1
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Zhu Y, Li X, Wen Z, Zhao R, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Gao H, Wang S, Li F. Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Alkene Epoxidation on a Dye-Sensitized Photoanode. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39046794 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, selective oxidation of organic substrates coupled with hydrogen evolution represents a promising approach for value-added chemical production and solar energy conversion. In this study, we report on PEC epoxidation of alkenes at a ruthenium dye-sensitized photoanode in a CH3CN/H2O mixed solvent with LiBr as a mediator and water as the oxygen source. The dye-sensitized photoanode was found to exhibit significant advantages in the simultaneous improvement of charge separation and suppression of charge recombination. First, LiBr as a redox mediator plays a critical role in charge separation, leading to an excellent excited electron injection efficiency of 95% and a high dye regeneration efficiency of 87%. Second, the predominant charge recombination pathway on the dye-sensitized photoanode is efficiently blocked by the reaction between alkene and the in situ generated bromine oxidant. As a result, the current system achieved a remarkable photocurrent density of over 4 mA cm-2 with a record-high incident photo-to-current efficiency (IPCE) of 51% and extraordinary selectivity of up to 99% for the epoxidation of a wide range of alkenes. Meanwhile, nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency for hydrogen evolution was obtained. The performance shown here exceeds that obtained by metal oxide-based semiconductor photoanodes under comparable conditions, demonstrating the great potential of dye-sensitized photoelectrodes for organic synthesis owing to their diversity and tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhibing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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2
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Li S, Park S, Sherman BD, Yoo CG, Leem G. Photoelectrochemical approaches for the conversion of lignin at room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:401-413. [PMID: 36519448 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective cleavage of C-C/C-O linkages represents a key step toward achieving the chemical conversion of biomass to targeted value-added chemical products under ambient conditions. Using photoelectrosynthetic solar cells is a promising method to address the energy intensive depolymerization of lignin for the production of biofuels and valuable chemicals. This feature article gives an in-depth overview of recent progress using dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthetic solar cells (DSPECs) to initiate the cleavage of C-C/C-O bonds in lignin and related model compounds. This approach takes advantage of N-oxyl mediated catalysis in organic electrolytes and presents a promising direction for the sustainable production of chemicals currently derived from fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | - Seongsu Park
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA. .,The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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3
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McMillan NK, Lopez DA, Leem G, Sherman BD. BiVO4 Photoanodes for TEMPO‐Mediated Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation in Organic Media. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200187. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gyu Leem
- SUNY-ESF: SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Texas Christian University Chemistry TCU Box 298860 76129 Fort Worth UNITED STATES
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4
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Natali M, Sartorel A, Ruggi A. Beyond Water Oxidation: Hybrid, Molecular-Based Photoanodes for the Production of Value-Added Organics. Front Chem 2022; 10:907510. [PMID: 35692692 PMCID: PMC9175021 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.907510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The political and environmental problems related to the massive use of fossil fuels prompted researchers to develop alternative strategies to obtain green and renewable fuels such as hydrogen. The light-driven water splitting process (i.e., the photochemical decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen) is one of the most investigated strategies to achieve this goal. However, the water oxidation reaction still constitutes a formidable challenge because of its kinetic and thermodynamic requirements. Recent research efforts have been focused on the exploration of alternative and more favorable oxidation processes, such as the oxidation of organic substrates, to obtain value-added products in addition to solar fuels. In this mini-review, some of the most intriguing and recent results are presented. In particular, attention is directed on hybrid photoanodes comprising molecular light-absorbing moieties (sensitizers) and catalysts grafted onto either mesoporous semiconductors or conductors. Such systems have been exploited so far for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes in the presence of suitable co-catalysts. Challenges and future perspectives are also briefly discussed, with special focus on the application of such hybrid molecular-based systems to more challenging reactions, such as the activation of C–H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mirco Natali, ; Andrea Sartorel, ; Albert Ruggi,
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mirco Natali, ; Andrea Sartorel, ; Albert Ruggi,
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Département de Chimie, Université de Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Mirco Natali, ; Andrea Sartorel, ; Albert Ruggi,
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5
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Li S, Shuler EW, Willinger D, Nguyen HT, Kim S, Kang HC, Lee JJ, Zheng W, Yoo CG, Sherman BD, Leem G. Enhanced Photocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation at the Interface of RuC-Coated TiO 2 Nanorod Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22799-22809. [PMID: 35195406 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-driven organic oxidations carried out under mild conditions offer a sustainable approach to performing chemical transformations important to the chemical industry. This work reports an efficient photocatalytic benzyl alcohol oxidation process using one-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanorod (NR)-based photoanodes with surface-adsorbed ruthenium polypyridyl photocatalysts at room temperature. The photocatalyst bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)Ru(II) (RuC) was covalently anchored onto TiO2 nanorod arrays grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode surfaces (FTO|t-TiO2|RuC, t = the thickness of TiO2 NR). Under aerobic conditions, the photophysical and photocatalytic properties of FTO|t-TiO2|RuC (t = 1, 2, or 3.5 μm) photoanodes were investigated in a solution containing a hydrogen atom transfer mediator (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl, ACT) as cocatalyst. Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) using the FTO|t-TiO2|RuC (t = 1, 2, or 3.5 μm) photoanodes and ACT-containing electrolyte were investigated for carrying out photocatalytic oxidation of a lignin model compound containing a benzylic alcohol functional group. The best-performing anode surface, FTO|1-TiO2|RuC (shortest NR length), oxidized the 2° alcohol of the lignin model compound to the Cα-ketone form with a > 99% yield over a 4 h photocatalytic experiment with a Faradaic efficiency of 88%. The length of TiO2 NR arrays (TiO2 NRAs) on the FTO substrate influenced the photocatalytic performance with longer NRAs underperforming compared to the shorter arrays. The influence of the NR length is hypothesized to affect the homogeneity of the RuC coating and accessibility of the ACT mediator to the RuC-coated TiO2 surface. The efficient photocatalytic alcohol oxidation with visible light at room temperature as demonstrated in this study is important to the development of sustainable approaches for lignin depolymerization and biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Eric Wolfgang Shuler
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Debora Willinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Hai Tien Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Saerona Kim
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Hyeong Cheol Kang
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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6
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Nhon L, Shan B, Taggart AD, Wolfe RMW, Li TT, Klug CM, Nayak A, Bullock RM, Cahoon JF, Meyer TJ, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR. Influence of Surface and Structural Variations in Donor-Acceptor-Donor Sensitizers on Photoelectrocatalytic Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47499-47510. [PMID: 34590823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated organic chromophores composed of linked donor (D) and acceptor (A) moieties have attracted considerable attention for photoelectrochemical applications. In this work, we compare the optoelectronic properties and photoelectrochemical performance of two D-A-D structural isomers with thiophene-X-carboxylic acid (X denotes 3 and 2 positions) derivatives and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole as the D and A moieties, respectively. 5,5'-(Benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diyl)bis(thiophene-3-carboxylic acid), BTD1, and 5,5'-(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diyl)bis(thiophene-2-carboxylic acid), BTD2, were employed in the study to understand how structural isomers affect surface attachments within chromophore-catalyst assemblies and their influence on charge-transfer dynamics. Crystal structures revealed that varying the position of the -COOH anchoring group causes the molecules to either contort out of a plane (BTD1) or adopt a near-perfect planar conformation (BTD2). BTD1 and BTD2 were co-loaded with either a water oxidation catalyst, [Ru(2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine)-(4,4'-((HO)2OPCH2)2-2,2'-bipyridine)(OH2)]2, RuCt2+, or proton reduction catalyst [Ni(P2PhN2C6H4CH2PO3H2)2]2+, NiCt2+, on oxide electrodes to facilitate photodriven water splitting reactions. Emission quenching measurements indicate that both BTD1 and BTD2 inject electrons into n-type SnO2|TiO2 electrodes and holes into p-type NiO semiconductors from their respective excited states at high efficiencies >60%. Photocurrent densities of chromophore-catalyst assemblies obtained using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) show that BTD2-sensitized photoanodes generate significantly more photocurrent than BTD1-sensitized electrodes; however, both exhibit similar performances at the photocathode. Photoelectrocatyltic measurements demonstrate that both BTD1 and BTD2 performed similarly, generating Faradaic efficiencies of 39 and 38% at the anode or 61 and 79% at the cathode. Transient absorption measurements suggest that the differences between the LSV and photoelectrocatalytic measurements result from the differences in quantum yields of the photogenerated redox equivalents, which is also a reflection of the varying metal oxide surface conformation. Our findings suggest that BTD2 should be investigated further in photocathodic studies since it has the structural advantage of being incorporated into diverse types of chromophore-catalyst assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nhon
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
| | - Aaron D Taggart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rylan M W Wolfe
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Research Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Christina M Klug
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-12, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - R Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-12, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - James F Cahoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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7
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Nikoloudakis E, Pati PB, Charalambidis G, Budkina DS, Diring S, Planchat A, Jacquemin D, Vauthey E, Coutsolelos AG, Odobel F. Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cells for Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation Using a Zinc Porphyrin Sensitizer and TEMPO Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Palas Baran Pati
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Darya S. Budkina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Diring
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Aurélien Planchat
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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8
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Pati PB, Abdellah M, Diring S, Hammarström L, Odobel F. Molecular Triad Containing a TEMPO Catalyst Grafted on Mesoporous Indium Tin Oxide as a Photoelectrocatalytic Anode for Visible Light-Driven Alcohol Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2902-2913. [PMID: 33973386 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical cells based on semiconductors are among the most studied methods of artificial photosynthesis. This study concerns the immobilization, on a mesoporous conducting indium tin oxide electrode (nano-ITO), of a molecular triad (NDADI-P-Ru-TEMPO) composed of a ruthenium tris-bipyridine complex (Ru) as photosensitizer, connected at one end to 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) as alcohol oxidation catalyst and at the other end to the electron acceptor naphthalenedicarboxyanhydride dicarboximide (NDADI). Light irradiation of NDADI-P-Ru-TEMPO grafted to nano-ITO in a pH 10 carbonate buffer effects selective oxidation of para-methoxybenzyl alcohol (MeO-BA) to para-methoxybenzaldehyde with a TON of approximately 150 after 1 h of photolysis at a bias of 0.4 V vs. SCE. The faradaic efficiency is found to be of 80±5 %. The photophysical study indicates that photoinduced electron transfer from the Ru complex to NDADI is a slow process and must compete with direct electron injection into ITO to have a better performing system. This work sheds light on some of the important ways to design more efficient molecular systems for the preparation of photoelectrocatalytic cells based on catalyst-dye-acceptor arrays immobilized on conducting electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palas Baran Pati
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523, Qena, Egypt
| | - Stéphane Diring
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000, Nantes, France
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9
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Winter A, Schubert US. Metal‐Terpyridine Complexes in Catalytic Application – A Spotlight on the Last Decade. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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10
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Badgurjar D, Shan B, Nayak A, Wu L, Chitta R, Meyer TJ. Electron-Withdrawing Boron Dipyrromethene Dyes As Visible Light Absorber/Sensitizers on Semiconductor Oxide Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7768-7776. [PMID: 31961645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical and photophysical properties of the phosphonate-derivatized carbazole (CBZ) and boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) chromophores in the dyes, BODIPY(CBZ)2PO3H2 (8) and BODIPY(Tol)2PO3H2 (7), are described. The oxide-bound dyes have been explored as light absorbers in dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC) applications. The BODIPY-CBZ phosphonate ester (6) features a broad, intense UV-visible absorption spectrum with absorptions at 297 and 650 nm that arise from mixed transitions at the CBZ and BODIPY units. Electrochemical measurements on BODIPY(CBZ)2Br (4) in 0.1 M [nBu4N][PF6] in dichloromethane, vs normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), reveal reversible oxidations at 1.19 and 1.41 V and a reversible reduction at -0.59 V. On indium tin oxide (ITO) and TiO2, a reversible one-electron oxidation appears for 7 at 0.86 and 0.90 V vs NHE in dichloromethane, respectively, which demonstrates the redox stability on metal oxide surfaces. The results of nanosecond transient absorption measurements on SnO2/TiO2 electrodes provide direct evidence for excited-state electron injection into the conduction band of TiO2 following 590 nm excitation. A longer lifetime for 8+ compared to 7+ is consistent with extensive intramolecular charge separation between the CBZ and BODIPY units on the surface. Photoelectrochemical studies on 8 on a SnO2/TiO2 photoanode resulted in sustained photocurrents with current maxima of ∼200 μA/cm2 with hydroquinone added as a reductant under 1 sun (AM1.5 100 mW·cm-2) illumination at pH 4.5 in 0.1 M acetate buffer and 0.4 M LiClO4. On mixed SnO2/TiO2 electrode surfaces, with the added catalyst [Ru(Mebimpy)((4,4'-(OH)2PO-CH2)2bpy)(OH2)]2+ and chromophores 7 and 8, addition of 0.1 M benzyl alcohol resulted in sustained photocurrents of 12 and 35 μA/cm2, consistent with oxidation to benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Badgurjar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB3290 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB3290 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB3290 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Raghu Chitta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy , Central University of Rajasthan , Kishangarh, Dist. Ajmer , Rajasthan 305817 , India
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB3290 , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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11
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Photochemical oxidation of alcohols: Simple derivatization strategy for their analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Food Chem 2019; 292:114-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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12
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Black FA, Wood CJ, Ngwerume S, Summers GH, Clark IP, Towrie M, Camp JE, Gibson EA. Charge-transfer dynamics at the dye-semiconductor interface of photocathodes for solar energy applications. Faraday Discuss 2018; 198:449-461. [PMID: 28286896 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00228e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a comparison between the photophysical properties of two charge-transfer dyes adsorbed onto NiO via two different binding moieties. Transient spectroscopy measurements suggest that the structure of the anchoring group affects both the rate of charge recombination between the dye and NiO surface and the rate of dye regeneration by an iodide/triiodide redox couple. This is consistent with the performance of the dyes in p-type dye sensitised solar cells. A key finding was that the recombination rate differed in the presence of the redox couple. These results have important implications on the study of electron transfer at dye|semiconductor interfaces for solar energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Black
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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13
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Wang C, Amiri M, Endean RT, Martinez Perez O, Varley S, Rennie B, Rasu L, Bergens SH. Modular Construction of Photoanodes with Covalently Bonded Ru- and Ir-Polypyridyl Visible Light Chromophores. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24533-24542. [PMID: 29969554 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
1,10-phenanthroline is grafted to indium tin oxide (ITO) and titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2) semiconductors by electroreduction of 5-diazo-1,10-phenanthroline in 0.1 M H2SO4. The lower and upper potential limits (-0.20 and 0.15 VSCE, respectively) were set to avoid reduction and oxidation of the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) covalently grafted at C5 to the semiconductor. The resulting semiconductor-phen ligand (ITO-phen or TiO2-phen) was air stable, and was bonded to Ru- or Ir- by reaction with cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CH3CN)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) or cis-[Ir(ppy)2(CH3CN)2]+ (ppy = ortho-Cphenyl metalated 2-phenylpyridine) in CH2Cl2 and THF solvent at 50 °C. Cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state UV-vis, and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry all confirmed that the chromophores SC-[(phen)Ru(bpy)2]2+ and SC-[(phen)Ir(ppy)2]+ (SC = ITO or TiO2) formed in near quantitative yields by these reactions. The resulting photoanodes were active and relatively stable to photoelectrochemical oxidation of hydroquinone and triethylamine under neutral and basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Mona Amiri
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Riley T Endean
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Octavio Martinez Perez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Samuel Varley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Ben Rennie
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Loorthuraja Rasu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Steven H Bergens
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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14
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Hennessey S, Farràs P. Production of solar chemicals: gaining selectivity with hybrid molecule/semiconductor assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6662-6680. [PMID: 29808196 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research on the production of solar fuels and chemicals has rocketed over the past decade, with a wide variety of systems proposed to harvest solar energy and drive chemical reactions. In this Feature Article we have focused on hybrid molecule/semiconductor assemblies in both powder and supported materials, summarising recent systems and highlighting the enormous possibilities offered by such assemblies to carry out highly demanding chemical reactions with industrial impact. Of relevance is the higher selectivity obtained in visible light-driven organic transformations when using molecular catalysts compared to photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán Hennessey
- School of Chemistry, Energy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland.
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Wang D, Marquard SL, Troian-Gautier L, Sheridan MV, Sherman BD, Wang Y, Eberhart MS, Farnum BH, Dares CJ, Meyer TJ. Interfacial Deposition of Ru(II) Bipyridine-Dicarboxylate Complexes by Ligand Substitution for Applications in Water Oxidation Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:719-726. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Degao Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Seth L. Marquard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew V. Sheridan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Sherman
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael S. Eberhart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Byron H. Farnum
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Christopher J. Dares
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW
Eighth Street, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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16
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Chao D, Zhao M. Robust Cooperative Photo-oxidation of Sulfides without Sacrificial Reagent under Air Using a Dinuclear Ru II -Cu II Assembly. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:3358-3362. [PMID: 28745815 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A molecular chromophore-catalyst assembly containing a chromophore ruthenium(II) center (RuIIchro ) and a catalytic copper(II) center (CuIIcat ) has been prepared easily. The assembly was employed for photocatalytic oxidation of sulfides without sacrificial reagent in the presence of dioxygen under blue light irradiation. Unprecedented turnover number (TON) up to 32 000 was achieved. It was elucidated that an electron transferred from excited state of chromophore RuII*chro to CuIIcat along with generation of CuIcat that was further activated by O2 . These results demonstrate a promising strategy for efficient cooperative photocatalytic reactions under air using the chromophore-catalyst assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duobin Chao
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Mengying Zhao
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, P. R. China
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17
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Chandra B, Singh KK, Gupta SS. Selective photocatalytic hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions by an iron complex using water as the oxygen source. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7545-7551. [PMID: 29163909 PMCID: PMC5676249 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02780j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron complex catalysed selective and efficient photocatalytic hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions using water as the oxygen atom source has been reported.
The iron complex [(bTAML)FeIII–OH2]– (1) selectively catalyses the photocatalytic hydroxylation and epoxidation reactions of alkanes and alkenes, respectively, using water as the oxygen-atom source. Upon the oxidation of unactivated alkanes, which included several substrates including natural products, hydroxylation was observed mostly at the 3° C–H bonds with 3° : 2° selectivity up to ∼100 : 1. When alkenes were used as the substrates, epoxides were predominantly formed with high yields. In the presence of H218O, more than 90% of the 18O-labelled oxygen atoms were incorporated into the hydroxylated and epoxide product indicating that water was the primary oxygen source. Mechanistic studies indicate the formation of an active [{(bTAML)FeIV}2-μ-oxo]2– (2) dimer from the starting complex 1via PCET. The subsequent disproportionation of 2 upon addition of substrate, leading to the formation of FeV(O), renders the high selectivity observed in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bittu Chandra
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur , West Bengal , India-741246 .
| | - Kundan K Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur , West Bengal , India-741246 .
| | - Sayam Sen Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur , West Bengal , India-741246 .
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Jiang J, Sherman BD, Zhao Y, He R, Ghiviriga I, Alibabaei L, Meyer TJ, Leem G, Schanze KS. Polymer Chromophore-Catalyst Assembly for Solar Fuel Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19529-19534. [PMID: 28545297 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A polystyrene-based chromophore-catalyst assembly (poly-2) has been synthesized and assembled at a mesoporous metal oxide photoanode. The assembly contains water oxidation catalyst centers based on [Ru(trpy) (phenq)]2+ (Ru-Cat) and [Ru(bpy)3]2+ derivatives (Ru-C) as chromophores (trpy= 2,2';6,2″- terpyridine, phenq = 2-(quinol-8'-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline and bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the polychromophore-oxidation catalyst assembly were investigated in solution and at the surface of mesoporous metal oxide films. The layer-by-layer (LbL) method was utilized to construct multilayer films with cationic poly-2 and anionic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) for light-driven photochemical oxidations. Photocurrent measurements of (PAA/poly-2)10 LbL films on mesoporous TiO2 demonstrate light-driven oxidation of phenol and benzyl alcohol in aqueous solution. Interestingly, illumination of (PAA/poly-2)5 LbL films on a fluorine doped SnO2/TiO2 core/shell photoanode in aqueous solution gives rise to an initial photocurrent (∼18.5 μA·cm-2) that is in part ascribed to light driven water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Way, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Ru He
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Leila Alibabaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Way, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Way, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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19
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Morseth ZA, Pho TV, Sheridan MV, Meyer TJ, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR, Papanikolas JM. Interfacial Dynamics within an Organic Chromophore-Based Water Oxidation Molecular Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16651-16659. [PMID: 28441864 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron injection, intra-assembly electron transfer, and back-electron transfer are investigated in a single-site molecular assembly formed by covalently linking a phosphonated terthiophene (T3) chromophore to a Ru(terpyridine)(bipyridine)(L)2+ (L = MeCN or H2O) water oxidation catalyst adsorbed onto a mesoporous metal-oxide (MOx) film. Density functional theory calculations of the T3-trpy-Ru-L assembly indicate that the molecular components are strongly coupled with enhanced low-energy absorptions owing to the presence of an intraligand charge transfer (ILCT) transition between the T3 and trpy moieties. Ultrafast spectroscopy of the MOx//T3-trpy-Ru-L assemblies reveals that excitation of the surface-bound T3 chromophore results in ps-ns electron injection into the metal-oxide conduction band. Electron injection is followed by rapid (<35 ps) intra-assembly electron transfer from the RuII catalyst to regenerate the T3 chromophore with subsequent back-electron transfer on the microsecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Morseth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Toan V Pho
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Matthew V Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - John M Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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21
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Tang Y, Wang R, Yang Y, Yan D, Xiang X. Highly Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Efficiency Based on Triadic Quantum Dot/Layered Double Hydroxide/BiVO4 Photoanodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19446-55. [PMID: 27419597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b04937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The water oxidation half-reaction is considered to be a bottleneck for achieving highly efficient solar-driven water splitting due to its multiproton-coupled four-electron process and sluggish kinetics. Herein, a triadic photoanode consisting of dual-sized CdTe quantum dots (QDs), Co-based layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets, and BiVO4 particles, that is, QD@LDH@BiVO4, was designed. Two sets of consecutive Type-II band alignments were constructed to improve photogenerated electron-hole separation in the triadic structure. The efficient charge separation resulted in a 2-fold enhancement of the photocurrent of the QD@LDH@BiVO4 photoanode. A significantly enhanced oxidation efficiency reaching above 90% in the low bias region (i.e., E < 0.8 V vs RHE) could be critical in determining the overall performance of a complete photoelectrochemical cell. The faradaic efficiency for water oxidation was almost 90%. The conduction band energy of QDs is ∼1.0 V more negative than that of LDH, favorable for the electron injection to LDH and enabling a more efficient hole separation. The enhanced photon-to-current conversion efficiency and improved water oxidation efficiency of the triadic structure may result from the non-negligible contribution of hot electrons or holes generated in QDs. Such a band-matching and multidimensional triadic architecture could be a promising strategy for achieving high-efficiency photoanodes by sufficiently utilizing and maximizing the functionalities of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yang
- Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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