1
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Li L, Cui M, Wang X, Long J. Critical Techniques for Overcoming the Diffusion Limitations in Heterogeneously Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202325. [PMID: 36651109 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneously catalyzed depolymerization of lignin to value-added chemicals is increasingly attractive but highly challengeable. Particularly, the diffusion limitation of lignin macromolecule to the solid catalyst surface is a big barrier, which significantly decreases the yield of monomer while increasing char formation. Therefore, for the potential industrial utilization of lignin, new knowledge focused on the size of lignin particles is of great importance to offer guidance for promoting lignin depolymerization and suppressing condensation in the heterogeneously catalytic systems. In this Review, the size of lignin particles and macromolecules are summarized. Previous approaches for improving the mass diffusion including enhancing the solubility of lignin and exploitation of hierarchical and "solubilized" materials are also discussed. Based on these, a constructive perspective is proposed. Thus, this work provides a new insight on the rational design of heterogeneous catalytic techniques for efficient utilization of the aromatic polymer of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Manman Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Long
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Pulp & Paper Engineering State Key Laboratory of China, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
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2
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Vinod A, Pulikkalparambil H, Jagadeesh P, Rangappa SM, Siengchin S. Recent advancements in lignocellulose biomass-based carbon fiber: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13614. [PMID: 37101468 PMCID: PMC10123159 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing need to reduce the global carbon footprint has prompted all sectors to make significant efforts in this direction. For example, there has been much focus on green carbon fiber sustainability. For example, it was found that the polyaromatic heteropolymer lignin might act as an intermediary in synthesising carbon fiber. Biomass is seen as a potential carbon accommodated solid natural sources that protects the nature and has a big overall supply and widespread distribution. With growing environmental concern in recent years, biomass has gained appeal as a raw material for production of carbon fibers. Especially, the positives of lignin material include its reasonable budget, sustainability, and higher carbon content, which makes it a dominating precursor. This review has examined a variety of bio precursors that help produce lignin and have higher lignin concentrations. In addition, there has been much research on plant sources, lignin types, factors affecting carbon fiber synthesis, spinning methods, stabilization, carbonization, and activation the characterisation techniques used for the lignin carbon fiber to comprehend the structure and features. In addition, an overview of the applications that use lignin carbon fiber has been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Vinod
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682022, Kerala, India
| | - Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Praveenkumara Jagadeesh
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Department of Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
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3
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Yang H, He C, Ke Y, Singh S, Cheng G. Determination of the Structures of Lignin Subunits and Nanoparticles in Solution by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Towards Improving Lignin Valorization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201230. [PMID: 35916324 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are usually produced from lignin solution through supersaturation. The structure of the lignin in solution is still poorly understood due to structural variability of isolated lignins. Here, lignins were extracted from different plants to establish a general pattern of their structure in several lignin solvents. Lignin molecules (lignin subunits) and larger aggregates were observed in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG) and 0.1 N NaOD solutions by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). It was proposed that the aggregates were composed of lignin subunits with a higher molecular weight and a higher ratio of the aliphatic to phenolic hydroxyl groups. The size, shape, and compactness are important factors that affect the uses of the LNPs, which were obtained from the SANS data for the first time. A discrepancy in the radius between SANS and DLS was discovered, pointing to a large hydration shell around the LNPs in aqueous solutions. The cytotoxicity of the corncob lignin, kraft lignin, and their LNPs were measured and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North 3rd Ring East, # 15, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jinxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North 3rd Ring East, # 15, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Dongguan Neutron Source Science Center, 523803, Dongguan, P. R. China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chunyong He
- Dongguan Neutron Source Science Center, 523803, Dongguan, P. R. China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Ke
- Dongguan Neutron Source Science Center, 523803, Dongguan, P. R. China
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Seema Singh
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), 5885 Hollis Street, 94608, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Ave, 94551, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites and College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, North 3rd Ring East, # 15, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
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4
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Qu W, Yang J, Sun X, Bai X, Jin H, Zhang M. Towards producing high-quality lignin-based carbon fibers: A review of crucial factors affecting lignin properties and conversion techniques. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:768-784. [PMID: 34464641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The production of low-cost and high-quality carbon fibers (CFs) from biorenewable lignin precursors has been of worldwide interest for decades. Although numerous works have been reported and the proposed "1.72 GPa/172 GPa" target set by the Department of Energy (DOE) has been closely met in a few studies, most lignin-based CFs (LCFs) have poor strength properties compared to industrial PAN (polyacrylonitrile)-based CFs. The production of LCFs involves several steps, and the final quality of LCFs is governed by both lignin's properties and the manufacturing processes. Therefore, understanding the key factors of producing high quality LCF is of high importance. In this review, we firstly outlined several lignin's properties (e.g., impurities, thermal properties, molecular structure) that may play important role in determining its processability and suitability as carbon fiber precursor. Secondly, conversion strategies include spinning, stabilization and carbonization, and corresponding parameters influencing the final quality of LCF are comprehensively analyzed. Last, additional characterization methods are proposed as a means to facilitate analyzing of lignin and LCF. This review attempts to provide insights towards high-quality LCF production from both material and manufacturing aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangda Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Jianming Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinzhi Sun
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xianglan Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Hong Jin
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Currently employed by Giti Tire Manufacturing, Richburg, SC, 29729, USA.
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5
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Liao JJ, Latif NHA, Trache D, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:985-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Wang YY, Meng X, Pu Y, J. Ragauskas A. Recent Advances in the Application of Functionalized Lignin in Value-Added Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2277. [PMID: 33023014 PMCID: PMC7600109 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for converting lignin into high-value products has been continuously pursued in the past few decades. In its native form, lignin is a group of heterogeneous polymers comprised of phenylpropanoids. The major commercial lignin streams, including Kraft lignin, lignosulfonates, soda lignin and organosolv lignin, are produced from industrial processes including the paper and pulping industry and emerging lignocellulosic biorefineries. Although lignin has been viewed as a low-cost and renewable feedstock to replace petroleum-based materials, its utilization in polymeric materials has been suppressed due to the low reactivity and inherent physicochemical properties of lignin. Hence, various lignin modification strategies have been developed to overcome these problems. Herein, we review recent progress made in the utilization of functionalized lignins in commodity polymers including thermoset resins, blends/composites, grafted functionalized copolymers and carbon fiber precursors. In the synthesis of thermoset resins such as polyurethane, phenol-formaldehyde and epoxy, they are covalently incorporated into the polymer matrix, and the discussion is focused on chemical modifications improving the reactivity of technical lignins. In blends/composites, functionalization of technical lignins is based upon tuning the intermolecular forces between polymer components. In addition, grafted functional polymers have expanded the utilization of lignin-based copolymers to biomedical materials and value-added additives. Different modification approaches have also been applied to facilitate the application of lignin as carbon fiber precursors, heavy metal adsorbents and nanoparticles. These emerging fields will create new opportunities in cost-effectively integrating the lignin valorization into lignocellulosic biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yan Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Center for Renewable Carbon, Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA;
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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7
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Cellulose-lignin composite fibres as precursors for carbon fibres. Part 1 - Manufacturing and properties of precursor fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 252:117133. [PMID: 33183592 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-lignin composite fibres were spun from ionic liquid (IL) solutions by dry-jet wet spinning. Birch pre-hydrolysed Kraft (PHK) pulp and organosolv beech (BL) or spruce lignin (SL) were dissolved in the IL 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH]OAc) to prepare spinning dopes. Fibres with lignin concentrations of up to 50 % were spun successfully. The fibres were analysed focusing on important properties for the production of carbon fibres (CF). Due to the higher molar mass of the SL compared to the BL, SL showed higher stability in the spinning process, giving higher lignin content in the final fibres. The CF yield after carbonization increased with increasing lignin content. The higher carbon content of SL compared to BL, resulted in moderately higher CF yield of the SL fibres, compared to fibres with BL. Overall, the produced cellulose-lignin composite fibres show great potential as precursors for CF production.
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8
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Zhang Y, Wu Z, Wang Y, He H, Yu Z. Excess spectroscopy and its applications in the study of solution chemistry. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Characterization of structural heterogeneity of liquid solutions and the pursuit of its nature have been challenging tasks to solution chemists. In the last decade, an emerging method called excess spectroscopy has found applications in this area. The method, combining the merits of molecular spectroscopy and excess thermodynamic functions, shows the ability to enhance the apparent resolution of spectra, provides abundant information concerning solution structures and intermolecular interactions. In this review, the thinking and mathematics of the method, as well as its developments, are presented first. Then, research progress related to the exploration of the method is thoroughly reviewed. The materials are classified into two parts, small-molecular solutions and ionic liquid solutions. Finally, potential challenges and the perspective for further development of the method are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
| | - Yaqian Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
| | - Hongyan He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P.R. China
| | - Zhiwu Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P.R. China
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9
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Ghosh T, Chen J, Kumar A, Tang T, Ayranci C. Bio-cleaning improves the mechanical properties of lignin-based carbon fibers. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22983-22995. [PMID: 35520319 PMCID: PMC9054643 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03412f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of carbon fibers (CF) using renewable precursors has gained importance particularly in the last decade to reduce the dependency on conventional petroleum-based precursors. However, pre-treatment of these renewable precursors is still similar to that of conventional ones. Little work is put into greener pre-treatments and their effects on the end products. This work focuses on the use of bio-cleaned lignin as a green precursor to produce CF by electrospinning. Bio-cleaned kraft lignin A (Bio-KLA) and uncleaned kraft lignin A (KLA) were used to explore the effect of bio-cleaning on the diameter and mechanical properties of lignin fibers and CF. The effect of electric field, lignin-to-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) ratio and PEO molecular weight (MW) were evaluated by 33 factorial design using Design of Experiment (DOE). The electrospinning process parameters were optimized to obtain a balance between high elastic modulus and small fiber diameter. The model predicted optimized conditions were 50 kV m−1 electric field, 95/5 lignin-to-PEO ratio and 1000 kDa MW of PEO. When compared to KLA, Bio-KLA CFs showed a 2.7-fold increase in elastic modulus, 2-fold increase in tensile strength and 30% decrease in fiber diameter under the same optimum conditions. The results clearly show that bio-cleaning improved the mechanical properties of lignin derived CF. Waste lignin (KLA) and bio-cleaned lignin (Bio-KLA) precursors, used to produce parameter-optimized-electrospun carbon fibers showed improved mechanical properties for Bio-KLA.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Ghosh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Aloke Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Cagri Ayranci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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10
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Wu R, Wang S, Leng Y, Li Q. Preparation, structure, and properties of poly(ethyleneoxide)/lignin composites used for UV absorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruguang Wu
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro‐Nano Molding Technology, School of Mechanics & Engineering ScienceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro‐Nano Molding Technology, School of Mechanics & Engineering ScienceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
| | - Yuting Leng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450052 China
| | - Qian Li
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro‐Nano Molding Technology, School of Mechanics & Engineering ScienceZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 China
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11
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Yang M, Zhao W, Singh S, Simmons B, Cheng G. On the solution structure of kraft lignin in ethylene glycol and its implication for nanoparticle preparation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:299-304. [PMID: 36132484 PMCID: PMC9473202 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00042e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene glycol (EG) starts to attract attention as a robust solvent for lignin processing. However its solution structure has not been revealed. In this effort, small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and dynamic light scattering are used to understand the dissolution of kraft lignin in EG and the impact of the resultant solution structure on nanoparticle preparation. Lignin solutions with different concentrations (0.6 to 13.0 wt%) were explored by SANS, allowing evaluation of the solvent quality, the conformation of lignin subunits and their aggregation in EG. Molecular interactions between EG and lignin were discussed and compared to those between DMSO and lignin. The process of nanoparticle preparation from EG solutions upon addition of anti-solvents was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology North 3rd Ring East, # 15 Beijing 100029 China
| | - Wenwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology North 3rd Ring East, # 15 Beijing 100029 China
| | - Seema Singh
- Biomass Science and Conversion Technology Department, Sandia National Laboratories 7011 East Avenue Livermore CA 94551 USA
| | - Blake Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI) 5885 Hollis Street Emeryville CA 94608 USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley 94702 CA USA
| | - Gang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology North 3rd Ring East, # 15 Beijing 100029 China
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12
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Schlee P, Herou S, Jervis R, Shearing PR, Brett DJL, Baker D, Hosseinaei O, Tomani P, Murshed MM, Li Y, Mostazo-López MJ, Cazorla-Amorós D, Jorge Sobrido AB, Titirici MM. Free-standing supercapacitors from Kraft lignin nanofibers with remarkable volumetric energy density. Chem Sci 2019; 10:2980-2988. [PMID: 30996877 PMCID: PMC6427945 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04936j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A very simple method to enhance the low volumetric energy density of free-standing carbon nanofiber electrodes.
We have discovered a very simple method to address the challenge associated with the low volumetric energy density of free-standing carbon nanofiber electrodes for supercapacitors by electrospinning Kraft lignin in the presence of an oxidizing salt (NaNO3) and subsequent carbonization in a reducing atmosphere. The presence of the oxidative salt decreases the diameter of the resulting carbon nanofibers doubling their packing density from 0.51 to 1.03 mg cm–2 and hence doubling the volumetric energy density. At the same time, the oxidative NaNO3 salt eletrospun and carbonized together with lignin dissolved in NaOH acts as a template to increase the microporosity, thus contributing to a good gravimetric energy density. By simply adjusting the process parameters (amount of oxidizing/reducing agent), the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of the resulting lignin free-standing carbon nanofiber electrodes can be carefully tailored to fit specific power to energy demands. The areal capacitance increased from 147 mF cm–2 in the absence of NaNO3 to 350 mF cm–2 with NaNO3 translating into a volumetric energy density increase from 949 μW h cm–3 without NaNO3 to 2245 μW h cm–3 with NaNO3. Meanwhile, the gravimetric capacitance also increased from 151 F g–1 without to 192 F g–1 with NaNO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schlee
- Queen Mary University of London , School of Engineering and Materials Science , Mile End Road , E1 4NS , London , UK . .,Materials Research Institute , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS , London , UK
| | - Servann Herou
- Queen Mary University of London , School of Engineering and Materials Science , Mile End Road , E1 4NS , London , UK . .,Materials Research Institute , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS , London , UK.,Imperial College London , Department of Chemical Engineering , South Kensington Campus , SW7 2AZ , UK
| | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab , Dept. of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , WC1E 7JE , London , UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab , Dept. of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , WC1E 7JE , London , UK
| | - Dan J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab , Dept. of Chemical Engineering , University College London , Torrington Place , WC1E 7JE , London , UK
| | - Darren Baker
- RISE Bioeconomy , Drottning Kristinas väg 61 , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Omid Hosseinaei
- RISE Bioeconomy , Drottning Kristinas väg 61 , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Per Tomani
- RISE Bioeconomy , Drottning Kristinas väg 61 , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - M Mangir Murshed
- University of Bremen , Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Crystallography , Leobener Straβe 7 , D-28359 Bremen , Germany.,University of Bremen , MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes , Bibliothekstraβe 1 , D-28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Yaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry , University College London , London WC1H 0AJ , UK
| | - María José Mostazo-López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales , Universidad de Alicante , Apartado 99 , 03080 Alicante , Spain
| | - Diego Cazorla-Amorós
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Instituto Universitario de Materiales , Universidad de Alicante , Apartado 99 , 03080 Alicante , Spain
| | - Ana Belen Jorge Sobrido
- Queen Mary University of London , School of Engineering and Materials Science , Mile End Road , E1 4NS , London , UK . .,Materials Research Institute , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS , London , UK
| | - Maria-Magdalena Titirici
- Queen Mary University of London , School of Engineering and Materials Science , Mile End Road , E1 4NS , London , UK . .,Materials Research Institute , Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road , E1 4NS , London , UK.,Imperial College London , Department of Chemical Engineering , South Kensington Campus , SW7 2AZ , UK
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13
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Chen J, Eraghi Kazzaz A, AlipoorMazandarani N, Hosseinpour Feizi Z, Fatehi P. Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040868. [PMID: 29642602 PMCID: PMC6017259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, lignin is mainly produced in pulping processes, but it is considered as an under-utilized chemical since it is being mainly used as a fuel source. Lignin contains many hydroxyl groups that can participate in chemical reactions to produce value-added products. Flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants have a wide range of applications in industry, but they are mainly oil-based chemicals and expensive. This paper reviews the pathways to produce water soluble lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants. It provides information on the recent progress in the possible use of these lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants. It also critically discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to produce such products. The challenges present in the production of lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants and possible scenarios to overcome these challenges for commercial use of these products in industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Armin Eraghi Kazzaz
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | | | - Zahra Hosseinpour Feizi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
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14
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Li W, Zhang Y, Das L, Wang Y, Li M, Wanninayake N, Pu Y, Kim DY, Cheng YT, Ragauskas AJ, Shi J. Linking lignin source with structural and electrochemical properties of lignin-derived carbon materials. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38721-38732. [PMID: 35558289 PMCID: PMC9090613 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08539k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Valorization of lignin to high-value chemicals and products along with biofuel production is generally acknowledged as a technology platform that could significantly improve the economic viability of biorefinery operations. With a growing demand for electrical energy storage materials, lignin-derived activated carbon (AC) materials have received increasing attention in recent years. However, there is an apparent gap in our understanding of the impact of the lignin precursors (i.e., lignin structure, composition and inter-unit linkages) on the structural and electrochemical properties of the derived ACs. In the present study, lignin-derived ACs were prepared under identical conditions from two different lignin sources: alkaline pretreated poplar and pine. The lignin precursors were characterized using composition analysis, size exclusion chromatography, and 2D HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Distinctive distributions of numerous micro-, meso- and macro-porous channels were observed in the two lignin-derived ACs. Poplar lignin-derived ACs exhibited a larger BET surface area and total mesopore volume than pine lignin-derived AC, which contributed to a larger electrochemical capacitance over a range of scan rates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis (XPS) results revealed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups in all lignin-derived ACs, which participated in redox reactions and thus contributed to an additional pseudo-capacitance. A possible process mechanism was proposed to explain the effects of lignin structure and composition on lignin-derived AC pore structure during thermochemical conversion. This study provides insight into how the lignin composition and structure affect the derived ACs for energy storage applications. This study demonstrates the effect of lignin source on the structural and electrochemical properties of lignin-derived carbon materials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Li
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Lalitendu Das
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Yikai Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Mi Li
- Joint Institute of Biological Science
- Biosciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | | | - Yunqiao Pu
- Joint Institute of Biological Science
- Biosciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Yang-Tse Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Joint Institute of Biological Science
- Biosciences Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Jian Shi
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
- University of Kentucky
- Lexington
- USA
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15
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Schmidt BV, Molinari V, Esposito D, Tauer K, Antonietti M. Lignin-based polymeric surfactants for emulsion polymerization. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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