1
|
St’ahel P, Mazánková V, Prokeš L, Buršíková V, Stupavská M, Lehocký M, Pištěková H, Ozaltin K, Trunec D. Comparison of Plasma-Polymerized Thin Films Deposited from 2-Methyl-2-oxazoline and 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline: I Film Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17455. [PMID: 38139283 PMCID: PMC10743558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline) is a promising new class of polymeric materials due to their antibiofouling properties and good biocompatibility. Poly(2-oxazoline) coatings can be deposited on different substrates via plasma polymerization, which can be more advantageous than other coating methods. The aim of this study is to deposit poly(2-oxazoline) coatings using a surface dielectric barrier discharge burning in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure using 2-methyl-2-oxazoline and 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline vapours as monomers and compare the film properties. For the comparison, the antibacterial and cytocompatibility tests were peformed according to ISO norms. The antibacterial tests showed that all the deposited films were highly active against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The chemical composition of the films was studied using FTIR and XPS, and the film surface's properties were studied using AFM and surface energy measurement. The cytocompatibility tests showed good cytocompatibility of all the deposited films. However, the films deposited from 2-methyl-2-oxazoline exhibit better cytocompatibility. This difference can be explained by the different chemical compositions and surface morphologies of the films deposited from different monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel St’ahel
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Věra Mazánková
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence in Brno, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Vilma Buršíková
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Monika Stupavská
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Marián Lehocký
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic (H.P.); (K.O.)
| | - Hana Pištěková
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic (H.P.); (K.O.)
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic (H.P.); (K.O.)
| | - David Trunec
- Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen S, Huang Z, Visalakshan RM, Liu H, Bachhuka A, Wu Y, Dabare PRL, Luo P, Liu R, Gong Z, Xiao Y, Vasilev K, Chen Z, Chen Z. Plasma polymerized bio-interface directs fibronectin adsorption and functionalization to enhance "epithelial barrier structure" formation via FN-ITG β1-FAK-mTOR signaling cascade. Biomater Res 2022; 26:88. [PMID: 36572920 PMCID: PMC9791785 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transepithelial medical devices are increasing utilized in clinical practices. However, the damage of continuous natural epithelial barrier has become a major risk factor for the failure of epithelium-penetrating implants. How to increase the "epithelial barrier structures" (focal adhesions, hemidesmosomes, etc.) becomes one key research aim in overcoming this difficulty. Directly targeting the in situ "epithelial barrier structures" related proteins (such as fibronectin) absorption and functionalization can be a promising way to enhance interface-epithelial integration. METHODS Herein, we fabricated three plasma polymerized bio-interfaces possessing controllable surface chemistry. Their capacity to adsorb and functionalize fibronectin (FN) from serum protein was compared by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. The underlying mechanisms were revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. The response of gingival epithelial cells regarding the formation of epithelial barrier structures was tested. RESULTS Plasma polymerized surfaces successfully directed distinguished protein adsorption profiles from serum protein pool, in which plasma polymerized allylamine (ppAA) surface favored adsorbing adhesion related proteins and could promote FN absorption and functionalization via electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds, thus subsequently activating the ITG β1-FAK-mTOR signaling and promoting gingival epithelial cells adhesion. CONCLUSION This study offers an effective perspective to overcome the current dilemma of the inferior interface-epithelial integration by in situ protein absorption and functionalization, which may advance the development of functional transepithelial biointerfaces. Tuning the surface chemistry by plasma polymerization can control the adsorption of fibronectin and functionalize it by exposing functional protein domains. The functionalized fibronectin can bind to human gingival epithelial cell membrane integrins to activate epithelial barrier structure related signaling pathway, which eventually enhances the formation of epithelial barrier structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoucheng Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Zhuwei Huang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | | | - Haiwen Liu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Akash Bachhuka
- grid.410367.70000 0001 2284 9230Department of Electronics, Electric and Automatic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University (URV), Tarragona, 43003 Spain
| | - You Wu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Panthihage Ruvini L. Dabare
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Academic Unit of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095 Australia
| | - Pu Luo
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Runheng Liu
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Zhuohong Gong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Yin Xiao
- grid.1024.70000000089150953Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4059 Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- grid.1026.50000 0000 8994 5086Academic Unit of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095 Australia
| | - Zhuofan Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| | - Zetao Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XHospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, No.56, Lingyuan West Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, 510055 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Plasma for biomedical decontamination: from plasma-engineered to plasma-active antimicrobial surfaces. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
4
|
|
5
|
Akdoğan E, Şirin HT. Plasma surface modification strategies for the preparation of antibacterial biomaterials: A review of the recent literature. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112474. [PMID: 34857260 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma-based strategies offer several advantages for developing antibacterial biomaterials and can be used directly or combined with other surface modification techniques. Direct plasma strategies can be classified as plasma surface modifications that derive antibacterial property by tailoring surface topography or surface chemistry. Nano patterns induced by plasma modification can exhibit antibacterial property and promote the adhesion and proliferation of mammalian cells, creating antibacterial and biocompatible surfaces. Antibacterial effect by tailoring surface chemistry via plasma can be attained by either creating bacteriostatic surfaces or bactericidal surfaces. Plasma-assisted strategies incorporate plasma processes in combination with other surface modification techniques. Plasma coating can serve as a drug-eluting reservoir and diffusion barrier. The plasma-functionalized surface can serve as a platform for grafting antibacterial agents, and plasma surface activation can improve the adhesion of polymeric layers with antibacterial properties. This article critically reviews plasma-based strategies reported in the recent literature for the development of antibacterial biomaterial surfaces. Studies using both atmospheric and low-pressure plasmas are included in this review. The findings are discussed in terms of the trends in material and precursor selection, modification stability, antibacterial efficacy, the choice of bacterial strains tested, cell culture findings, critical aspects of in vitro performance testing and in vivo experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Akdoğan
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hasret Tolga Şirin
- Department of Chemistry, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, 06900 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mubeen B, Ansar AN, Rasool R, Ullah I, Imam SS, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Alzarea SI, Nadeem MS, Kazmi I. Nanotechnology as a Novel Approach in Combating Microbes Providing an Alternative to Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1473. [PMID: 34943685 PMCID: PMC8698349 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infectious diseases promises to be one of the leading mortality factors in the healthcare sector. Although several drugs are available on the market, newly found microorganisms carrying multidrug resistance (MDR) against which existing drugs cannot function effectively, giving rise to escalated antibiotic dosage therapies and the need to develop novel drugs, which require time, money, and manpower. Thus, the exploitation of antimicrobials has led to the production of MDR bacteria, and their prevalence and growth are a major concern. Novel approaches to prevent antimicrobial drug resistance are in practice. Nanotechnology-based innovation provides physicians and patients the opportunity to overcome the crisis of drug resistance. Nanoparticles have promising potential in the healthcare sector. Recently, nanoparticles have been designed to address pathogenic microorganisms. A multitude of processes that can vary with various traits, including size, morphology, electrical charge, and surface coatings, allow researchers to develop novel composite antimicrobial substances for use in different applications performing antimicrobial activities. The antimicrobial activity of inorganic and carbon-based nanoparticles can be applied to various research, medical, and industrial uses in the future and offer a solution to the crisis of antimicrobial resistance to traditional approaches. Metal-based nanoparticles have also been extensively studied for many biomedical applications. In addition to reduced size and selectivity for bacteria, metal-based nanoparticles have proven effective against pathogens listed as a priority, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, antimicrobial studies of nanoparticles were carried out not only in vitro but in vivo as well in order to investigate their efficacy. In addition, nanomaterials provide numerous opportunities for infection prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and biofilm control. This study emphasizes the antimicrobial effects of nanoparticles and contrasts nanoparticles' with antibiotics' role in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms. Future prospects revolve around developing new strategies and products to prevent, control, and treat microbial infections in humans and other animals, including viral infections seen in the current pandemic scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bismillah Mubeen
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (B.M.); (A.N.A.); (R.R.); (I.U.)
| | - Aunza Nayab Ansar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (B.M.); (A.N.A.); (R.R.); (I.U.)
| | - Rabia Rasool
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (B.M.); (A.N.A.); (R.R.); (I.U.)
| | - Inam Ullah
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (B.M.); (A.N.A.); (R.R.); (I.U.)
| | - Syed Sarim Imam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.I.); (S.A.)
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sami I. Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Shahid Nadeem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Decontamination-Induced Modification of Bioactivity in Essential Oil-Based Plasma Polymer Coatings. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237133. [PMID: 34885713 PMCID: PMC8659139 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma polymer coatings fabricated from Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its derivatives have been previously shown to reduce the extent of microbial adhesion on titanium, polymers, and other implantable materials used in dentistry. Previous studies have shown these coatings to maintain their performance under standard operating conditions; however, when used in e.g., a dental implant, these coatings may inadvertently become subject to in situ cleaning treatments, such as those using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet, a promising tool for the effective in situ removal of biofilms from tissues and implant surfaces. Here, we investigated the effect of such an exposure on the antimicrobial performance of the Melaleuca alternifolia polymer coating. It was found that direct exposure of the polymer coating surface to the jet for periods less than 60 s was sufficient to induce changes in its surface chemistry and topography, affecting its ability to retard subsequent microbial attachment. The exact effect of the jet exposure depended on the chemistry of the polymer coating, the length of plasma treatment, cell type, and incubation conditions. The change in the antimicrobial activity for polymer coatings fabricated at powers of 20–30 W was not statistically significant due to their limited baseline bioactivity. Interestingly, the bioactivity of polymer coatings fabricated at 10 and 15 W against Staphylococcus aureus cells was temporarily improved after the treatment, which could be attributed to the generation of loosely attached bioactive fragments on the treated surface, resulting in an increase in the dose of the bioactive agents being eluted by the surface. Attachment and proliferation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells and mixed cultures were less affected by changes in the bioactivity profile of the surface. The sensitivity of the cells to the change imparted by the jet treatment was also found to be dependent on their origin culture, with mature biofilm-derived P. aeruginosa bacterial cells showing a greater ability to colonize the surface when compared to its planktonic broth-grown counterpart. The presence of plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the culture media was also found to enhance the bioactivity of polymer coatings fabricated at power levels of 10 and 15 W, due to a synergistic effect arising from simultaneous exposure of cells to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and eluted bioactive fragments. These results suggest that it is important to consider the possible implications of inadvertent changes in the properties and performance of plasma polymer coatings as a result of exposure to in situ decontamination, to both prevent suboptimal performance and to exploit possible synergies that may arise for some polymer coating-surface treatment combinations.
Collapse
|
8
|
Levchenko I, Xu S, Baranov O, Bazaka O, Ivanova EP, Bazaka K. Plasma and Polymers: Recent Progress and Trends. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134091. [PMID: 34279431 PMCID: PMC8271681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma-enhanced synthesis and modification of polymers is a field that continues to expand and become increasingly more sophisticated. The highly reactive processing environments afforded by the inherently dynamic nature of plasma media are often superior to ambient or thermal environments, offering substantial advantages over other processing methods. The fluxes of energy and matter toward the surface enable rapid and efficient processing, whereas the charged nature of plasma-generated particles provides a means for their control. The range of materials that can be treated by plasmas is incredibly broad, spanning pure polymers, polymer-metal, polymer-wood, polymer-nanocarbon composites, and others. In this review, we briefly outline some of the recent examples of the state-of-the-art in the plasma-based polymer treatment and functionalization techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Levchenko
- Plasma Sources and Application Centre, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (K.B.)
| | - Shuyan Xu
- Plasma Sources and Application Centre, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
| | - Oleg Baranov
- Faculty of Aircraft Engines, National Aerospace University, 61070 Kharkiv, Ukraine;
| | - Olha Bazaka
- School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (O.B.); (E.P.I.)
| | - Elena P. Ivanova
- School of Science, RMIT University, P.O. Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (O.B.); (E.P.I.)
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- Plasma Sources and Application Centre, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore;
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Correspondence: (I.L.); (K.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Antimicrobial Peptides Grafted onto a Plasma Polymer Interlayer Platform: Performance upon Extended Bacterial Challenge. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To combat infections on biomedical devices, antimicrobial coatings have attracted considerable attention, including coatings comprising naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this study the aim was to explore performance upon extended challenge by bacteria growing in media above samples. The AMPs LL37, Magainin 2, and Parasin 1 were selected on the basis of well-known membrane disruption activity in solution and were covalently grafted onto a plasma polymer platform, which enables application of this multilayer coating strategy to a wide range of biomaterials. Detailed surface analyses were performed to verify the intended outcomes of the coating sequence. Samples were challenged by incubation in bacterial growth media for 5 and 20 h. Compared with the control plasma polymer surface, all three grafted AMP coatings showed considerable reductions in bacterial colonization even at the high bacterial challenge of initial seeding at 1 × 107 CFU, but there were increasing numbers of dead bacteria attached to the surface. All three grafted AMP coatings were found to be non-toxic to primary fibroblasts. These coatings thus could be useful to produce antibacterial surface coatings for biomaterials, though possible consequences arising from the presence of dead bacteria need to be studied further, and compared to non-fouling coatings that avoid attachment of dead bacteria.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mazánková V, Sťahel P, Matoušková P, Brablec A, Čech J, Prokeš L, Buršíková V, Stupavská M, Lehocký M, Ozaltin K, Humpolíček P, Trunec D. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerized 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline Based Thin Films for Biomedical Purposes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112679. [PMID: 33202725 PMCID: PMC7697250 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyoxazoline thin coatings were deposited on glass substrates using atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization from 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline vapours. The plasma polymerization was performed in dielectric barrier discharge burning in nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. The thin films stable in aqueous environments were obtained at the deposition with increased substrate temperature, which was changed from 20 ∘C to 150 ∘C. The thin film deposited samples were highly active against both S. aureus and E. coli strains in general. The chemical composition of polyoxazoline films was studied by FTIR and XPS, the mechanical properties of films were studied by depth sensing indentation technique and by scratch tests. The film surface properties were studied by AFM and by surface energy measurement. After tuning the deposition parameters (i.e., monomer flow rate and substrate temperature), stable films, which resist bacterial biofilm formation and have cell-repellent properties, were achieved. Such antibiofouling polyoxazoline thin films can have many potential biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Věra Mazánková
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence in Brno, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-973-442-073
| | - Pavel Sťahel
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Antonín Brablec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Jan Čech
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Vilma Buršíková
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Monika Stupavská
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Marián Lehocký
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (K.O.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (K.O.); (P.H.)
| | - Petr Humpolíček
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (K.O.); (P.H.)
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic
| | - David Trunec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (J.Č.); (L.P.); (V.B.); (M.S.); (D.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
MacGregor M, Safizadeh Shirazi H, Chan KM, Ostrikov K, McNicholas K, Jay A, Chong M, Staudacher AH, Michl TD, Zhalgasbaikyzy A, Brown MP, Kashani MN, Di Fiore A, Grochowski A, Robb S, Belcher S, Li J, Gleadle JM, Vasilev K. Cancer cell detection device for the diagnosis of bladder cancer from urine. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 171:112699. [PMID: 33068879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is common and has one of the highest recurrence rates. Cystoscopy, the current gold standard diagnosis approach, has recently benefited from the introduction of blue light assisted photodynamic diagnostic (PDD). While blue light cystoscopy improves diagnostic sensitivity, it remains a costly and invasive approach. Here, we present a microfluidic-based platform for non-invasive diagnosis which combines the principle of PDD with whole cell immunocapture technology to detect bladder cancer cells shed in patient urine ex vivo. Initially, we demonstrate with model cell lines that our non-invasive approach achieves highly specific capture rates of bladder cancer cells based on their Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule expression (>90%) and detection by the intensity levels of Hexaminolevulinic Acid-induced Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence. Then, we show in a pilot study that the biosensor platform successfully discriminates histopathologically diagnosed cancer patients (n = 10) from non-cancer controls (n = 25). Our platform can support the development of a novel non-invasive diagnostic device for post treatment surveillance in patients with bladder cancer and cancer detection in patients with suspected bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie MacGregor
- Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia.
| | - Hanieh Safizadeh Shirazi
- Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Kit Man Chan
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Kola Ostrikov
- Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Kym McNicholas
- Department of Renal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Alex Jay
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia; Department of Urology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Michael Chong
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia; Department of Urology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Alexander H Staudacher
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Thomas D Michl
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | | | - Michael P Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, SA, Adelaide, 5000, Australia; Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, SA, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Moein Navvab Kashani
- Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; South Australian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| | - Adam Di Fiore
- Motherson Innovations Australia, Lonsdale, SA, 5160, Australia
| | - Alex Grochowski
- Motherson Innovations Australia, Lonsdale, SA, 5160, Australia
| | - Stephen Robb
- Motherson Innovations Australia, Lonsdale, SA, 5160, Australia
| | - Simon Belcher
- Motherson Innovations Australia, Lonsdale, SA, 5160, Australia
| | - Jordan Li
- Department of Renal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Gleadle
- Department of Renal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Future Industry Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Functional nanothin films plasma-deposited from 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline for biosensor applications. Biointerphases 2020; 15:051005. [PMID: 32972145 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma polymers derived from oxazoline precursors present a range of versatile properties that is fueling their use as biomaterials. However, coatings deposited from commonly used methyl and ethyl oxazoline precursors can be sensitive to the plasma deposition conditions. In this work, we used various spectroscopic methods (ellipsometry, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) and cell viability assays to evaluate the transferability of deposition conditions from the original plasma reactor developed by Griesser to a new wider, reactor designed for upscaled biosensors applications. The physicochemical properties, reactivity, and biocompatibility of films deposited from 2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline were investigated. Thanks to the availability of an unsaturated pendant group, the coatings obtained from this oxazoline precursor are more stable and reproducible over a range of deposition conditions while retaining reactivity toward ligands and biomolecules. This study identified films deposited at 20 W and 0.012 mbar working pressure as being the best suited for biosensor applications.
Collapse
|
13
|
To be a radical or not to be one? The fate of the stable nitroxide radical TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl] undergoing plasma polymerization into thin-film coatings. Biointerphases 2020; 15:031015. [PMID: 32590900 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable nitroxide radical TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl] has a multitude of applications in fields ranging from energy storage to biomedical applications and many more. However, to date, the processes of incorporating nitroxide radicals into thin-film coatings are laborious and not cost-effective, which hinders their wider use in many applications. In contrast, the authors have recently demonstrated the facile method of plasma polymerization of TEMPO into thin-film coatings that retain the stable nitroxide radicals. In this work, we are using three types of mass spectroscopic methods (plasma-mass spectrometry, time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and electron spin resonance to track the fate of the TEMPO molecule from monomer flask through the plasma and inside the resulting coatings. The results of this study demonstrate that TEMPO is a versatile monomer that can be used across different plasma reactors and reliably retain the stable nitroxide radical in the resulting thin-film coatings if certain process conditions are observed, namely, higher process pressures and lower powers.
Collapse
|
14
|
Šrámková P, Zahoranová A, Kelar J, Kelar Tučeková Z, Stupavská M, Krumpolec R, Jurmanová J, Kováčik D, Černák M. Cold atmospheric pressure plasma: simple and efficient strategy for preparation of poly(2-oxazoline)-based coatings designed for biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9478. [PMID: 32528062 PMCID: PMC7289869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66423-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazolines) (POx) are an attractive material of choice for biocompatible and bioactive coatings in medical applications. To prepare POx coatings, the plasma polymerization represents a fast and facile approach that is surface-independent. However, unfavorable factors of this method such as using the low-pressure regimes and noble gases, or poor control over the resulting surface chemistry limit its utilization. Here, we propose to overcome these drawbacks by using well-defined POx-based copolymers prepared by living cationic polymerization as a starting material. Chemically inert polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is selected as a substrate due to its beneficial features for medical applications. The deposited POx layer is additionally post-treated by non-equilibrium plasma generated at atmospheric pressure. For this purpose, diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge (DCSBD) is used as a source of "cold" homogeneous plasma, as it is operating at atmospheric pressure even in ambient air. Prepared POx coatings possess hydrophilic nature with an achieved water contact angle of 60°, which is noticeably lower in comparison to the initial value of 106° for raw PTFE. Moreover, the increased fibroblasts adhesion in comparison to raw PTFE is achieved, and the physical and biological properties of the POx-modified surfaces remain stable for 30 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Šrámková
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Zahoranová
- Dapartment for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jakub Kelar
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zlata Kelar Tučeková
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Stupavská
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Krumpolec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jurmanová
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Kováčik
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mirko Černák
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sťahel P, Mazánková V, Tomečková K, Matoušková P, Brablec A, Prokeš L, Jurmanová J, Buršíková V, Přibyl R, Lehocký M, Humpolíček P, Ozaltin K, Trunec D. Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerized Oxazoline-Based Thin Films-Antibacterial Properties and Cytocompatibility Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2069. [PMID: 31842276 PMCID: PMC6960831 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyoxazolines are a new promising class of polymers for biomedical applications. Antibiofouling polyoxazoline coatings can suppress bacterial colonization of medical devices, which can cause infections to patients. However, the creation of oxazoline-based films using conventional methods is difficult. This study presents a new way to produce plasma polymerized oxazoline-based films with antibiofouling properties and good biocompatibility. The films were created via plasma deposition from 2-methyl-2-oxazoline vapors in nitrogen atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge. Diverse film properties were achieved by increasing the substrate temperature at the deposition. The physical and chemical properties of plasma polymerized polyoxazoline films were studied by SEM, EDX, FTIR, AFM, depth-sensing indentation technique, and surface energy measurement. After tuning of the deposition parameters, films with a capacity to resist bacterial biofilm formation were achieved. Deposited films also promote cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sťahel
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Věra Mazánková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (K.T.)
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defence in Brno, Kounicova 65, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Tomečková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Petra Matoušková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Antonín Brablec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Lubomír Prokeš
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Jana Jurmanová
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Vilma Buršíková
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Roman Přibyl
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Marián Lehocký
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (P.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Petr Humpolíček
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (P.H.); (K.O.)
| | - Kadir Ozaltin
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.L.); (P.H.); (K.O.)
| | - David Trunec
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (A.B.); (L.P.); (J.J.); (V.B.); (R.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sulfur and nitrogen containing plasma polymers reduces bacterial attachment and growth. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110225. [PMID: 31761201 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Role of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) groups in promoting cell adhesion or commonly known as biocompatibility, is well established, but their role in reducing bacterial attachment and growth is less explored or not well-understood. Natural sulfur-based compounds, i.e. sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfinic groups, have shown to inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Hence, we mimicked these surfaces by plasma polymerizing thiophene (ppT) and air-plasma treating this ppT to achieve coatings with S of similar oxidation states as natural compounds (ppT-air). In addition, the effects of these N and S groups from ppT-air were also compared with the biocompatible amine-amide from n-heptylamine plasma polymer. Crystal violet assay and live and dead fluorescence staining of E. coli and S. aureus showed that all the N and S coated surfaces generated, including ppHA, ppT and ppT-air, produced similarly potent, growth reduction of both bacteria by approximately 65% at 72 h compared to untreated glass control. The ability of osteogenic differentiation in Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) were also used to test the cell biocompatibility of these surfaces. Alkaline phosphatase assay and scanning electron microscopy imaging of these WJ-MSCs growths indicated that ppHA, and ppT-air were cell-friendly surfaces, with ppHA showing the highest osteogenic activity. In summary, the N and S containing surfaces could reduce bacteria growth while promoting mammalian cell growth, thus serve as potential candidate surfaces to be explored further for biomaterial applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Atif M, Chen C, Irfan M, Mumtaz F, He K, Zhang M, Chen L, Wang Y. Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(4-vinyl pyridine) based mixed brushes with switchable ability toward protein adsorption. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
18
|
Abstract
This feature article begins by outlining the problem of infection and its implication on healthcare. The initial introductory section is followed by a description of the four distinct classes of antibacterial coatings and materials, i.e., bacteria repealing, contact killing, releasing and responsive, that were developed over the years by our team and others. Specific examples of each individual class of antibacterial materials and a discussion on the pros and cons of each strategy are provided. The article contains a dedicated section focused on silver nanoparticle based coatings and materials, which have attracted tremendous interest from the scientific and medical communities. The article concludes with the author’s view regarding the future of the field.
Collapse
|
19
|
Plasma deposited poly-oxazoline nanotextured surfaces dictate osteoimmunomodulation towards ameliorative osteogenesis. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:568-581. [PMID: 31271882 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Developing "osteoimmune-smart" bone substitute materials have become the forefront of research in bone regeneration. Biocompatible polymer coatings are applied widely to improve the bioactivity of bone substitute materials. In this context, polyoxazolines (Pox) have attracted substantial attention recently due to properties such as biocompatibility, stability, and low biofouling. In view of these useful properties, it is interesting to explore the capacity of Pox as an osteoimmunomodulatory agent to generate a favorable osteoimmune environment for osteogenesis. We applied a technique called plasma polymerization and succeeded in preparing Pox-like coatings (Ppox) and engineered their nanotopography at the nanoscale. We found that Ppox switched macrophages towards M2 extreme, thus inhibiting the release of inflammatory cytokines. The underlying mechanism may be related to the suppression of TLR pathway. The generated osteoimmune environment improved osteogenesis while inhibited osteoclastogenesis. This may be related to the release of osteogenic factors, especially Wnt10b from macrophages. The addition of nanotopography (16 nm, 38 nm, 68 nm) can tune the Ppox-mediated inhibition on inflammation and osteoclastic activities, while no significant effects were observed within the tested nano sizes on the Ppox-mediated osteogenesis. These results collectively suggest that Ppox can be useful as an effective osteoiumunomodulatory agent to endow bone substitute materials with favourable osteoimmunomodulatory property. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, we succeeded in preparing plasma deposited Pox-like nano-coatings (Ppox) via plasma polymerization and found that Ppox nanotopographies are useful osteoimmunomodulatory tools. Their osteoimmunodolatory effects and underlying mechanisms are unveiled. It is the first investigation into the feasibility of applying poly-oxazoline as an osteoimmunomodulatory agent. This expand the application of poly-oxazoline into the forefront in bone regeneration area for the development of advanced "osteoimmune-smart" bone substitute materials.
Collapse
|
20
|
Van Guyse JFR, Cools P, Egghe T, Asadian M, Vergaelen M, Rigole P, Yan W, Benetti EM, Jerca VV, Declercq H, Coenye T, Morent R, Hoogenboom R, De Geyter N. Influence of the Aliphatic Side Chain on the Near Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization of 2-Alkyl-2-oxazolines for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31356-31366. [PMID: 31381296 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasma polymerization is gaining popularity as a technique for coating surfaces due to the low cost, ease of operation, and substrate-independent nature. Recently, the plasma polymerization (or deposition) of 2-oxazoline monomers was reported resulting in coatings that have potential applications in regenerative medicine. Despite the structural versatility of 2-oxazolines, only a few monomers have been subjected to plasma polymerization. Within this study, however, we explore the near atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization of a range of 2-oxazoline monomers, focusing on the influence of the aliphatic side-chain length (methyl to butyl) on the plasma polymerization process conditions as well as the properties of the obtained coatings. While side-chain length had only a minor influence on the chemical composition, clear effects on the plasma polymerization conditions were observed, thus gaining valuable insights in the plasma polymerization process as a function of monomer structure. Additionally, cytocompatibility and cell attachment on the coatings obtained by 2-oxazoline plasma polymerization was assessed. The coatings displayed strong cell interactive properties, whereby cytocompatibility increased with increasing aliphatic side-chain length of the monomer, reaching up to 93% cell viability after 1 day of cell culture compared to tissue culture plates. As this is in stark contrast to the antifouling behavior of the parent polymers, we compared the properties and composition of the plasma-polymerized coatings to the parent polymers revealing that a significantly different coating structure was obtained by plasma polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim F R Van Guyse
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Pieter Cools
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Ghent University , Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Tim Egghe
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Ghent University , Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Mahtab Asadian
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Ghent University , Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Maarten Vergaelen
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Petra Rigole
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology (LPM), Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Wenqing Yan
- Polymer Surfaces Group, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Polymer Surfaces Group, Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials , ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 , CH-8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Biointerfaces , Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) , Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 , CH-9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Valentin-Victor Jerca
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
- Centre for Organic Chemistry "Costin D. Nenitescu" , Romanian Academy , 202B Spl. Independentei CP 35-108 , 060023 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science , Ghent University , De Pintelaan 185 6B3 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology (LPM), Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Rino Morent
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Ghent University , Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Geyter
- Research Unit Plasma Technology (RUPT), Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture , Ghent University , Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B4 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ostrikov K, Michl T, MacGregor M, Vasilev K. Bladder Cancer Cell Capture: Elucidating the Effect of Sample Storage Conditions on Capturing Bladder Cancer Cells via Surface Immobilized EpCAM Antibody. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3730-3736. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
22
|
Mora-Boza A, Aparicio FJ, Alcaire M, López-Santos C, Espinós JP, Torres-Lagares D, Borrás A, Barranco A. Multifunctional antimicrobial chlorhexidine polymers by remote plasma assisted vacuum deposition. Front Chem Sci Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-019-1803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
23
|
Cagli E, Ugur E, Ulusan S, Banerjee S, Erel-Goktepe I. Effect of side chain variation on surface and biological properties of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) multilayers. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
24
|
Macgregor M, Vasilev K. Perspective on Plasma Polymers for Applied Biomaterials Nanoengineering and the Recent Rise of Oxazolines. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E191. [PMID: 30626075 PMCID: PMC6337614 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasma polymers are unconventional organic thin films which only partially share the properties traditionally attributed to polymeric materials. For instance, they do not consist of repeating monomer units but rather present a highly crosslinked structure resembling the chemistry of the precursor used for deposition. Due to the complex nature of the deposition process, plasma polymers have historically been produced with little control over the chemistry of the plasma phase which is still poorly understood. Yet, plasma polymer research is thriving, in par with the commercialisation of innumerable products using this technology, in fields ranging from biomedical to green energy industries. Here, we briefly summarise the principles at the basis of plasma deposition and highlight recent progress made in understanding the unique chemistry and reactivity of these films. We then demonstrate how carefully designed plasma polymer films can serve the purpose of fundamental research and biomedical applications. We finish the review with a focus on a relatively new class of plasma polymers which are derived from oxazoline-based precursors. This type of coating has attracted significant attention recently due to its unique properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Macgregor
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Boguslavsky Y, Shemesh M, Friedlander A, Rutenberg R, Filossof AM, Buslovich A, Poverenov E. Eliminating the Need for Biocidal Agents in Anti-Biofouling Polymers by Applying Grafted Nanosilica Instead. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12437-12445. [PMID: 31457975 PMCID: PMC6645711 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A nondestructive one-step approach was applied for grafting biocide-free monodispersed silica nanoparticles (SNPs) with a diameter of 30 ± 10 nm on polystyrene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl chloride surfaces. The prepared surfaces were comprehensively characterized using spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection, ultraviolet-visible, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and microscopic (high-resolution scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy) methods. The modified polymers were found to maintain their original mechanical and physical properties, while their nanoroughness on the other hand had risen by 1.6-2.7 times because of SNP grafting. The SNP-grafted surfaces displayed anti-biofouling properties, resulting in a significant reduction in the attached Gram-positive Bacillus licheniformis or Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria compared to their nongrafted counterparts. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies have confirmed that bacterial cells could not successfully adhere onto the SNP-grafted polymer films regardless of the polymer type, and their biofilm formation was therefore damaged. The presented facile and straightforward protocol allows eliminating the need for biocidal agents and resorts to grafted nanosilica instead. This strategy may serve as a feasible and safe platform for the development of sustainable anti-biofouling surfaces in biomedical devices; food, water, and air treatment systems; and industrial equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Boguslavsky
- Department
of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural
Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 75288, Israel
| | - Moshe Shemesh
- Department
of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural
Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 75288, Israel
| | - Alon Friedlander
- Department
of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural
Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 75288, Israel
- Biofilm
Research Laboratory, Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University, POB 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Roi Rutenberg
- Department
of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural
Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 75288, Israel
- Institute
of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anat Molad Filossof
- Department
of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural
Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 75288, Israel
| | - Aviva Buslovich
- Department
of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural
Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 75288, Israel
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Elena Poverenov
- Department
of Food Quality and Safety, Agricultural
Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 75288, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lorson T, Lübtow MM, Wegener E, Haider MS, Borova S, Nahm D, Jordan R, Sokolski-Papkov M, Kabanov AV, Luxenhofer R. Poly(2-oxazoline)s based biomaterials: A comprehensive and critical update. Biomaterials 2018; 178:204-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
27
|
Mumtaz F, Chen CS, Zhu HK, Atif M, Wang YM. Reversible Protein Adsorption on PMOXA/PAA Based Coatings: Role of PAA. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
28
|
Jijie R, Barras A, Teslaru T, Topala I, Pohoata V, Dobromir M, Dumych T, Bouckaert J, Szunerits S, Dumitrascu N, Boukherroub R. Aqueous medium-induced micropore formation in plasma polymerized polystyrene: an effective route to inhibit bacteria adhesion. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3674-3683. [PMID: 32254830 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02964k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasma polymerized styrene (pPS) films were successfully synthesized by means of an atmospheric pressure plasma technique, using a mixture of argon gas and styrene vapor. The morphology and film thickness of the pPS films, deposited on 1 min argon plasma pre-treated glass substrates, were smooth and uniform without any visible features across the whole length of the substrates, and the films displayed a water contact angle of ∼83°. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of oxygen-containing groups and the intact aromatic ring in the pPS coating. The obtained pPS films were stable for at least 30 days in air without any visible morphological degradation or chemical changes. However, the formation of a topographical pattern with micrometer lateral size and nanometer depth level was observed upon immersion in aqueous media for 72 hours. Micropore formation was believed to originate from the solubility of low cross-linked oligomers and their subsequent extraction in aqueous media. The influence of the microstructured pPS surface in mediating the attachment of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells was further investigated. The micro-structured pPS surface influenced the adhesion and proliferation of mammalian cells. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that these films were efficient in the prevention of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermis) adhesion and biofilm formation. Importantly, the viability of non-adherent cells and of planktonic bacteria was not affected. Post-coating of the microstructured pPS with biocompatible polydopamine did not impact on the antibacterial properties of the surface, suggesting that the polymer topography was the dominant factor. The non-biocidal pPS coating can be useful in applications where micro-organism colonization and biofilm formation need to be prevented, such as food packaging and medical equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Jijie
- Iasi Plasma Advanced Research Center (IPARC), Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I No. 11, Iasi 700506, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Macgregor-Ramiasa M, McNicholas K, Ostrikov K, Li J, Michael M, Gleadle JM, Vasilev K. A platform for selective immuno-capture of cancer cells from urine. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 96:373-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
31
|
Forget A, Staehly C, Ninan N, Harding FJ, Vasilev K, Voelcker NH, Blencowe A. Oxygen-Releasing Coatings for Improved Tissue Preservation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2384-2390. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aurelien Forget
- School of Pharmacy
and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Collaborative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- School of Chemistry,
Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Camille Staehly
- Collaborative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Neethu Ninan
- School of Pharmacy
and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Frances J. Harding
- Collaborative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Cell Therapies Pty Ltd, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre (VCCC), Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Collaborative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- School of Pharmacy
and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Collaborative Research Centre for Cell Therapy Manufacturing (CRC-CTM), Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
- Future
Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson
Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li Y, Pan T, Ma B, Liu J, Sun J. Healable Antifouling Films Composed of Partially Hydrolyzed Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and Poly(acrylic acid). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:14429-14436. [PMID: 28398038 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling polymeric films can prevent undesirable adhesion of bacteria but are prone to accidental scratches, leading to a loss of their antifouling functions. To solve this problem, we report the fabrication of healable antifouling polymeric films by layer-by-layer assembly of partially hydrolyzed poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx-EI-7%) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) based on hydrogen-bonding interaction as the driving force. The thermally cross-linked (PAA/PEtOx-EI-7%)*100 films show strong resistance to adhesion of both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bacteria due to the high surface and bulk concentration of the antifouling polymer PEtOx-EI-7%. Meanwhile, the dynamic nature of the hydrogen-bonding interactions and the high mobility of the polymers in the presence of water enable repeated healing of cuts of several tens of micrometers wide in cross-linked (PAA/PEtOx-EI-7%)*100 films to fully restore their antifouling function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiezheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Benhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang J, Li L, Ma C, Ye X. Degradable polyurethane with poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) brushes for protein resistance. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13663j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of chain length and graft density of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) on the protein resistance of degradable polyurethane-graft-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) with PCL as the soft segment have been investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Department of Chemical Physics
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
| |
Collapse
|