the synthesis of zeolite-templates nanomaterials have brought them closer to reality. Atomic-based models of schwarzites are translated into macroscale ones that are 3D-printed. These 3D-printed models are exploited in many real-world applications, including water remediation and biomedical ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi C Felix
- Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Computational Engineering and Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rushikesh Ambekar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 88C7+665, West Bengal, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Raphael M Tromer
- Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Computational Engineering and Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cristiano F Woellner
- Physics Department, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Francisco H dos Santos, 100, Curitiba, PR, 82590-300, Brazil
| | - Varlei Rodrigues
- Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX, 77005-1827, USA
| | - Chandra S Tiwary
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, 88C7+665, West Bengal, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Douglas S Galvao
- Applied Physics Department, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Computational Engineering and Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
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Maevskaia E, Ghayor C, Bhattacharya I, Guerrero J, Weber FE. TPMS Microarchitectures for Vertical Bone Augmentation and Osteoconduction: An In Vivo Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2533. [PMID: 38893806 PMCID: PMC11173251 DOI: 10.3390/ma17112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Triply periodic minimal surface microarchitectures (TPMS) were developed by mathematicians and evolved in all kingdoms of living organisms. Renowned for their lightweight yet robust attributes, TPMS structures find application in diverse fields, such as the construction of satellites, aircrafts, and electric vehicles. Moreover, these microarchitectures, despite their intricate geometric patterns, demonstrate potential for application as bone substitutes, despite the inherent gothic style of natural bone microarchitecture. Here, we produced three TPMS microarchitectures, D-diamond, G-gyroid, and P-primitive, by 3D printing from hydroxyapatite. We explored their mechanical characterization and, further, implanted them to study their bone augmentation and osteoconduction potential. In terms of strength, the D-diamond and G-gyroid performed significantly better than the P-primitive. In a calvarial defect model and a calvarial bone augmentation model, where osteoconduction is determined as the extent of bony bridging of the defect and bone augmentation as the maximal vertical bone ingrowth, the G-gyroid performed significantly better than the P-primitive. No significant difference in performance was observed between the G-gyroid and D-diamond. Since, in real life, the treatment of bone deficiencies in patients comprises elements of defect bridging and bone augmentation, ceramic scaffolds with D-diamond and G-gyroid microarchitectures appear as the best choice for a TPMS-based scaffold in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Maevskaia
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chafik Ghayor
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Indranil Bhattacharya
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Guerrero
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Franz E. Weber
- Center of Dental Medicine, Oral Biotechnology & Bioengineering, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland (J.G.)
- Center for Surgical Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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Hayashi K, Kishida R, Tsuchiya A, Ishikawa K. Transformable Carbonate Apatite Chains as a Novel Type of Bone Graft. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303245. [PMID: 38229572 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The aging global population is generating an ever-increasing demand for bone regeneration. Various materials, including blocks, granules, and sponges, are developed for bone regeneration. However, blocks require troublesome shaping and exhibit poor bone-defect conformities; granules migrate into the surrounding tissues during and after filling of the defect, causing handling difficulties and complications; and sponges contain polymers that are subject to religious restrictions, lack osteoconductivity, and may cause inflammation and allergies. Herein, carbonate apatite chains that overcome the limitations of conventional materials are presented. Although carbonate apatite granules migrate, causing inflammation and ectopic calcification, the chains remain in the defects without causing any complications. The chains conform to the defect shape and transform into 3D porous structures, resulting in faster bone regeneration than that observed using granules. Thus, these findings indicate that even traditional calcium phosphates materials can be converted to state-of-the-art materials via shape control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Kishida
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Tsuchiya
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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5
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Taleb Alashkar AN, Hayashi K, Ishikawa K. Lamellar Septa-like Structured Carbonate Apatite Scaffolds with Layer-by-Layer Fracture Behavior for Bone Regeneration. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:112. [PMID: 38392158 PMCID: PMC10886560 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Generally, ceramics are brittle, and porosity is inversely correlated with strength, which is one of the challenges of ceramic scaffolds. Here, we demonstrate that lamellar septum-like carbonate apatite scaffolds have the potential to overcome these challenges. They were fabricated by exploiting the cellular structure of the cuttlebone, removing the organic components from the cuttlebone, and performing hydrothermal treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the scaffolds had a cellular structure with walls between lamellar septa. The interwall and interseptal sizes were 80-180 and 300-500 μm, respectively. The size of the region enclosed by the walls and septa coincided with the macropore size detected by mercury intrusion porosimetry. Although the scaffold porosity was extremely high (93.2%), the scaffold could be handled without disintegration. The compressive stress-strain curve demonstrated that the scaffolds showed layer-by-layer fracture behavior, which seemed beneficial for avoiding catastrophic failure under impact. When the scaffolds were implanted into rabbit femurs, new bone and blood vessels formed within the scaffold cells at 4 weeks. At 12 weeks, the scaffolds were almost entirely replaced with new bone. Thus, the lamellar septum-like cellular-structured carbonate apatite is a promising scaffold for achieving early bone regeneration and compression resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nazir Taleb Alashkar
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Hayashi K, Kishida R, Tsuchiya A, Ishikawa K. Effects of Space Dimensionality within Scaffold for Bone Regeneration with Large and Oriented Blood Vessels. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7518. [PMID: 38138660 PMCID: PMC10744811 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The internal structure of the scaffolds is a key factor for bone regeneration. In this study, we focused on the space dimensionality within the scaffold that may control cell migration and evaluated the effects on the size and orientation of blood vessels and the amount of bone formation in the scaffold. The carbonate apatite scaffolds with intrascaffold space allowing one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), or three-dimensional (3D) cell migration were fabricated by 3D printing. These scaffolds had the same space size, i.e., distances between the struts (~300 µm). The scaffolds were implanted into the medial condyle of rabbit femurs for four weeks. Both the size and orientation degree of the blood vessels formed in the scaffolds allowing 1D cell migration were 2.5- to 4.0-fold greater than those of the blood vessels formed in the scaffolds allowing 2D and 3D cell migration. Furthermore, the amount of bone formed in the scaffolds allowing 1D cell migration was 1.4-fold larger than that formed in the scaffolds allowing 2D and 3D cell migration. These are probably because the 1D space limited the direction of cell migration and prevented the branching of blood vessels, whereas 2D and 3D spaces provided the opportunity for random cell migration and blood vessel branching. Thus, scaffolds with 1D space are advantageous for inducing large and oriented blood vessels, resulting in a larger amount of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (R.K.); (A.T.); (K.I.)
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Liang B, Sadeghian Dehkord E, Van Hede D, Barzegari M, Verlée B, Pirson J, Nolens G, Lambert F, Geris L. Model-Based Design to Enhance Neotissue Formation in Additively Manufactured Calcium-Phosphate-Based Scaffolds. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:563. [PMID: 38132817 PMCID: PMC10744304 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14120563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering, optimizing scaffold structure and composition remains an active field of research. Additive manufacturing has enabled the production of custom designs in a variety of materials. This study aims to improve the design of calcium-phosphate-based additively manufactured scaffolds, the material of choice in oral bone regeneration, by using a combination of in silico and in vitro tools. Computer models are increasingly used to assist in design optimization by providing a rational way of merging different requirements into a single design. The starting point for this study was an in-house developed in silico model describing the in vitro formation of neotissue, i.e., cells and the extracellular matrix they produced. The level set method was applied to simulate the interface between the neotissue and the void space inside the scaffold pores. In order to calibrate the model, a custom disk-shaped scaffold was produced with prismatic canals of different geometries (circle, hexagon, square, triangle) and inner diameters (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm). The disks were produced with three biomaterials (hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and a blend of both). After seeding with skeletal progenitor cells and a cell culture for up to 21 days, the extent of neotissue growth in the disks' canals was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. The results clearly demonstrated that in the presence of calcium-phosphate-based materials, the curvature-based growth principle was maintained. Bayesian optimization was used to determine the model parameters for the different biomaterials used. Subsequently, the calibrated model was used to predict neotissue growth in a 3D gyroid structure. The predicted results were in line with the experimentally obtained ones, demonstrating the potential of the calibrated model to be used as a tool in the design and optimization of 3D-printed calcium-phosphate-based biomaterials for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Liang
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
| | - Ehsan Sadeghian Dehkord
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
- Prometheus, The R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Van Hede
- Department of Periodontology Oral Surgery and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.V.H.); (F.L.)
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mojtaba Barzegari
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Bruno Verlée
- Department of Additive Manufacturing, Sirris Liège, 4100 Seraing, Belgium;
| | | | - Grégory Nolens
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - France Lambert
- Department of Periodontology Oral Surgery and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (D.V.H.); (F.L.)
- Dental Biomaterials Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.L.); (E.S.D.)
- Prometheus, The R&D Division for Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
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Nifant'ev IE, Tavtorkin AN, Ryndyk MP, Gavrilov DE, Lukina YS, Bionyshev-Abramov LL, Serejnikova NB, Smolentsev DV, Ivchenko PV. Crystalline Micro-Sized Carbonated Apatites: Chemical Anisotropy of the Crystallite Surfaces, Biocompatibility, Osteoconductivity, and Osteoinductive Effect Enhanced by Poly(ethylene phosphoric acid). ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5067-5077. [PMID: 37943148 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbonated hydroxyapatites (CAp) are very close to natural bone apatite in chemical composition and are regarded as a prospective bone mineral substitute for bone surgery and orthopedics. However, until now, the studies and applications of CAp were limited because of the amorphous nature of the synthetic CAp. In the present work, microsized highly crystalline carbonated apatites with uniform hexagonal (hCAp) or platelike (pCAp) morphology have been studied for the first time in vitro and in vivo, comparing against commercial hydroxyapatite (HAp) and β-tricalcuim phosphate (βTCP). In vitro experiments on dissolution of those calcium phosphate ceramics (CPCs) in acetate (pH 5.5) and Tris (pH 7.3) buffer solutions showed the following rank order of the dissolution rates: βTCP > hCAp > pCAp > HAp. The higher dissolution rate of hCAp in comparison with pCAp is explained by chemical anisotropy of the crystallite surfaces, which was proven by SEM studies of the changes in the morphology of hCAp and pCAp crystallites during hydrolysis. A 5-week experiment on subcutaneous implantation of CPC species showed the following rank order of bioresorption rates: βTCP > pCAp > hCAp > HAp. pCAp matrixes exhibited the highest biocompatibility, confirmed by histomorphological analysis. Three-month bone regeneration experiments involving a rat tibial defect model were conducted with 250-500 μm granules of pCAp and pCAp-PEPA [pCAp, pretreated with 2 wt % poly(ethylene phosphoric acid)]. Notably, pCAp-PEPA implants were resorbed at higher rates and induced the formation of more mature osseous tissue, a compact bone with Haversian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Nifant'ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya st. 20, 101100 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander N Tavtorkin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Maria P Ryndyk
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya st. 20, 101100 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry E Gavrilov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia S Lukina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Priorova st. 10, 127299 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Digital Technologies and Chemical Engineering, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Leonid L Bionyshev-Abramov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Priorova st. 10, 127299 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya B Serejnikova
- N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Priorova st. 10, 127299 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya st. 8, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriiy V Smolentsev
- N.N. Priorov National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Priorova st. 10, 127299 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel V Ivchenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Leninsky pr. 29, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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