1
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Yu X, Vashchenko VV, Prodanov MF, Srivastava AK. Monomolecular vertical alignment layer with room temperature processibility for flexible liquid crystal displays. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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2
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Gong Y, Li B, Yao CY, Yang W, Fan QH, Qiu Z, Li W. Tunable, Low-Cost, Multi-Channel, Broadband Liquid Crystal Shutter for Fluorescence Imaging in Widefield Microscopy. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1310. [PMID: 36014232 PMCID: PMC9415866 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bistable liquid crystal (LC) shutters have attracted much interest due to their low energy consumption and fast response time. In this paper, we demonstrate an electrically tunable/switchable biostable LC light shutter in biological optics through a three-step easy-assembly, inexpensive, multi-channel shutter. The liquid crystal exhibits tunable transparency (100% to 10% compared to the initial light intensity) under different voltages (0 V to 90 V), indicating its tunable potential. By using biomedical images, the response time, resolution, and light intensity changes of the LC under different voltages in three common fluorescence wavelengths are displayed intuitively. Particularly, the shutter's performance in tumor images under the near-infrared band shows its application potential in biomedical imaging fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Ln, #2120, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Ln, #2120, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cheng-You Yao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Weiyang Yang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Ln, #2120, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Qi Hua Fan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Ln, #2120, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Ln, #2100, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Zhen Qiu
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University, 428 S Shaw Ln, #2120, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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3
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Rim M, Kang DG, Jung D, Lim SI, Lee KM, Godman NP, McConney ME, De Sio L, Ahn SK, Jeong KU. Remote-controllable and encryptable smart glasses: a photoresponsive azobenzene molecular commander determines the molecular alignments of liquid crystal soldiers. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:8271-8280. [PMID: 35586949 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01382g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For the development of optically encryptable smart glass that can control the molecular alignment of liquid crystals (LCs), an azobenzene-based reactive molecule (ARM) capable of trans-cis photoisomerization is newly designed and synthesized. Photo-triggered LC-commandable smart glasses are successfully constructed by the surface functionalization technique using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTMS) coupling agent and an ARM. The surface functionalization with the ARM is verified by spectroscopic analysis and various observations including changes in the wettability and surface morphology. Using the ARM-treated substrate, the LC command cell which can effectively switch the molecular orientation of nematic LC (E7) by the irradiation of UV and visible light is demonstrated. The results of optical investigation demonstrate the directional correlation between light and photoisomerization, revealing the tilt mechanism of azobenzene units. The capability to control the molecular orientation of LCs remotely and selectively allows the development of remote-controllable and encryptable smart glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Rim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Gue Kang
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dayoung Jung
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok-In Lim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Nicholas P Godman
- US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Michael E McConney
- US Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Luciano De Sio
- Department of Medico-Surgical Science and Biotechnologies, Center for Biophotonics, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina 04100, Italy
| | - Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Harvey DJ. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND GLYCOCONJUGATES BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN UPDATE FOR 2015-2016. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:408-565. [PMID: 33725404 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is the ninth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2016. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented over 30 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show no sign of deminishing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Aya S, Haba O, Yonetake K, Araoka F. Anchoring and molecular conformation of liquid crystalline dendrimer. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Son I, Kim C, Moon G, Lee JH. Photo‐Tunable Supramolecular Ultrathin Surfaces for Simultaneous Homeotropic Anchoring and Superfast Switching of Liquid Crystals. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Intae Son
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMyongji University Yongin 449–728 Korea
| | - Chunho Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMyongji University Yongin 449–728 Korea
| | - Gitae Moon
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMyongji University Yongin 449–728 Korea
| | - Jun Hyup Lee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMyongji University Yongin 449–728 Korea
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7
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Yanagimachi T, Li X, Nealey PF, Kurihara K. Surface anchoring of nematic liquid crystal on swollen polymer brush studied by surface forces measurement. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 272:101997. [PMID: 31421457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Surface anchoring plays a fundamental role in controlling the molecular alignment of a bulk liquid crystal (LC). It has been previously shown that the pretilt angle of a nematic liquid crystal (NLC) can be controlled by changing the grafting density of a liquid crystalline polymer, poly(6-(4-methoxy-azobenzene-4'-oxy) hexyl methacrylate) (PMMAZO). In this study, the thickness of the swollen PMMAZO brush was measured by employing the surface forces apparatus (SFA). NLC 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) and toluene were used as the solvents. It was shown that both 5CB and toluene were good solvents for PMMAZO. The repulsive force in 5CB appeared at D0 = 98.2 ± 4.6 nm for high grafting density (HD) surfaces, and at 32.1 ± 4.5 nm for the low grafting density (LD) surfaces. These results indicated that the PMMAZO molecules extended nearly perpendicular to the HD surfaces, while they laid on the substrate for the LD surfaces. The interaction between 5CB and the mesogenic group of PMMAZO was stronger than that for toluene. These results could support the expected surface anchoring mechanism of 5CB by the PMMAZO brush.
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9
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Kim DY, Jeong KU. Light responsive liquid crystal soft matters: structures, properties, and applications. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2019.1653588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Korea
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10
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Nasrollahi A, Kumar V, Lee MH, Kang SW, Park HS, Lim H, Chan Oh K, Lyu JJ. Polyimide-Free Planar Alignment of Nematic Liquid Crystals: Sequential Interfacial Modifications through Dual-Wavelength in Situ Photoalignment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:15141-15151. [PMID: 30938155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High-quality alignment control of liquid crystals (LCs) for ultrahigh-definition large-sized display is a challenging task. A conventional rubbing method has obvious limitations for fabricating large-sized displays with a small pixel size and an uneven inner surface. To comply with the current trend, we propose a simple and reliable polyimide-less in situ photoalignment. It was achieved using a visible-light-sensitive azo-dye and a mesogenic acrylate, both doped to host LCs. Without using a pretreated alignment layer, mono- and multidomain uniaxial alignments of LC molecules were induced by linearly polarized visible light (LPVL) and subsequently stabilized by unpolarized UV-light irradiation. The stepwise process was monitored by adopting a fluorescent indicator. By loading the mixture into a confined cell, azo-dyes were spontaneously adsorbed at inner surfaces of the cell, whereas reactive mesogens (RMs) were homogeneously dissolved in an LC host. The molecular orientational anisotropy of dyes at the surface, induced by LPVL, aligned the LC director perpendicular to the polarization direction. Upon the second step, UV-irradiation, the RMs in an LC host were photopolymerized into thin interfacial layers, stabilizing the aligned LC director. The overlaid cross-linked RM layers secured a thermal and a radiative stability of LC alignment. The RM layers completely screened the effect of azo-dyes, which can be easily randomized by heat and irradiation. The interfacial RM layer functioned as a permanently stable alignment layer. It provided sufficient azimuthal anchoring strength together with heat and light stabilities, which are essential for practical applications. Such sequential interfacial modifications through dual-wavelength processes can completely avoid interference between forming alignment and stabilization layers, inevitable if the same wavelength light is used. The proposed method provides a simple fabrication process and reliable alignment characteristics by employing effective in situ photoalignment and without using a traditional alignment layer. Therefore, it meets a current trend in the display market toward ultrahigh-resolution and large-area displays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ho Lim
- Samsung Display Company, Limited , Yongin 17084 , Korea
| | - Keun Chan Oh
- Samsung Display Company, Limited , Yongin 17084 , Korea
| | - Jae Jin Lyu
- Samsung Display Company, Limited , Yongin 17084 , Korea
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11
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Li X, Yanagimachi T, Bishop C, Smith C, Dolejsi M, Xie H, Kurihara K, Nealey PF. Engineering the anchoring behavior of nematic liquid crystals on a solid surface by varying the density of liquid crystalline polymer brushes. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7569-7577. [PMID: 30065982 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00991k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the orientation of liquid crystal (LC) molecules towards contacting surfaces is a crucial requirement for the development of LC displays and passive electro-optical devices. Up to now, research has been focused on photo-responses of a LC azobenzene polymer system to obtain either planar or homeotropic orientation of LCs. It remains a challenge, however, to tune the polar angle of LC molecules on the solid surface and gain more insights about the polymer chain conformation extending in LC medium. Here, we deposit a liquid crystalline side chain polymer brush, poly(6-(4-methoxy-azobenzene-4'-oxy)hexyl methacrylate) (PMMAZO), onto the solid surface with film thickness varying between ∼3 nm and 13 nm; therefore, the grafting density of the brush layer ranges from 0.0219 to 0.0924 chains per nm2. When LCs are confined in hybrid cells with a top surface eliciting uniform homeotropic anchoring and a bottom surface covered by the PMMAZO brush, the out-of-plane polar angle of 4-pentyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (5CB) on the brush layer gradually changes from ∼0° to ∼62° by simply increasing the grafting brush density. The surface forces apparatus (SFA) measurement is used to determine 5CB as a good solvent for the PMMAZO brush and understand the relationship between the chain conformation in 5CB and the anchoring behavior of LC molecules on the polymer brush layer. For high grafting density, the polymer chain in 5CB extends significantly away from the substrate, making the side chain mesogens on average almost parallel to the substrate; for the low-density case, the main chain extends in the narrow region around the surface for aligning the mesogens perpendicular to the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.
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12
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Kuang ZY, Fan YJ, Tao L, Li ML, Zhao N, Wang P, Chen EQ, Fan F, Xie HL. Alignment Control of Nematic Liquid Crystal using Gold Nanoparticles Grafted by the Liquid Crystalline Polymer with Azobenzene Mesogens as the Side Chains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:27269-27277. [PMID: 30028118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The gold nanoparticles highly grafted by a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) with azobenzene mesogens as the side chain (denoted as Au@TE-PAzo NPs) are successfully designed and synthesized by the two-phase Brust-Schiffrin method. The chemical structures of the monomer and polymer ligands have been confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance, and the molecular weight of the polymer is determined by gel permeation chromatography. The combined analysis of transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis shows that the size of the nanoparticles is 2.5(±0.4) nm and the content of the gold in the Au@TE-PAzo NPs is ca. 17.58%. The resultant Au@TE-PAzo NPs can well disperse in the nematic LC of 5CB. The well-dispersed mixture with appropriate doping concentrations can automatically form a perfect homeotropic alignment in the LC cell. The homeotropic alignment is attributed to the brush formed by Au@TE-PAzo NPs on the substrate, wherein the Au@TE-PAzo NPs gradually diffuse onto the substrate from the mixture. On the contrary, the pure side chain LCPs cannot yield vertical alignment of 5CB, which indicates that the alignment of 5CB is ascribed to the synergistic interaction of the nanoparticles and the grafted LCPs. Moreover, Au@TE-PAzo NPs show excellent film-forming property on account of their periphery of high densely grafted LCPs, which can form uniform thin film by spin-coating. The resultant thin film also can prompt the automatical vertical alignment of the nematic 5CB. Further, upon alternative irradiation of UV and visible light, the alignment of 5CB reversibly switches between vertical and random orientation because of the trans-cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene group on the periphery of Au@TE-PAzo NPs. These experimental results suggest that this kind of nanoparticles can be potentially applied in constructing the remote-controllable optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Er-Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Fan Fan
- Key Laboratory for Micro-/Nano-Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronics , Hunan University , Changsha 410082 , China
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13
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Cai F, Huang Z, Zheng F, Lu X, Lu Q. Enhancement of the Photoalignment Stability of Block Copolymer Brushes by Anchor Segments. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhangjun Huang
- Institute des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Feng Zheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Xuemin Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Qinghua Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 China
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092 China
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14
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Sivaranjini B, Mangaiyarkarasi R, Ganesh V, Umadevi S. Vertical Alignment of Liquid Crystals Over a Functionalized Flexible Substrate. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8891. [PMID: 29891908 PMCID: PMC5995910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and effective approach for vertical alignment of liquid crystals (LCs) over a functionalized transparent flexible substrate is described. Surface characterization of this commercially available plastic substrate through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) indicated that cellulose acetate is main component of the transparent substrate. This substrate was chemically functionalized with a suitable LC compound. A trimethoxysilane terminated new rod-shaped mesogen is synthesized and covalently attached to the pre-treated film through silane condensation reaction. LC functionalization of the polymer film is confirmed through contact angle (CA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), XPS and ATR-IR spectroscopy studies. Versatility of the LC modified flexible substrates for the alignment of bulk LC sample at substrate-LC interface was assessed for nematic (N) and smectic A (SmA) phases. Remarkably, LC functionalized cellulose acetate films were found to be highly efficient in assisting a perfect homeotropic alignment of LCs (for both, a room temperature N and a high temperature SmA phase) over the entire area of the LC sample under observation indicating their superior aligning ability in comparison to their unmodified and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS) modified counterparts. The demonstrated method of surface modification of flexible polymer film is easy, surface modified substrates are stable for several months, retained their aligning ability intact and more importantly they are reusable with maximum delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sivaranjini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - R Mangaiyarkarasi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - V Ganesh
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division (EEC), CSIR - Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CSIR-CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - S Umadevi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, India.
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15
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Kim DY, Lee SA, Kim S, Nah C, Lee SH, Jeong KU. Asymmetric Fullerene Nanosurfactant: Interface Engineering for Automatic Molecular Alignments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702439. [PMID: 29134757 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the molecular self-assembly of nanomaterials is sensitive to their surface properties, the molecular packing structure on the surface is essential to build the desired chemical and physical properties of nanomaterials. Here, a new nanosurfactant is proposed for the automatic construction of macroscopic surface alignment layer for liquid crystal (LC) molecules. An asymmetric nanosurfactant (C60 NS) consisted of mesogenic cyanobiphenyl moieties with flexible alkyl chains and a [60]fullerene nanoatom is newly designed and precisely synthesized. The C60 NS directly introduced in the anisotropic LC medium is self-assembled into the monolayered protrusions on the surface because of its amphiphilic nature originated by asymmetrically programmed structural motif of LC-favoring moieties and LC-repelling groups. The monolayered protrusions constructed by the phase-separation and self-assembly of asymmetric C60 NS nanosurfactant in the anisotropic LC media amplify and transfer the molecular orientational order from surface to bulk, and finally create the automatic vertical molecular alignment on the macroscopic length scale. The asymmetric C60 NS nanosurfactant and its self-assembly described herein can offer the direct guideline of interface engineering for the automatic molecular alignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Sang-A Lee
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Soeun Kim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Changwoon Nah
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- Department of BIN Convergence Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
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16
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Lin Z, Yang X, Xu H, Sakurai T, Matsuda W, Seki S, Zhou Y, Sun J, Wu KY, Yan XY, Zhang R, Huang M, Mao J, Wesdemiotis C, Aida T, Zhang W, Cheng SZD. Topologically Directed Assemblies of Semiconducting Sphere–Rod Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18616-18622. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lin
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xing Yang
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hui Xu
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department
of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Wakana Matsuda
- Department
of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department
of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yangbin Zhou
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jian Sun
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Kuan-Yi Wu
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Xiao-Yun Yan
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ruimeng Zhang
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Mingjun Huang
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Wei Zhang
- South
China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Stephen Z. D. Cheng
- Department
of Polymer Science, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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17
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Kim DY, Lee SA, Jung D, Koo J, Soo Kim J, Yu YT, Lee CR, Jeong KU. Topochemical polymerization of dumbbell-shaped diacetylene monomers: relationship between chemical structure, molecular packing structure, and gelation property. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:5759-5766. [PMID: 28761944 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01166k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have synthesized novel photopolymerizable dumbbell-shaped diacetylene liquid crystal (LC) monomers by locating a diacetylene dicarboxylic acid group at the center and chemically connecting swallow-tails, such as hydrophobic alkyl chains (abbreviated as AT3DI) and amphiphilic biphenyl mesogens (abbreviated as BP3DI), with bisamide groups. Major phase transitions of dumbbell-shaped diacetylene monomers were identified using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT IR). Molecular packing structures were studied based on structure-sensitive wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses. Mainly, due to nanophase separations and strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, AT3DI formed a low-ordered lamellar LC phase at room temperature. BP3DI self-assembled into highly-ordered crystal phases (K1 and K2) at lower temperatures below a low-ordered lamellar LC phase, in which BP3DI were intercalated with each other to compensate the mutual volume differences. From the photopolymerization of AT3DI and BP3DI, it was realized that the topochemical reactions of dumbbell-shaped diacetylene monomers were closely related to their chemical structures as well as molecular packing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea.
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18
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Choi YJ, Yoon WJ, Kim DY, Park M, Lee Y, Jung D, Kim JS, Yu YT, Lee CR, Jeong KU. Stimuli-responsive liquid crystal physical gels based on the hierarchical superstructures of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide macrogelators. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive liquid crystal physical gels (LCPGs) were fabricated by using the hierarchical superstructures of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide macrogelators in a host nematic LC medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Choi
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jin Yoon
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yoon Kim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Minwook Park
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Lee
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Daseal Jung
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Tae Yu
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul-Ro Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju 54896
- Republic of Korea
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19
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Im P, Choi YJ, Yoon WJ, Kang DG, Park M, Kim DY, Lee CR, Yang S, Lee JH, Jeong KU. Multifunctional Optical Thin Films Fabricated by the Photopolymerization of Uniaxially Oriented Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Monomers for Electro-Optical Devices. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36472. [PMID: 27812042 PMCID: PMC5095604 DOI: 10.1038/srep36472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A multifunctional optical thin film (MOTF) is fabricated by coating the newly synthesized perylene-based reactive mesogen (PBRM) and stabilized by the subsequent photopolymerization. Based on the spectroscopic results combined with morphological observations, it is found that nematic liquid crystal (NLC) is aligned parallel to the molecular long axis of PBRM not only due to the long-range physical anchoring effect but also due to the short-range molecular physical interactions between alignment layer and NLC molecules. From the electro-optical properties of LC test cells fabricated with the PBRM MOTF, it is clearly demonstrated that the PBRM MOTF can work as the planar LC alignment layer as well as the in-cell coatable polarizer. The coatable PBRM MOTF from lyotropic chromonic reactive mesogens can pave a new way for the flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pureun Im
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team &Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Choi
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team &Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jin Yoon
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team &Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gue Kang
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team &Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwook Park
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team &Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yoon Kim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team &Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheul-Ro Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbin Yang
- Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team &Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
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20
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Photochemical Isomerization and Topochemical Polymerization of the Programmed Asymmetric Amphiphiles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28659. [PMID: 27339163 PMCID: PMC4919645 DOI: 10.1038/srep28659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
For the advancement in multi-stimuli responsive optical devices, we report the elaborate molecular engineering of the dual photo-functionalized amphiphile (abbreviated as AZ1DA) containing both a photo-isomerizable azobenzene and a photo-polymerizable diacetylene. To achieve the efficient photochemical reactions in thin solid films, the self-assembly of AZ1DA molecules into the ordered phases should be precisely controlled and efficiently utilized. First, the remote-controllable light shutter is successfully demonstrated based on the reversible trans-cis photo-isomerization of azobenzene group in the smectic A mesophase. Second, the self-organized monoclinic crystal phase allows us to validate the photo-polymerization of diacetylene moiety for the photo-patterned thin films and the thermo-responsible color switches. From the demonstrations of optically tunable thin films, it is realized that the construction of strong relationships between chemical structures, molecular packing structures and physical properties of the programmed molecules is the core research for the development of smart and multifunctional soft materials.
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Choi YJ, Kim DY, Park M, Yoon WJ, Lee Y, Hwang JK, Chiang YW, Kuo SW, Hsu CH, Jeong KU. Self-Assembled Hierarchical Superstructures from the Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxamide Supramolecules for the Fabrication of Remote-Controllable Actuating and Rewritable Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:9490-9498. [PMID: 27020653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The well-defined hierarchical superstructures constructed by the self-assembly of programmed supramolecules can be organized for the fabrication of remote-controllable actuating and rewritable films. To realize this concept, we newly designed and synthesized a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derivative (abbreviated as BTA-3AZO) containing photoresponsive azobenzene (AZO) mesogens on the periphery of the BTA core. BTA-3AZO was first self-assembled to nanocolumns mainly driven by the intermolecular hydrogen-bonds between BTA cores, and these self-assembled nanocolumns were further self-organized laterally to form the low-ordered hexagonal columnar liquid crystal (LC) phase below the isotropization temperature. Upon cooling, a lamello-columnar crystal phase emerged at room temperature via a highly ordered lamello-columnar LC phase. The three-dimensional (3D) organogel networks consisted of fibrous and lamellar superstructures were fabricated in the BTA-3AZO cyclohexane-methanol solutions. By tuning the wavelength of light, the shape and color of the 3D networked thin films were remote-controlled by the conformational changes of azobenzene moieties in the BTA-3AZO. The demonstrations of remote-controllable 3D actuating and rewritable films with the self-assembled hierarchical BTA-3AZO thin films can be stepping stones for the advanced flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Choi
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Dae-Yoon Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Minwook Park
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Won-Jin Yoon
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Yumin Lee
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Joo-Kyoung Hwang
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Yeo-Wan Chiang
- Department of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Wei Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Hsu
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University , Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Kim DY, Kang DG, Lee MH, Kim JS, Lee CR, Jeong KU. A photo-responsive metallomesogen for an optically and electrically tunable polarized light modulator. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12821-12824. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06901k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A palladium(ii)-based metallomesogen containing the photo-responsive azobenzene was newly synthesized and was demonstrated to be an optically and electrically tunable polarized light modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Dong-Gue Kang
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Myong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Cheul-Ro Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology & Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
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Kim DY, Kang DG, Shin S, Choi TL, Jeong KU. Hierarchical superstructures of norbornene-based polymers depending on dendronized side-chains. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01286h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For understanding the self-assembly behaviours of norbornene-based main-chain polymers depending on side-chain pendants, a series of polynorbornenes containing the programmed dendrons is newly designed and successfully synthesized via ring opening metathesis polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Dong-Gue Kang
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Suyong Shin
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- BK21 Plus Haptic Polymer Composite Research Team & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
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24
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Yoon WJ, Choi YJ, Kim DY, Kim JS, Yu YT, Lee H, Lee JH, Jeong KU. Photopolymerization of Reactive Amphiphiles: Automatic and Robust Vertical Alignment Layers of Liquid Crystals with a Strong Surface Anchoring Energy. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jin Yoon
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, ‡Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and §Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Choi
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, ‡Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and §Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Dae-Yoon Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, ‡Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and §Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Jin Soo Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, ‡Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and §Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Yeon-Tae Yu
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, ‡Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and §Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Hyojin Lee
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, ‡Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and §Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, ‡Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and §Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, ‡Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, and §Division of Electronics Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea
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25
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Kim DY, Lee SA, Kim H, Min Kim S, Kim N, Jeong KU. An azobenzene-based photochromic liquid crystalline amphiphile for a remote-controllable light shutter. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11080-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02834e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By considering intramolecular conformations and intermolecular interactions, a photochromic liquid crystalline amphiphile is synthesized for a remote-controllable light shutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Sang-A Lee
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Huisu Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Soo Min Kim
- Soft Innovative Materials Research Center
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- Jeollabuk-do
- Republic of Korea
| | - Namil Kim
- Smart Materials R&D Center
- Korea Automotive Technology Institute
- Cheonan
- Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
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