1
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Mishra S, Liu F, Shakthivel D, Rai B, Georgiev V. Molecular dynamics simulation-based study to analyse the properties of entrapped water between gold and graphene 2D interfaces. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2371-2379. [PMID: 38694470 PMCID: PMC11059550 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00878a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Heterostructures based on graphene and other 2D materials have received significant attention in recent years. However, it is challenging to fabricate them with an ultra-clean interface due to unwanted foreign molecules, which usually get introduced during their transfer to a desired substrate. Clean nanofabrication is critical for the utilization of these materials in 2D nanoelectronics devices and circuits, and therefore, it is important to understand the influence of the "non-ideal" interface. Inspired by the wet-transfer process of the CVD-grown graphene, herein, we present an atomistic simulation of the graphene-Au interface, where water molecules often get trapped during the transfer process. By using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigated the structural variations of the trapped water and the traction-separation curve derived from the graphene-Au interface at 300 K. We observed the formation of an ice-like structure with square-ice patterns when the thickness of the water film was <5 Å. This could cause undesirable strain in the graphene layer and hence affect the performance of devices developed from it. We also observed that at higher thicknesses the water film is predominantly present in the liquid state. The traction separation curve showed that the adhesion of graphene is better in the presence of an ice-like structure. This study explains the behaviour of water confined at the nanoscale region and advances our understanding of the graphene-Au interface in 2D nanoelectronics devices and circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Mishra
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow G12 8QQ Glasgow UK
| | - Fengyuan Liu
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow G12 8QQ Glasgow UK
| | | | - Beena Rai
- TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Limited Pune 411013 India
| | - Vihar Georgiev
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow G12 8QQ Glasgow UK
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2
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Montes-García V, Samorì P. Humidity Sensing with Supramolecular Nanostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2208766. [PMID: 36810806 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Precise monitoring of the humidity level is important for the living comfort and for many applications in various industrial sectors. Humidity sensors have thus become one among the most extensively studied and used chemical sensors by targeting a maximal device performance through the optimization of the components and working mechanism. Among different moisture-sensitive systems, supramolecular nanostructures are ideal active materials for the next generation of highly efficient humidity sensors. Their noncovalent nature guarantees fast response, high reversibility, and fast recovery time in the sensing event. Herein, the most enlightening recent strategies on the use of supramolecular nanostructures for humidity sensing are showcased. The key performance indicators in humidity sensing, including operation range, sensitivity, selectivity, response, and recovery speed are discussed as milestones for true practical applications. Some of the most remarkable examples of supramolecular-based humidity sensors are presented, by describing the finest sensing materials, the operating principles, and sensing mechanisms, the latter being based on the structural or charge-transport changes triggered by the interaction of the supramolecular nanostructures with the ambient humidity. Finally, the future directions, challenges, and opportunities for the development of humidity sensors with performance beyond the state of the art are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Montes-García
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
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3
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Capman NSS, Chaganti VRSK, Simms LE, Hogan CJ, Koester SJ. Using Machine Learning to Overcome Interfering Oxygen Effects in a Graphene Volatile Organic Compound Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7554-7564. [PMID: 38295439 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Discriminating between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for applications including disease diagnosis and environmental monitoring, is often complicated by the presence of interfering compounds such as oxygen. Graphene sensors are effective at detecting VOCs; however, they are also known to be highly sensitive to oxygen. Therefore, the combined effects of each of these gases on graphene sensors must be understood. In this work, we use graphene variable capacitor (varactor) sensors to examine the cross-selectivity of oxygen at 3 concentrations and 3 VOCs (ethanol, methanol, and methyl ethyl ketone) at 5 concentrations each. The sensor responses exhibit distinct shapes dependent on the relative concentrations in mixtures of oxygen and VOCs. Because the entire response shape is therefore informative for distinguishing between each gas mixture, a classification algorithm that utilizes entire sequences of data is needed. Accordingly, a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is used to classify the mixtures and VOC concentrations. The model achieves 100% accurate classification of the VOC type, even in the presence of varying levels of oxygen. When the VOC type and VOC concentration are classified, we show that the sensors can provide VOC concentration resolution within approximately 200 ppm. Throughout this work, we also demonstrate that an effective gas mixture classification can be achieved, even while the sensors exhibit varied drift patterns typical of graphene sensors. This is made possible due to the data analysis and machine learning methods employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyssa S S Capman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - V R Saran Kumar Chaganti
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura E Simms
- Department of Physics, Augsburg University, 2211 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, United States
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, 2455 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven J Koester
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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4
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Ju W, Lee S. Capacitive NO 2 Detection Using CVD Graphene-Based Device. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:243. [PMID: 36677996 PMCID: PMC9863439 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A graphene-based capacitive NO2 sensing device was developed by utilizing the quantum capacitance effect. We have used a graphene field-effect transistor (G-FET) device whose geometrical capacitance is enhanced by incorporating an aluminum back-gate electrode with a naturally oxidized aluminum surface as an insulating layer. When the graphene, the top-side of the device, is exposed to NO2, the quantum capacitance of graphene and, thus, the measured capacitance of the device, changed in accordance with NO2 concentrations ranging from 1-100 parts per million (ppm). The operational principle of the proposed system is also explained with the changes in gate voltage-dependent capacitance of the G-FET exposed to various concentrations of NO2. Further analyses regarding carrier density changes and potential variances under various concentrations of NO2 are also presented to strengthen the argument. The results demonstrate the feasibility of capacitive NO2 sensing using graphene and the operational principle of capacitive NO2 sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbin Ju
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbae Lee
- Korea Institute of Energy Technology, KENTECH College, Naju 58330, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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5
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Capman NSS, Zhen XV, Nelson JT, Chaganti VRSK, Finc RC, Lyden MJ, Williams TL, Freking M, Sherwood GJ, Bühlmann P, Hogan CJ, Koester SJ. Machine Learning-Based Rapid Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in a Graphene Electronic Nose. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19567-19583. [PMID: 36367841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is growing in importance in many sectors. Noninvasive medical diagnoses may be based upon particular combinations of VOCs in human breath; detecting VOCs emitted from environmental hazards such as fungal growth could prevent illness; and waste could be reduced through monitoring of gases produced during food storage. Electronic noses have been applied to such problems, however, a common limitation is in improving selectivity. Graphene is an adaptable material that can be functionalized with many chemical receptors. Here, we use this versatility to demonstrate selective and rapid detection of multiple VOCs at varying concentrations with graphene-based variable capacitor (varactor) arrays. Each array contains 108 sensors functionalized with 36 chemical receptors for cross-selectivity. Multiplexer data acquisition from 108 sensors is accomplished in tens of seconds. While this rapid measurement reduces the signal magnitude, classification using supervised machine learning (Bootstrap Aggregated Random Forest) shows excellent results of 98% accuracy between 5 analytes (ethanol, hexanal, methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, and octane) at 4 concentrations each. With the addition of 1-octene, an analyte highly similar in structure to octane, an accuracy of 89% is achieved. These results demonstrate the important role of the choice of analysis method, particularly in the presence of noisy data. This is an important step toward fully utilizing graphene-based sensor arrays for rapid gas sensing applications from environmental monitoring to disease detection in human breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyssa S S Capman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xue V Zhen
- Boston Scientific, 4100 Hamline Avenue North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Justin T Nelson
- Boston Scientific, 4100 Hamline Avenue North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - V R Saran Kumar Chaganti
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raia C Finc
- Boston Scientific, 4100 Hamline Avenue North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Michael J Lyden
- Boston Scientific, 4100 Hamline Avenue North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Boston Scientific, 4100 Hamline Avenue North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Mike Freking
- Boston Scientific, 4100 Hamline Avenue North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Gregory J Sherwood
- Boston Scientific, 4100 Hamline Avenue North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Philippe Bühlmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 111 Church Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven J Koester
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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6
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Belyanchikov M, Bedran Z, Savinov M, Bednyakov P, Proschek P, Prokleska J, Abalmasov V, Zhukova E, Thomas VG, Dudka A, Zhugayevych A, Petzelt J, Prokhorov A, Anzin V, Kremer R, Fischer JKH, Lunkenheimer P, Loidl A, Uykur E, Dressel M, Gorshunov B. Single-particle and collective excitations of polar water molecules confined in nano-pores within cordierite crystal lattice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6890-6904. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05338h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the low-temperature phase of water molecules confined within nanocages formed by the crystalline lattice of water-containing cordierite crystals was reported to comprise domains with ferroelectrically ordered dipoles within the...
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7
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Jiao S, Liu M. Snap-through in Graphene Nanochannels: With Application to Fluidic Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1158-1168. [PMID: 33354971 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on the structure and transport behaviors of water confined within lamellar graphene have attracted intense interest in filtration technology, but the mechanism of water transport in complex membrane nanostructures remains an open question. For example, similar systems but at much larger scales have indicated that the instabilities of an elastic structure, such as snap-through, play an essential role in controlling the fluid flow. Graphene sheets, which have an atomic thickness, often appear highly wrinkled in nanofluidic devices and so are vulnerable to elastic instabilities. However, it remains unclear how does the flexible wrinkled structure affect the transport of water and filtration efficiency or whether such an effect can be exploited in devices. In this work, we explore the flow-induced snap-through in graphene nanochannels by combining molecular simulations with the theoretical analysis. We further demonstrate its applications to passive control of fluid flow and to ion/molecule selection. By introducing a flexible arch embedded within a graphene nanochannel, we observe the "snap" of the arched graphene wall from one stable state to another by varying the fluid flux (i.e., velocity); the critical velocity of this snap transition is found to depend nonmonotonically on the geometric size of the channel and the arch. We also demonstrate reversible snap-through by fixing the end parts of the flexible arch. These results suggest the potential of flow-induced snap-through in graphene-based nanochannels for ion/molecule selection applications in, for example, the design of a foul-resistant, easy-to-clean, reusable filter membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Jiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Mingchao Liu
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, U.K
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8
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Belyanchikov MA, Savinov M, Bedran ZV, Bednyakov P, Proschek P, Prokleska J, Abalmasov VA, Petzelt J, Zhukova ES, Thomas VG, Dudka A, Zhugayevych A, Prokhorov AS, Anzin VB, Kremer RK, Fischer JKH, Lunkenheimer P, Loidl A, Uykur E, Dressel M, Gorshunov B. Dielectric ordering of water molecules arranged in a dipolar lattice. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3927. [PMID: 32764722 PMCID: PMC7411056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermolecular hydrogen bonds impede long-range (anti-)ferroelectric order of water. We confine H2O molecules in nanosized cages formed by ions of a dielectric crystal. Arranging them in channels at a distance of ~5 Å with an interchannel separation of ~10 Å prevents the formation of hydrogen networks while electric dipole-dipole interactions remain effective. Here, we present measurements of the temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity, pyrocurrent, electric polarization and specific heat that indicate an order-disorder ferroelectric phase transition at T0 ≈ 3 K in the water dipolar lattice. Ab initio molecular dynamics and classical Monte Carlo simulations reveal that at low temperatures the water molecules form ferroelectric domains in the ab-plane that order antiferroelectrically along the channel direction. This way we achieve the long-standing goal of arranging water molecules in polar order. This is not only of high relevance in various natural systems but might open an avenue towards future applications in biocompatible nanoelectronics. Despite the apparent simplicity of a H2O molecule, the mutual ferroelectric ordering of the molecules is unresolved. Here, the authors realize a macroscopic ferroelectric phase transition in a network of dipole-dipole coupled water molecules located in nanopores of gemstone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Belyanchikov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.
| | - M Savinov
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Z V Bedran
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - P Bednyakov
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - P Proschek
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 12116, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - J Prokleska
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 12116, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - V A Abalmasov
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - J Petzelt
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221, Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - E S Zhukova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - V G Thomas
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A Dudka
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Zhugayevych
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Prokhorov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.,Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - V B Anzin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.,Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - R K Kremer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J K H Fischer
- Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, 86135, Augsburg, Germany.,T. Kimura Lab, Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - P Lunkenheimer
- Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, 86135, Augsburg, Germany
| | - A Loidl
- Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, 86135, Augsburg, Germany
| | - E Uykur
- 1.Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Dressel
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.,1.Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B Gorshunov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia.
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9
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Lemme MC, Wagner S, Lee K, Fan X, Verbiest GJ, Wittmann S, Lukas S, Dolleman RJ, Niklaus F, van der Zant HSJ, Duesberg GS, Steeneken PG. Nanoelectromechanical Sensors Based on Suspended 2D Materials. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:8748602. [PMID: 32766550 PMCID: PMC7388062 DOI: 10.34133/2020/8748602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties and atomic thickness of two-dimensional (2D) materials enable smaller and better nanoelectromechanical sensors with novel functionalities. During the last decade, many studies have successfully shown the feasibility of using suspended membranes of 2D materials in pressure sensors, microphones, accelerometers, and mass and gas sensors. In this review, we explain the different sensing concepts and give an overview of the relevant material properties, fabrication routes, and device operation principles. Finally, we discuss sensor readout and integration methods and provide comparisons against the state of the art to show both the challenges and promises of 2D material-based nanoelectromechanical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C. Lemme
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kangho Lee
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Xuge Fan
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard J. Verbiest
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastian Lukas
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robin J. Dolleman
- 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str., 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Georg S. Duesberg
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
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10
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van Bremen R, Vonk K, Zandvliet HJW, Bampoulis P. Environmentally Controlled Charge Carrier Injection Mechanisms of Metal/WS 2 Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2578-2584. [PMID: 31041866 PMCID: PMC6526467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on a novel, noninvasive route for operando tailoring of the charge transport properties of metal/WS2 contacts without the negative impacts to two-dimensional materials arising from conventional doping methods. The doping level of thin WS2 flakes supported on insulating mica is susceptible to local charge variations induced by the presence of a hydration layer between mica and WS2. We demonstrate, via the use of several complementary scanning probe techniques, that the direct control of the state and thickness of this intercalated water film controls the charge injection properties of Pt/WS2 nanocontacts. A switch from unipolar to ambipolar transport was achieved by environmentally controlling the thickness of the intercalated water. We show that the effect persists even for multilayer flakes and that it is completely reversible, opening a new route toward the realization of novel electronics with environmentally controllable functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik van Bremen
- Physics
of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Vonk
- Physics
of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Harold J. W. Zandvliet
- Physics
of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pantelis Bampoulis
- Physics
of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Physikalisches
Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
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11
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Keisham B, Seksenyan A, Denyer S, Kheirkhah P, Arnone GD, Avalos P, Bhimani AD, Svendsen C, Berry V, Mehta AI. Quantum Capacitance Based Amplified Graphene Phononics for Studying Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:169-175. [PMID: 30468382 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease (MND) characterized by a rapid loss of upper and lower motor neurons resulting in patient death from respiratory failure within 3-5 years of initial symptom onset. Although at least 30 genes of major effect have been reported, the pathobiology of ALS is not well understood. Compounding this is the lack of a reliable laboratory test which can accurately diagnose this rapidly deteriorating disease. Herein, we report on the phonon vibration energies of graphene as a sensitive measure of the composite dipole moment of the interfaced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that includes a signature-composition specific to the patients with ALS disease. The second-order overtone of in-plane phonon vibration energy (2D peak) of graphene shifts by 3.2 ± 0.5 cm-1 for all ALS patients studied in this work. Further, the amount of n-doping-induced shift in the phonon energy of graphene, interfaced with CSF, is specific to the investigated neurodegenerative disease (ALS, multiple sclerosis, and MND). By removing a severe roadblock in disease detection, this technology can be applied to study diagnostic biomarkers for researchers developing therapeutics and clinicians initiating treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijentimala Keisham
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60607 , Illinois , United States
| | - Akop Seksenyan
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
- Chicago Medical School , Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , North Chicago 60064 , Illinois , United States
| | - Steven Denyer
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
| | - Pouyan Kheirkhah
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
| | - Gregory D Arnone
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
| | - Pablo Avalos
- Regenerative Medicine Institute , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles 90048 , California , United States
| | - Abhiraj D Bhimani
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
| | - Clive Svendsen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles 90048 , California , United States
| | - Vikas Berry
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60607 , Illinois , United States
| | - Ankit I Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago 60612 , Illinois , United States
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12
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Meng Z, Stolz RM, Mendecki L, Mirica KA. Electrically-Transduced Chemical Sensors Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2019; 119:478-598. [PMID: 30604969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrically-transduced sensors, with their simplicity and compatibility with standard electronic technologies, produce signals that can be efficiently acquired, processed, stored, and analyzed. Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, including graphene, phosphorene (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and others, have proven to be attractive for the fabrication of high-performance electrically-transduced chemical sensors due to their remarkable electronic and physical properties originating from their 2D structure. This review highlights the advances in electrically-transduced chemical sensing that rely on 2D materials. The structural components of such sensors are described, and the underlying operating principles for different types of architectures are discussed. The structural features, electronic properties, and surface chemistry of 2D nanostructures that dictate their sensing performance are reviewed. Key advances in the application of 2D materials, from both a historical and analytical perspective, are summarized for four different groups of analytes: gases, volatile compounds, ions, and biomolecules. The sensing performance is discussed in the context of the molecular design, structure-property relationships, and device fabrication technology. The outlook of challenges and opportunities for 2D nanomaterials for the future development of electrically-transduced sensors is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Robert M Stolz
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Lukasz Mendecki
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory , Dartmouth College , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
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Datteo M, Liu H, Di Valentin C. Water on Graphene-Coated TiO 2: Role of Atomic Vacancies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5793-5804. [PMID: 29368503 PMCID: PMC5916463 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Beyond two-dimensional (2D) materials, interfaces between 2D materials and underlying supports or 2D-coated metal or metal oxide nanoparticles exhibit excellent properties and promising applications. The hybrid interface between graphene and anatase TiO2 shows great importance in photocatalytic, catalytic, and nanomedical applications due to the excellent and complementary properties of the two materials. Water, as a ubiquitous and essential element in practical conditions and in the human body, plays a significant role in the applications of graphene/TiO2 composites for both electronic devices and nanomedicine. Carbon vacancies, as common defects in chemically prepared graphene, also need to be considered for the application of graphene-based materials. Therefore, the behavior of water on top and at the interface of defective graphene on anatase TiO2 surface was systematically investigated by dispersion-corrected hybrid density functional calculations. The presence of the substrate only slightly enhances the on-top adsorption and reduces the on-top dissociation of water on defective graphene. However, at the interface, dissociated water is largely preferred compared with undissociated water on bare TiO2 surface, showing a prominent cover effect. Reduced TiO2 may further induce oxygen diffusion into the bulk. Our results are helpful to understand how the presence of water in the surrounding environment affects structural and electronic properties of the graphene/TiO2 interface and thus its application in photocatalysis, electronic devices, and nanomedicine.
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Davidovikj D, Scheepers PH, van der Zant HSJ, Steeneken PG. Static Capacitive Pressure Sensing Using a Single Graphene Drum. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43205-43210. [PMID: 29164848 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To realize nanomechanical graphene-based pressure sensors, it is beneficial to have a method to electrically readout the static displacement of a suspended graphene membrane. Capacitive readout, typical in micro-electromechanical systems, gets increasingly challenging as one starts shrinking the dimensions of these devices because the expected responsivity of such devices is below 0.1 aF/Pa. To overcome the challenges of detecting small capacitance changes, we design an electrical readout device fabricated on top of an insulating quartz substrate, maximizing the contribution of the suspended membrane to the total capacitance of the device. The capacitance of the drum is further increased by reducing the gap size to 110 nm. Using an external pressure load, we demonstrate the successful detection of capacitance changes of a single graphene drum down to 50 aF, and pressure differences down to 25 mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Davidovikj
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H Scheepers
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Jiao S, Xu Z. Non-Continuum Intercalated Water Diffusion Explains Fast Permeation through Graphene Oxide Membranes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11152-11161. [PMID: 29068657 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental studies have revealed unconventional phase and transport behaviors of water confined within lamellar graphene oxide membranes, which hold great promise not only in improving our current understanding of nanoconfined water but also in developing high-performance filtration and separation applications. In this work, we explore molecular structures and diffusive dynamics of water intercalated between graphene or graphene oxide sheets. We identify the monolayer structured water between graphene sheets at temperature T below Tc = ∼315 K and an interlayer distance d = 0.65 nm, which is absent as the sheets are oxidized. The non-continuum collective diffusion of water intercalation between graphene layers facilitates fast molecular transport due to reduced wall friction. This solid-like structural order of intercalated water is disturbed as T or d increases to a critical value, with abnormal declines in the coefficients of collective diffusion. Based on a patched model of graphene oxide sheets consisting of spatially distributed pristine and oxidized regions, we conclude that the non-continuum collective diffusion of intercalated water can explain fast water permeation through graphene oxide membranes as reported in recent experimental studies, in stark contrast to the conventional picture of pressure-driven continuum flow with boundary slip, which has been widely adopted in literature but may apply only at high humidity or in the fully hydrated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Jiao
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
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Structures and thermodynamics of water encapsulated by graphene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2646. [PMID: 28572635 PMCID: PMC5453971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding phase behaviors of nanoconfined water has driven notable research interests recently. In this work, we examine water encapsulated under a graphene cover that offers an ideal testbed to explore its molecular structures and thermodynamics. We find layered water structures for up to ~1000 trapped water molecules, which is stabilized by the spatial confinement and pressure induced by interfacial adhesion. For monolayer encapsulations, we identify representative two-dimensional crystalline lattices as well as defects therein. Free energy analysis shows that the structural orders with low entropy are compensated by high formation energies due to the pressurized confinement. There exists an order-to-disorder transition for this condensed phase at ~480-490 K, with a sharp reduction in the number of hydrogen bonds and increase in the entropy. Fast diffusion of the encapsulated water demonstrates anomalous temperature dependence, indicating the solid-to-fluid nature of this structural transition. These findings offer fundamental understandings of the encapsulated water that can be used as a pressurized cell with trapped molecular species, and provide guidance for practical applications with its presence, for example, in the design of nanodevices and nanoconfined reactive cells.
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Scopel WL, Souza ES, Miwa RH. H 2O incorporation in the phosphorene/a-SiO 2 interface: a first-principles study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:075002. [PMID: 28008888 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/7/075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Based on first-principles calculations, we investigate (i) the energetic stability and electronic properties of single-layer phosphorene (SLP) adsorbed on an amorphous SiO2 surface (SLP/a-SiO2), and (ii) the further incorporation of water molecules at the phosphorene/a-SiO2 interface. In (i), we find that the phosphorene sheet binds to a-SiO2 through van der Waals interactions, even in the presence of oxygen vacancies on the surface. The SLP/a-SiO2 system presents a type-I band alignment, with the valence (conduction) band maximum (minimum) of the phosphorene lying within the energy gap of the a-SiO2 substrate. The structure and the surface-potential corrugations promote the formation of electron-rich and electron-poor regions on the phosphorene sheet and at the SLP/a-SiO2 interface. Such charge density puddles are strengthened by the presence of oxygen vacancies in a-SiO2. In (ii), because of the amorphous structure of the surface, we consider a number of plausible geometries for H2O embedded in the SLP/a-SiO2 interface. There is an energetic preference for the formation of hydroxyl (OH) groups on the a-SiO2 surface. Meanwhile, in the presence of oxygenated water or interstitial oxygen in the phosphorene sheet, we observe the formation of metastable OH bonded to the phosphorene, and the formation of energetically stable P-O-Si chemical bonds at the SLP/a-SiO2 interface. Further x-ray absorption spectra simulations are performed, which aim to provide additional structural/electronic information on the oxygen atoms forming hydroxyl groups or P-O-Si chemical bonds at the interface region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderlã L Scopel
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, 29075-910, Brazil. Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda, RJ, 27255-250, Brazil
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Keisham B, Cole A, Nguyen P, Mehta A, Berry V. Cancer Cell Hyperactivity and Membrane Dipolarity Monitoring via Raman Mapping of Interfaced Graphene: Toward Non-Invasive Cancer Diagnostics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:32717-32722. [PMID: 27934135 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive detection, mapping, and monitoring of the activity of cancer cells is critical for treatment evaluation and patient care. Here, we demonstrate that a cancer cell's glycolysis-induced hyperactivity and enhanced electronegative membrane (from sialic acid) can sensitively modify the second-order overtone of in-plane phonon vibration energies (2D) of interfaced graphene via a hole-doping mechanism. By leveraging ultrathin graphene's high quantum capacitance and responsive phononics, we sensitively differentiated the activity of interfaced Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) cells, a malignant brain tumor, from that of human astrocytes at a single-cell resolution. GBM cell's high surface electronegativity (potential ∼310 mV) and hyperacidic-release induces hole-doping in graphene with a 3-fold higher 2D vibration energy shift of approximately 6 ± 0.5 cm-1 than astrocytes. From molecular dipole-induced quantum coupling, we estimate that the sialic acid density on the cell membrane increases from one molecule per ∼17 nm2 to one molecule per ∼7 nm2. Furthermore, graphene phononic response also identified enhanced acidity of cancer cell's growth medium. Graphene's phonon-sensitive platform to determine interfaced cell's activity/chemistry will potentially open avenues for studying activity of other cancer cell types, including metastatic tumors, and characterizing different grades of their malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijentimala Keisham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Arron Cole
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Phong Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ankit Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Vikas Berry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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Intercalated water layers promote thermal dissipation at bio-nano interfaces. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12854. [PMID: 27659484 PMCID: PMC5036148 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in developing nanodevices for biophysical and biomedical applications results in concerns about thermal management at interfaces between tissues and electronic devices. However, there is neither sufficient knowledge nor suitable tools for the characterization of thermal properties at interfaces between materials of contrasting mechanics, which are essential for design with reliability. Here we use computational simulations to quantify thermal transfer across the cell membrane–graphene interface. We find that the intercalated water displays a layered order below a critical value of ∼1 nm nanoconfinement, mediating the interfacial thermal coupling, and efficiently enhancing the thermal dissipation. We thereafter develop an analytical model to evaluate the critical value for power generation in graphene before significant heat is accumulated to disturb living tissues. These findings may provide a basis for the rational design of wearable and implantable nanodevices in biosensing and thermotherapic treatments where thermal dissipation and transport processes are crucial. Thermal management is important for designing bio-nano interfaces for biosensing and thermotherapic applications. Here the authors perform simulations showing that nm-thick water layers between graphene and cell membranes display layered ordering, promoting interfacial thermal coupling and thermal dissipation.
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Ferrighi L, Datteo M, Fazio G, Di Valentin C. Catalysis under Cover: Enhanced Reactivity at the Interface between (Doped) Graphene and Anatase TiO2. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7365-76. [PMID: 27203544 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The "catalysis under cover" involves chemical processes which take place in the confined zone between a 2D material, such as graphene, h-BN, or MoS2, and the surface of an underlying support, such as a metal or a semiconducting oxide. The hybrid interface between graphene and anatase TiO2 is extremely important for photocatalytic and catalytic applications because of the excellent and complementary properties of the two materials. We investigate and discuss the reactivity of O2 and H2O on top and at the interface of this hybrid system by means of a wide set of dispersion-corrected hybrid density functional calculations. Both pure and boron- or nitrogen-doped graphene are interfaced with the most stable (101) anatase surface of TiO2 in order to improve the chemical activity of the C-layer. Especially in the case of boron, an enhanced reactivity toward O2 dissociation is observed as a result of both the contribution of the dopant and of the confinement effect in the bidimensional area between the two surfaces. Extremely stable dissociation products are observed where the boron atom bridges the two systems by forming very stable B-O covalent bonds. Interestingly, the B defect in graphene could also act as the transfer channel of oxygen atoms from the top side across the C atomic layer into the G/TiO2 interface. On the contrary, the same conditions are not found to favor water dissociation, proving that the "catalysis under cover" is not a general effect, but rather highly depends on the interfacing material properties, on the presence of defects and impurities and on the specific reaction involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Ferrighi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca , via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Martina Datteo
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca , via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Fazio
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca , via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristiana Di Valentin
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca , via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
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Wang Y, Xu Z. Water Intercalation for Seamless, Electrically Insulating, and Thermally Transparent Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:1970-1976. [PMID: 26720217 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interface between functional nanostructures and host substrates is of pivotal importance in the design of their nanoelectronic applications because it conveys energy and information between the device and environment. We report here an interface-engineering approach to establish a seamless, electrically insulating, while thermally transparent interface between graphene and metal substrates by introducing water intercalation. Molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations are performed to demonstrate this concept of design, showing that the presence of the interfacial water layer helps to unfold wrinkles formed in the graphene membrane, insulate the electronic coupling between graphene and the substrate, and elevate the interfacial thermal conductance. The findings here lay the ground for a new class of nanoelectronic setups through interface engineering, which could lead to significant improvement in the performance of nanodevices, such as the field-effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Wang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Xu
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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