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Peng X, Zhang J, Xiao P. Photopolymerization Approach to Advanced Polymer Composites: Integration of Surface-Modified Nanofillers for Enhanced Properties. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2400178. [PMID: 38843462 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of functionalized nanofillers into polymers via photopolymerization approach has gained significant attention in recent years due to the unique properties of the resulting composite materials. Surface modification of nanofillers plays a crucial role in their compatibility and polymerization behavior within the polymer matrix during photopolymerization. This review focuses on the recent developments in surface modification of various nanofillers, enabling their integration into polymer systems through photopolymerization. The review discusses the key aspects of surface modification of nanofillers, including the selection of suitable surface modifiers, such as photoinitiators and polymerizable groups, as well as the optimization of modification conditions to achieve desired surface properties. The influence of surface modification on the interfacial interactions between nanofillers and the polymer matrix is also explored, as it directly impacts the final properties of the nanocomposites. Furthermore, the review highlights the applications of nanocomposites prepared by photopolymerization, such as sensors, gas separation membranes, purification systems, optical devices, and biomedical materials. By providing a comprehensive overview of the surface modification strategies and their impact on the photopolymerization process and the resulting nanocomposite properties, this review aims to inspire new research directions and innovative ideas in the development of high-performance polymer nanocomposites for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Peng
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jing Zhang
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Pu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
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2
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Kim SI, Moon JY, Hyeong SK, Ghods S, Kim JS, Choi JH, Park DS, Bae S, Cho SH, Lee SK, Lee JH. Float-stacked graphene-PMMA laminate. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2172. [PMID: 38467601 PMCID: PMC10928174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Semi-infinite single-atom-thick graphene is an ideal reinforcing material that can simultaneously improve the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of matrix. Here, we present a float-stacking strategy to accurately align the monolayer graphene reinforcement in polymer matrix. We float graphene-poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) membrane (GPM) at the water-air interface, and wind-up layer-by-layer by roller. During the stacking process, the inherent water meniscus continuously induces web tension of the GPM, suppressing wrinkle and folding generation. Moreover, rolling-up and hot-rolling mill process above the glass transition temperature of PMMA induces conformal contact between each layer. This allows for pre-tension of the composite, maximizing its reinforcing efficiency. The number and spacing of the embedded graphene fillers are precisely controlled. Notably, we accurately align 100 layers of monolayer graphene in a PMMA matrix with the same intervals to achieve a specific strength of about 118.5 MPa g-1 cm3, which is higher than that of lightweight Al alloy, and a thermal conductivity of about 4.00 W m-1 K-1, which is increased by about 2,000 %, compared to the PMMA film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Il Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Ji-Yun Moon
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Seok-Ki Hyeong
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Functional Composite Materials Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, 55324, Korea
| | - Soheil Ghods
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jin-Su Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Jun-Hui Choi
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Dong Seop Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Sukang Bae
- Functional Composite Materials Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, 55324, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- A Development Team, Samsung Display, Asan, 31454, Korea.
| | - Seoung-Ki Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Korea.
- Functional Composite Materials Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, 55324, Korea.
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3
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Ryan E, Seibers ZD, Reynolds JR, Shofner ML. Surface-Localized Chemically Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites as Flexible Conductive Surfaces for Space Applications. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:5092-5102. [PMID: 37469880 PMCID: PMC10353001 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polymers are a compelling class of materials for emerging space exploration applications due to their wide range of mechanical properties and compatibility with a variety of processing methods, including additive manufacturing. However, despite these benefits, the use of thermoplastic polymers in a set of critical space applications is limited by their low electrical conductivity, which makes them susceptible to static charging and limits their ability to be used as active and passive components in electronic devices, including materials for static charge dissipation, resistive heaters, and electrodynamic dust shielding devices. Herein, we explore the microstructural evolution of electrically conductive, surface-localized nanocomposites (SLNCs) of chemically modified reduced graphene oxide and a set of thermoplastic polymers as a function of critical thermal properties of the substrate (melting temperature for semi-crystalline materials or glass transition temperature for amorphous materials). Selected offsets from critical substrate temperatures were used to produce SLNCs with conductivities between 0.6-3 S/cm and surface structures, which ranged from particle-rich, porous surfaces to polymer-rich, non-porous surfaces. We then demonstrate the physical durability of these electrically conductive SLNCs to expected stress conditions for flexible conductive materials in lunar applications including tension, flexion, and abrasion with lunar simulant. Small changes in resistance (R/R0 < 2) were measured under uniaxial tension up to 20% strain in high density polyethylene and up to 500 abrasion cycles in polysulfone, demonstrating the applicability of these materials as active and passive flexible conductors in exterior lunar applications. The tough, electrically conductive SLNCs developed here could greatly expand the use of polymeric materials in space applications, including lunar exploration, micro- and nano-satellites, and other orbital structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily
A. Ryan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zach D. Seibers
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
(COPE), Georgia Tech Polymer Network (GTPN), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics
(COPE), Georgia Tech Polymer Network (GTPN), Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Meisha L. Shofner
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Zhang X, Chen Z, Lu L, Wang J. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Nanocrystals-Graphene Layered Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4170. [PMID: 36500792 PMCID: PMC9735571 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have received a significant amount of attention due to their excellent physiochemical properties. Herein, based on bioinspired layered materials with excellent mechanical properties, a CNCs-graphene layered structure with covalent linkages (C-C bond) is constructed. The mechanical properties are systematically studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in terms of the effects of temperature, strain rate and the covalent bond content. Compared to pristine CNCs, the mechanical performance of the CNCs-graphene layered structure has significantly improved. The elastic modulus of the layered structure decreases with the increase of temperature and increases with the increase of strain rate and covalent bond coverage. The results show that the covalent bonding and van der Waals force interactions at the interfaces play an important role in the interfacial adhesion and load transfer capacity of composite materials. These findings can be useful in further modeling of other graphene-based polymers at the atomic scale, which will be critical for their potential applications as functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhiyue Chen
- College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150009, China
| | - Liyan Lu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiankai Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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5
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Guo L, Chen Z, Han H, Liu G, Luo M, Cui N, Dong H, Li MZ. Advances and outlook in modified graphene oxide (GO)/epoxy composites for mechanical applications. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Baldanza A, Pastore Carbone MG, Brondi C, Manikas AC, Mensitieri G, Pavlou C, Scherillo G, Galiotis C. Chemical Vapour Deposition Graphene-PMMA Nanolaminates for Flexible Gas Barrier. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060611. [PMID: 35736318 PMCID: PMC9230733 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Successful ways of fully exploiting the excellent structural and multifunctional performance of graphene and related materials are of great scientific and technological interest. New opportunities are provided by the fabrication of a novel class of nanocomposites with a nanolaminate architecture. In this work, by using the iterative lift-off/float-on process combined with wet depositions, we incorporated cm-size graphene monolayers produced via Chemical Vapour Deposition into a poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix with a controlled, alternate-layered structure. The produced nanolaminate shows a significant improvement in mechanical properties, with enhanced stiffness, strength and toughness, with the addition of only 0.06 vol% of graphene. Furthermore, oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability measurements performed at different relative humidity levels, reveal that the addition of graphene leads to significant reduction of permeability, compared to neat PMMA. Overall, we demonstrate that the produced graphene-PMMA nanolaminate surpasses, in terms of gas barrier properties, the traditional discontinuous graphene-particle composites with a similar filler content. Moreover, we found that the gas permeability through the nanocomposites departs from a monotonic decrease as a function of relative humidity, which is instead evident in the case of the pure PMMA nanolaminate. This work suggests the possible use of Chemical Vapour Deposition graphene-polymer nanolaminates as a flexible gas barrier, thus enlarging the spectrum of applications for this novel material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Baldanza
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (C.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Pastore Carbone
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece; (M.G.P.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Cosimo Brondi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (C.B.); (G.S.)
| | | | - Giuseppe Mensitieri
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (C.B.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.G.)
| | - Christos Pavlou
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece; (M.G.P.C.); (C.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Scherillo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.B.); (C.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece; (M.G.P.C.); (C.P.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (C.G.)
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7
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Salim MG, Thimons LA, Kim MA, Carr B, Montgomery M, Tolman N, D B Jacobs T, Liu H. Single sheets of graphene for fabrication of fibers with enhanced mechanical properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23124-23129. [PMID: 34617082 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the fabrication and mechanical properties of macroscale graphene fibers (diameters of 10 to 100 μm with lengths upwards of 2 cm) prepared from a single sheet of single-layer graphene grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The breaking strength of these graphene fibers increased with consecutive tensile test measurements on a single fiber, where fiber fragments produced from a prior test exhibited larger breaking strengths. Additionally, we observed an overall reduction of surface folds and wrinkles, and an increase in their alignment parallel to the tensile direction. We propose that a foundation of this property is the plastic deformations within the fiber that accumulate through sequential tensile testing. Through this cyclic method, our best fiber produced a strength of 2.67 GPa with a 1 mm gauge length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad G Salim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Luke A Thimons
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Min A Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Brennan Carr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | | | - Nathan Tolman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Tevis D B Jacobs
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA.
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8
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Pavlou C, Pastore Carbone MG, Manikas AC, Trakakis G, Koral C, Papari G, Andreone A, Galiotis C. Effective EMI shielding behaviour of thin graphene/PMMA nanolaminates in the THz range. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4655. [PMID: 34341360 PMCID: PMC8329220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24970-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of graphene in a form of discontinuous flakes in polymer composites limits the full exploitation of the unique properties of graphene, thus requiring high filler loadings for achieving- for example- satisfactory electrical and mechanical properties. Herein centimetre-scale CVD graphene/polymer nanolaminates have been produced by using an iterative ‘lift-off/float-on’ process and have been found to outperform, for the same graphene content, state-of-the-art flake-based graphene polymer composites in terms of mechanical reinforcement and electrical properties. Most importantly these thin laminate materials show a high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness, reaching 60 dB for a small thickness of 33 μm, and an absolute EMI shielding effectiveness close to 3·105 dB cm2 g−1 which is amongst the highest values for synthetic, non-metallic materials produced to date. The properties of graphene/polymer composites are usually limited by the use of discontinuous graphene flakes. Here, the authors report a fabrication method to realise continuous cm-scale graphene/polymer nanolaminates with enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness, conductivity and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Pavlou
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadiou St. Platani, Patras, Greece.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Giovanna Pastore Carbone
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadiou St. Platani, Patras, Greece
| | | | - George Trakakis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadiou St. Platani, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Gianpaolo Papari
- Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Andreone
- INFN Naples Unit, Naples, Italy.,Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadiou St. Platani, Patras, Greece. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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10
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Papageorgiou DG, Li Z, Liu M, Kinloch IA, Young RJ. Mechanisms of mechanical reinforcement by graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymer nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2228-2267. [PMID: 31930259 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06952f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbon-based nanofillers are gaining increasing interest for a number of applications due to their excellent properties. The understanding of the reinforcing mechanisms is, therefore, very important for the maximization of performance. This present review summarizes the current literature status on the mechanical properties of composites reinforced with graphene-related materials (GRMs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and identifies the parameters that clearly affect the mechanical properties of the final materials. It is also shown how Raman spectroscopy can be utilized for the understanding of the stress transfer efficiency from the matrix to the reinforcement and it can even be used to map stress and strain in graphene. Importantly, it is demonstrated clearly that continuum micromechanics that was initially developed for fibre-reinforced composites is still applicable at the nanoscale for both GRMs and CNTs. Finally, current problems and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Papageorgiou
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Zheling Li
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Mufeng Liu
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Ian A Kinloch
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Robert J Young
- Department of Materials and National Graphene Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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11
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Androulidakis C, Sourlantzis D, Koukaras EN, Manikas AC, Galiotis C. Stress-transfer from polymer substrates to monolayer and few-layer graphenes. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4972-4980. [PMID: 36133127 PMCID: PMC9419472 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the stress transfer mechanism in graphene-polymer systems under tension is examined experimentally using the technique of laser Raman microscopy. We discuss in detail the effect of graphene edge geometry, lateral size and thickness which need to be taken under consideration when using graphene as a protective layer. The systems examined were composed of graphene flakes with a large length (over ∼50 microns) and a thickness of one to three layers simply deposited onto PMMA substrates which were then loaded to a tension of ∼1.60% strain. The stress transfer profiles were found to be linear while the results show that large lateral sizes of over twenty microns are needed in order to provide effective reinforcement at levels of strain higher than 1%. Moreover, the stress built up has been found to be quite sensitive to both edge shape and geometry of the loaded flakes. Finally, the transfer lengths were found to increase with the increase of graphene layers. The outcomes of the present study provide crucial insight into the issue of stress transfer from polymers to graphene nano-inclusions as a function of edge geometry, lateral size and thickness in a number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Androulidakis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT) Stadiou Street, Platani Patras 26504 Greece
| | - D Sourlantzis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras Patras 26504 Greece
| | - E N Koukaras
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT) Stadiou Street, Platani Patras 26504 Greece
- Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GR-54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - A C Manikas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras Patras 26504 Greece
| | - C Galiotis
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT) Stadiou Street, Platani Patras 26504 Greece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras Patras 26504 Greece
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12
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Zhao X, Papageorgiou DG, Zhu L, Ding F, Young RJ. The strength of mechanically-exfoliated monolayer graphene deformed on a rigid polymer substrate. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:14339-14353. [PMID: 31328739 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04720d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The deformation and fracture behaviour of one-atom-thick mechanically exfoliated graphene has been studied in detail. Monolayer graphene flakes with different lengths, widths and shapes were successfully prepared by mechanical exfoliation and deposited onto poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beams. The fracture behaviour of the monolayer graphene was followed by deforming the PMMA beams. Through in situ Raman mapping at different strain levels, the distributions of strain over the graphene flakes were determined from the shift of the graphene Raman 2D band. The failure mechanisms of the exfoliated graphene were either by flake fracture or failure of the graphene/polymer interface. The fracture of the flakes was observed from the formation of cracks identified from the appearance of lines of zero strain in the strain contour maps. It was found that the strength of the monolayer graphene flakes decreased with increasing flake width. The strength dropped to less than ∼10 GPa for large flakes, thought to be due to the presence of defects. It is shown that a pair of topological defects in monolayer graphene will form a pseudo crack and the effect of such defects upon the strength of monolayer graphene has been modelled using molecular mechanical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- National Graphene Institute and School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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13
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Choi S, Han SI, Kim D, Hyeon T, Kim DH. High-performance stretchable conductive nanocomposites: materials, processes, and device applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1566-1595. [PMID: 30519703 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00706c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly conductive and intrinsically stretchable electrodes are vital components of soft electronics such as stretchable transistors and circuits, sensors and actuators, light-emitting diode arrays, and energy harvesting devices. Many kinds of conducting nanomaterials with outstanding electrical and mechanical properties have been integrated with elastomers to produce stretchable conductive nanocomposites. Understanding the characteristics of these nanocomposites and assessing the feasibility of their fabrication are therefore critical for the development of high-performance stretchable conductors and electronic devices. We herein summarise the recent advances in stretchable conductors based on the percolation networks of nanoscale conductive fillers in elastomeric media. After discussing the material-, dimension-, and size-dependent properties of conductive fillers and their implications, we highlight various techniques that are used to reduce the contact resistance between the conductive filler materials. Furthermore, we categorize elastomer matrices with different stretchabilities and mechanical properties based on their polymeric chain structures. Then, we discuss the fabrication techniques of stretchable conductive nanocomposites toward their use in soft electronics. Finally, we provide representative examples of stretchable device applications and conclude the review with a brief outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kinloch IA, Suhr J, Lou J, Young RJ, Ajayan PM. Composites with carbon nanotubes and graphene: An outlook. Science 2018; 362:547-553. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Composite materials with carbon nanotube and graphene additives have long been considered as exciting prospects among nanotechnology applications. However, after nearly two decades of work in the area, questions remain about the practical impact of nanotube and graphene composites. This uncertainty stems from factors that include poor load transfer, interfacial engineering, dispersion, and viscosity-related issues that lead to processing challenges in such nanocomposites. Moreover, there has been little effort to identify selection rules for the use of nanotubes or graphene in composite matrices for specific applications. This review is a critical look at the status of composites for developing high-strength, low-density, high-conductivity materials with nanotubes or graphene. An outlook of the different approaches that can lead to practically useful nanotube and graphene composites is presented, pointing out the challenges and opportunities that exist in the field.
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15
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Santagiuliana G, Picot OT, Crespo M, Porwal H, Zhang H, Li Y, Rubini L, Colonna S, Fina A, Barbieri E, Spoelstra AB, Mirabello G, Patterson JP, Botto L, Pugno NM, Peijs T, Bilotti E. Breaking the Nanoparticle Loading-Dispersion Dichotomy in Polymer Nanocomposites with the Art of Croissant-Making. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9040-9050. [PMID: 30179514 PMCID: PMC6167000 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic properties of nanomaterials offer promise for technological revolutions in many fields, including transportation, soft robotics, and energy. Unfortunately, the exploitation of such properties in polymer nanocomposites is extremely challenging due to the lack of viable dispersion routes when the filler content is high. We usually face a dichotomy between the degree of nanofiller loading and the degree of dispersion (and, thus, performance) because dispersion quality decreases with loading. Here, we demonstrate a potentially scalable pressing-and-folding method (P & F), inspired by the art of croissant-making, to efficiently disperse ultrahigh loadings of nanofillers in polymer matrices. A desired nanofiller dispersion can be achieved simply by selecting a sufficient number of P & F cycles. Because of the fine microstructural control enabled by P & F, mechanical reinforcements close to the theoretical maximum and independent of nanofiller loading (up to 74 vol %) were obtained. We propose a universal model for the P & F dispersion process that is parametrized on an experimentally quantifiable " D factor". The model represents a general guideline for the optimization of nanocomposites with enhanced functionalities including sensing, heat management, and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Santagiuliana
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier T. Picot
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Crespo
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Harshit Porwal
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Han Zhang
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Li
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Gemmological
Institute, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, China 430074
| | - Luca Rubini
- Laboratory
of Bio-inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil,
Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Samuele Colonna
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ettore Barbieri
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Department of Mathematical
Science and Advanced Technology, Yokohama
Institute for Earth Sciences, 3173-25, Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
| | - Anne B. Spoelstra
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Mirabello
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Laboratory
of Materials and Interface Chemistry & Centre for Multiscale Electron
Microscopy Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Botto
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola M. Pugno
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Laboratory
of Bio-inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil,
Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Ket-Lab,
Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ton Peijs
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Bilotti
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- Nanoforce
Technology Limited, Mile
End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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16
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Wang B, Li Z, Wang C, Signetti S, Cunning BV, Wu X, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Shi H, Ryu S, Pugno NM, Ruoff RS. Folding Large Graphene-on-Polymer Films Yields Laminated Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707449. [PMID: 29992669 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A folding technique is reported to incorporate large-area monolayer graphene films in polymer composites for mechanical reinforcement. Compared with the classic stacking method, the folding strategy results in further stiffening, strengthening, and toughening of the composite. By using a water-air-interface-facilitated procedure, an A5-size 400 nm thin polycarbonate (PC) film is folded in half 10 times to a ≈0.4 mm thick material (1024 layers). A large PC/graphene film is also folded by the same process, resulting in a composite with graphene distributed uniformly. A three-point bending test is performed to study the mechanical performance of the composites. With a low volume fraction of graphene (0.085%), the Young's modulus, strength, and toughness modulus are enhanced in the folded composite by an average of 73.5%, 73.2%, and 59.1%, respectively, versus the pristine stacked polymer films, or 40.2%, 38.5%, and 37.3% versus the folded polymer film, proving a remarkable mechanical reinforcement from the combined folding and reinforcement of graphene. These results are rationalized with combined theoretical and computational analyses, which also allow the synergistic behavior between the reinforcement and folding to be quantified. The folding approach could be extended/applied to other 2D nanomaterials to design and make macroscale laminated composites with enhanced mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhancheng Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefano Signetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin V Cunning
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaozhong Wu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan Huang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Jiang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Haofei Shi
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicola M Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio-Inspired & Graphene Nanomechanics, Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
- Ket-Lab, Edoardo Amaldi Foundation, Italian Space Agency, Via del Politecnico snc, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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17
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Stehle YY, Voylov D, Vlassiouk IV, Lassiter MG, Park J, Sharma JK, Sokolov AP, Polizos G. Effect of polymer residues on the electrical properties of large-area graphene-hexagonal boron nitride planar heterostructures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:285601. [PMID: 28555610 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer residue plays an important role in the performance of 2D heterostructured materials. Herein, we study the effect of polymer residual impurities on the electrical properties of graphene-boron nitride planar heterostructures. Large-area graphene (Gr) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayers were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition techniques. Atomic van-der-Waals heterostructure layers based on varied configurations of Gr and h-BN layers were assembled. The average interlayer resistance of the heterojunctions over a 1 cm2 area for several planar heterostructure configurations was assessed by impedance spectroscopy and modeled by equivalent electrical circuits. Conductive AFM measurements showed that the presence of polymer residues on the surface of the Gr and h-BN monolayers resulted in significant resistance deviations over nanoscale regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Y Stehle
- Energy & Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
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18
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Guo Y, Batra S, Chen Y, Wang E, Cakmak M. Roll to Roll Electric Field "Z" Alignment of Nanoparticles from Polymer Solutions for Manufacturing Multifunctional Capacitor Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18471-18480. [PMID: 27322765 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A roll to roll continuous processing method is developed for vertical alignment ("Z" alignment) of barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticle columns in polystyrene (PS)/toluene solutions. This is accomplished by applying an electric field to a two-layer solution film cast on a carrier: one is the top sacrificial layer contacting the electrode and the second is the polymer solution dispersed with BaTiO3 particles. Flexible Teflon coated mesh is utilized as the top electrode that allows the evaporation of solvent through the openings. The kinetics of particle alignment and chain buckling is studied by the custom-built instrument measuring the real time optical light transmission during electric field application and drying steps. The nanoparticles dispersed in the composite bottom layer form chains due to dipole-dipole interaction under an applied electric field. In relatively weak electric fields, the particle chain axis tilts away from electric field direction due to bending caused by the shrinkage of the film during drying. The use of strong electric fields leads to maintenance of alignment of particle chains parallel to the electric field direction overcoming the compression effect. At the end of the process, the surface features of the top porous electrodes are imprinted at the top of the top sacrificial layer. By removing this layer a smooth surface film is obtained. The nanocomposite films with "Z" direction alignment of BaTiO3 particles show substantially increased dielectric permittivity in the thickness direction for enhancing the performance of capacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Guo
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Saurabh Batra
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Enmin Wang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Miko Cakmak
- Department of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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19
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Adpakpang K, Jin X, Lee S, Oh SM, Lee NS, Hwang SJ. Unusually Huge Charge Storage Capacity of Mn3O4-Graphene Nanocomposite Achieved by Incorporation of Inorganic Nanosheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13360-13372. [PMID: 27120268 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable improvement in electrode performance of Mn3O4-graphene nanocomposites for lithium ion batteries can be obtained by incorporation of a small amount of exfoliated layered MnO2 or RuO2 nanosheets. The metal oxide nanosheet-incorporated Mn3O4-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposites are synthesized via growth of Mn3O4 nanocrystals in the mesoporous networks of rGO and MnO2/RuO2 2D nanosheets. Incorporation of metal oxide nanosheets is highly effective in optimizing porous composite structure and charge transport properties, resulting in a remarkable increase of discharge capacity of Mn3O4-rGO nanocomposite with significant improvement of cyclability and rate performance. The observed enormous discharge capacity of synthesized Mn3O4-rGO-MnO2 nanocomposite (∼1600 mA·h·g(-1) for the 100th cycle) is the highest value among reported data for Mn3O4-rGO nanocomposite. Despite much lower electrical conductivity of MnO2 than RuO2, the MnO2-incorporated nanocomposite at optimal composition (2.5 wt %) shows even larger discharge capacities with comparable rate characteristics compared with the RuO2-incorporated homologue. This finding underscores that the electrode performance of the resulting nanosheet-incorporated nanocomposite is strongly dependent on its pore and composite structures rather than on the intrinsic electrical conductivity of the additive nanosheet. The present study clearly demonstrates that, regardless of electrical conductivity, incorporation of metal oxide 2D nanosheet is an effective way to efficiently optimize the electrode functionality of graphene-based nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyaporn Adpakpang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Xiaoyan Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Seung Mi Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Nam-Suk Lee
- National Institute for Nanomaterials Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seong-Ju Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
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20
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Kumar A, Kashid R, Ghosh A, Kumar V, Singh R. Enhanced Thermionic Emission and Low 1/f Noise in Exfoliated Graphene/GaN Schottky Barrier Diode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8213-8223. [PMID: 26963627 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent electrical transport characteristics of exfoliated graphene/GaN Schottky diodes are investigated and compared with conventional Ni/GaN Schottky diodes. The ideality factor of graphene/GaN and Ni/GaN diodes are measured to be 1.33 and 1.51, respectively, which is suggestive of comparatively higher thermionic emission current in graphene/GaN diode. The barrier height values for graphene/GaN diode obtained using thermionic emission model and Richardson plots are found to be 0.60 and 0.72 eV, respectively, which are higher than predicted barrier height ∼0.40 eV as per the Schottky-Mott model. The higher barrier height is attributed to hole doping of graphene due to graphene-Au interaction which shifts the Fermi level in graphene by ∼0.3 eV. The magnitude of flicker noise of graphene/GaN Schottky diode increases up to 175 K followed by its decrease at higher temperatures. This indicates that diffusion currents and barrier inhomogeneities dominate the electronic transport at lower and higher temperatures, respectively. The exfoliated graphene/GaN diode is found to have lower level of barrier inhomogeneities than conventional Ni/GaN diode, as well as earlier reported graphene/GaN diode fabricated using chemical vapor deposited graphene. The lesser barrier inhomogeneities in graphene/GaN diode results in lower flicker noise by 2 orders of magnitude as compared to Ni/GaN diode. Enhanced thermionic emission current, lower level of inhomogeneities, and reduced flicker noise suggests that graphene-GaN Schottky diodes may have the underlying trend for replacing metal-GaN Schottky diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjit Kashid
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Arindam Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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21
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Huang Q, Hao L, Xie J, Gong T, Liao J, Lin Y. Tea Polyphenol–Functionalized Graphene/Chitosan as an Experimental Platform with Improved Mechanical Behavior and Bioactivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20893-901. [PMID: 26333548 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- State Key
Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Hao
- State Key
Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key
Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key
Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinfeng Liao
- State Key
Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key
Laboratory of Oral
Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
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