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Zhang T, Tan J, Li S. Functional cellulose-derived epoxy cross-linked with BADGE resin to construct high-performance epoxy composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130569. [PMID: 38553394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The development of equipped bio-based epoxy materials has been gaining much attention recently. Nevertheless, finding the balance between the structure and properties of materials remains a significant challenge. In this work, cellulose-based epoxy (PHPCEP) with "soft" and "hard" cooperative structures was designed and demonstrated to endow bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) with excellent toughness, heat resistance, mechanical strength, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and solvent resistance. When 5 wt% PHPCEP was incorporated into BADGE composites, the resulting materials exhibited the maximum flexural strength (121.9 MPa) and tensile strength (71.4 MPa), a high glass transition temperature (148.3 °C), and 10 wt% PHPCEP/BADGE demonstrated the highest impact strength (70.5 kJ/m2). These figures are 18.8 %, 16.1 %, 21.5 %, and 254.3 % higher than the corresponding values of neat BADGE. The results of dynamic mechanical properties and heat degradation of the cured specimens also suggest that PHPCEP/BADGE materials have superior stiffness and toughness than neat BADGE, which could be attributed to the strong interaction between PHPCEP and BADGE, delivering better thermal stability for the composites compared to the pristine resin. Considering the remarkable effect, this work provides an effective way of highly efficient utilization of abundant cellulose and a high-performance additive for composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Engineering Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China.
| | - Jihuai Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shaochuan Li
- School of Chemistry & Materials Engineering Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China
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2
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Kumar B, Adil S, Pham DH, Kim J. Environment-friendly, high-performance cellulose nanofiber-vanillin epoxy nanocomposite with excellent mechanical, thermal insulation and UV shielding properties. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25272. [PMID: 38327421 PMCID: PMC10847658 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increased demand for biobased epoxy thermosets as an alternative to petroleum-based materials in various fields, developing environment-friendly and high-performance natural fiber-biobased epoxy nanocomposites is crucial for industrial applications. Herein, an environment-friendly nanocomposite is reported by introducing cellulose nanofiber (CNF) in situ interaction with lignin-derived vanillin epoxy (VE) monomer and 4, 4´-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) hardener that serves as a multifunctional platform. The CNF-VE nanocomposite is fabricated by simply dispersing the CNF suspension to the VE and DDM hardener solution through the in-situ reaction, and its mechanical properties and thermal insulation behavior, wettability, chemical resistance, and optical properties are evaluated with the CNF weight percent variation. The well-dispersed CNF-VE nanocomposite exhibited high tensile strength (∼127.78 ± 3.99 MPa) and strain-at-break (∼16.49 ± 0.61 %), haziness (∼50 %) and UV-shielding properties. The in situ loading of CNF forms covalent crosslinking with the VE and favors improving the mechanical properties along with the homogeneous dispersion of CNF. The CNF-VE nanocomposite also shows lower thermal conductivity (0.26 Wm-1K-1) than glass. The environment-friendly and high-performance nanocomposite provides multiple platforms and can be used for building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Samia Adil
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Duc Hoa Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
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3
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Frone AN, Uşurelu CD, Oprică GM, Panaitescu DM, Gabor AR, Nicolae CA, Ciuprina F, Damian CM, Raduly FM. Contribution of the Surface Treatment of Nanofibrillated Cellulose on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Nanocomposites Intended for Flexible Electronics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6544. [PMID: 37047517 PMCID: PMC10095063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing interest in materials derived from biomass has generated a multitude of solutions for the development of new sustainable materials with low environmental impact. We report here, for the first time, a strategy to obtain bio-based nanocomposites from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), itaconic acid (IA), and surface-treated nanofibrillated cellulose (NC). The effect of nanofibrillated cellulose functionalized with silane (NC/S) and then grafted with methacrylic acid (NC/SM) on the properties of the resulted bio-based epoxy systems was thoroughly investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the addition of NCs did not influence the curing process and had a slight impact on the maximum peak temperature. Moreover, the NCs improved the onset degradation temperature of the epoxy-based nanocomposites by more than 30 °C, regardless of their treatment. The most important effect on the mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy nanocomposites, i.e., an increase in the storage modulus by more than 60% at room temperature was observed in the case of NC/SM addition. Therefore, NC's treatment with silane and methacrylic acid improved the epoxy-nanofiber interface and led to a very good dispersion of the NC/SM in the epoxy network, as observed by the SEM investigation. The dielectric results proved the suitability of the obtained bio-based epoxy/NCs materials as substitutes for petroleum-based thermosets in the fabrication of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nicoleta Frone
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Cătălina Diana Uşurelu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Gabriela Mădălina Oprică
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Denis Mihaela Panaitescu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Cristian-Andi Nicolae
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
| | - Florin Ciuprina
- ELMAT Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Celina Maria Damian
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florentina Monica Raduly
- Polymer Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.U.); (G.M.O.); (D.M.P.); (A.R.G.); (C.-A.N.)
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4
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Wang H, Wu J, Huang B, Lu QL. One-Pot Synthesis of UPy-Functionalized Nanocellulose under Mechanochemical Synergy for High-Performance Epoxy Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122428. [PMID: 35746003 PMCID: PMC9227651 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high strength, high specific surface area, excellent biocompatibility, and degradability of nanocellulose (NCC) make it a potential reinforcing phase for composite materials. However, the polyhydroxyl property of NCC renders it prone to self-aggregation and it has weak interfacial compatibility with non-polar substrates, limiting its enhancement performance for composite materials. Therefore, based on the high reactivity of NCC, the chemical modification of NCC to introduce functional groups is the basis for effectively reducing its self-aggregation, improving its interfacial compatibility with the polymer matrix, and creating nanocellulose-based functional materials. The existing functional modifications of NCC have limitations; they require cumbersome steps, generate low yields, and are environmentally unfriendly. Herein, ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) was introduced to NCC through a sustainable and high-efficiency avenue formed by the mechanochemical synergy of microwaves and ultrasonication. The obtained UPy-modified nanocellulose (NCC-UPy) exhibited a rod-like shape, with a length of 200−300 nm and a width of 20−30 nm, which presented oriented and stable dispersion in an aqueous medium, and the zeta potential reached −40 mV. Moreover, NCC-UPy had good thermostability (>350 °C) and high crystallinity (82.5%) within the crystal type of cellulose I. Using the as-prepared NCC-UPy as a molecular bridge, it was organically combined with epoxy resin through multiple hydrogen bonds to construct a nanocomposite membrane with superior mechanical strength and thermal stability. The results revealed that NCC-UPy dispersed uniformly in the epoxy matrix without aggregating and that the interfacial compatibility was good, leading to an 87% increase in the tensile strength of the formed nanocomposite membrane when 0.5 wt.% NCC-UPy was loaded. It was proved that NCC-UPy had remarkable reinforcing potential and effective stress transfer capacity for composites. Consequently, this study may open the door to the development of a one-pot green approach for undertaking the functional modification of NCC, and it is of great significance for the development of NCC-based nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (H.W.); (J.W.)
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiayin Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (H.W.); (J.W.)
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (Q.-L.L.)
| | - Qi-Lin Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (H.W.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.H.); (Q.-L.L.)
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5
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One-pot synthesis of aminated cellulose nanofibers by "biological grinding" for enhanced thermal conductivity nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117310. [PMID: 33357874 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aminated cellulose nanofibers (A-CNF) with high thermostability (>350 ℃), high crystallinity (81.25 %), and high dispersion stability were extracted from "biological grinding" biomass through one-pot microwave-hydrothermal synthesis. Worm-eaten wood powder (WWP) as the product of "biological grinding" by borers is a desirable lignocellulose for fabricating A-CNF in a green and cost-effective way since it is a well-milled fine powder with dimension of dozens of microns, which can be used directly, saving energy and labor. Generated A-CNF proved to be an excellent reinforcing and curing agent for constructing high performance epoxy nanocomposites. The nanocomposites exhibited a thermal conductivity enhancement of about 120 %, coefficient of thermal expansion reduction of 78 %, and Young's modulus increase of 108 % at a low A-CNF loading of 1 wt.%, demonstrating their remarkable reinforcing potential and effective stress transfer behavior. The process proposed herein might help to bridge a closed-loop carbon cycle in the whole production-utilization of biomass.
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6
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Wang B, Zhou J, Wang Z, Mu S, Wu R, Wang Z. Cellulose nanocrystal/plant oil polymer composites with hydrophobicity, humidity-sensitivity, and high wet strength. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 231:115739. [PMID: 31888815 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of high-performance cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)/plant oil-derived polymer composites is still a challenge, due to their poor compatibility. Here, by designing amide groups and epoxy groups on sunflower oil derived polymers, appropriate interfacial hydrogen bond interactions between the polymers and CNCs were constructed, where CNCs were homogenously dispersed in polymer matrix. Tensile tests and DMA results revealed that the incorporation of CNCs into sunflower oil derived epoxy polymers significantly enhanced the tensile strength and storage modulus. More importantly, nanocomposites with 50 wt% CNCs are still hydrophobic, which not only show a fast and reversible humidity induced modulus switch, but also exhibit high wet strength (19.9 MPa) after equilibrium water adsorption. The present work revealed that proper designed CNCs/plant oil polymer nanocomposites are good candidates for high performance and functional materials, which are able to replace petroleum-based materials in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxia Wang
- College of Light TextileEngineering and Art, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China; Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jiangjun Zhou
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shiling Mu
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Rong Wu
- College of Light TextileEngineering and Art, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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7
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Rao A, Divoux T, McKinley GH, Hart AJ. Shear melting and recovery of crosslinkable cellulose nanocrystal-polymer gels. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4401-4412. [PMID: 31095139 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02647e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) are naturally-derived nanostructures of growing importance for the production of composites having attractive mechanical properties, and offer improved sustainability over purely petroleum-based alternatives. Fabrication of CNC composites typically involves extrusion of CNC suspensions and gels in a variety of solvents, in the presence of additives such as polymers and curing agents. Most studies so far have focused on aqueous CNC gels, yet the behavior of CNC-polymer gels in organic solvents is important to their wider processability. Here, we study the rheological behavior of composite polymer-CNC gels in dimethylformamide, which include additives for both UV and thermal crosslinking. Using rheometry coupled with in situ infrared spectroscopy, we show that under external shear, CNC-polymer gels display progressive and irreversible failure of the hydrogen bond network that is responsible for their pronounced elastic properties. In the absence of cross-linking additives, the polymer-CNC gels show an instantaneous but partial recovery of their viscoelasticity upon cessation of flow, whereas, the presence of additives allows the gels to recover over much longer timescale via van der Waals interactions. By exploring a broad range of shear history and CNC concentrations, we construct master curves for the temporal evolution of the viscoelastic properties of the polymer-CNC gels, illustrating universality of the observed dynamics with respect to gel composition and flow conditions. We find that polymer-CNC composite gels display a number of the distinctive features of colloidal glasses and, strikingly, that their response to the flow conditions encountered during processing can be tuned by chemical additives. These findings have implications for processing of dense CNC-polymer composites in solvent casting, 3D printing, and other manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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8
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Abdul Rashid ES, Muhd Julkapli N, Yehye WA. Nanocellulose reinforced as green agent in polymer matrix composites applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Suryani Abdul Rashid
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT); University of Malaya; Block A, Level 3, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Nurhidayatullaili Muhd Julkapli
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT); University of Malaya; Block A, Level 3, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
| | - Wageeh A. Yehye
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT); University of Malaya; Block A, Level 3, Institute of Postgraduate Studies Building Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia
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9
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Benali S, Khelifa F, Lerari D, Mincheva R, Habibi Y, Lahem D, Debliquy M, Dubois P. Supramolecular Approach for Efficient Processing of Polylactide/Starch Nanocomposites. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1069-1080. [PMID: 31457949 PMCID: PMC6641242 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All-biobased and biodegradable nanocomposites consisting of poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and starch nanoplatelets (SNPs) were prepared via a new strategy involving supramolecular chemistry, i.e., stereocomplexation and hydrogen-bonding interactions. For this purpose, a poly(d-lactide)-b-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) block copolymer (PDLA-b-PGMA) was first synthesized via the combination of ring-opening polymerization and atom-transfer radical polymerization. NMR spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography analysis confirmed a complete control over the copolymer synthesis. The SNPs were then mixed up with the copolymer for producing a PDLA-b-PGMA/SNPs masterbatch. The masterbatch was processed by solvent casting for which a particular attention was given to the solvent selection to preserve SNPs morphology as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to highlight the copolymer-SNPs supramolecular interactions mostly via hydrogen bonding. The prepared masterbatch was melt-blended with virgin PLLA and then thin films of PLLA/PDLA-b-PGMA/SNPs nanocomposites (ca. 600 μm) were melt-processed by compression molding. The resulting nanocomposite films were deeply characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Our findings suggest that supramolecular interactions based on stereocomplexation between the PLLA matrix and the PDLA block of the copolymer had a synergetic effect allowing the preservation of SNPs nanoplatelets and their morphology during melt processing. Quartz crystal microbalance and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis suggested a promising potential of the stereocomplex supramolecular approach in tuning PLLA/SNPs water vapor uptake and mechanical properties together with avoiding PLLA/SNPs degradation during melt processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Benali
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Farid Khelifa
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Djahida Lerari
- Centre
de recherche scientifique et technique en analyses physico-chimiques, BP 384, CP 42004 Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algérie
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Materials
Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belval Innovation Campus,5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Driss Lahem
- Service
de Science des Matériaux, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, Université de Mons, Rue de l’Épargne 56, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marc Debliquy
- Service
de Science des Matériaux, Faculté Polytechnique de Mons, Université de Mons, Rue de l’Épargne 56, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Center
of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), Research
Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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10
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Yue L, Maiorana A, Khelifa F, Patel A, Raquez JM, Bonnaud L, Gross R, Dubois P, Manas-Zloczower I. Surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals for biobased epoxy nanocomposites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Kargarzadeh H, Mariano M, Huang J, Lin N, Ahmad I, Dufresne A, Thomas S. Recent developments on nanocellulose reinforced polymer nanocomposites: A review. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Kuo PY, Barros LDA, Yan N, Sain M, Qing Y, Wu Y. Nanocellulose composites with enhanced interfacial compatibility and mechanical properties using a hybrid-toughened epoxy matrix. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 177:249-257. [PMID: 28962766 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although there is a growing interest in utilizing nanocellulose fibres (NCFs) based composites for achieving a higher sustainability, mechanical performance of these composites is limited due to the poor compatibility between fibre reinforcement and polymer matrices. Here we developed a bio-nanocomposite with an enhanced fibre/resin interface using a hybrid-toughened epoxy. A strong reinforcing effect of NCFs was achieved, demonstrating an increase up to 88% in tensile strength and 298% in tensile modulus as compared to neat petro-based P-epoxy. The toughness of neat P-epoxy was improved by 84% with the addition of 10wt% bio-based E-epoxy monomers, which also mitigated the amount of usage of bisphenol A (BPA). The morphological analyses showed that the hybrid epoxy improved the resin penetration and fibre distribution significantly in the resulting composites. Thus, our findings demonstrated the promise of developing sustainable and high performance epoxy composites combing NCFs with a hybrid petro-based and bio-based epoxy resin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Kuo
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University, No. 1, Section 1, Shennong Road, Yilan City, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | - Luizmar de Assis Barros
- Institute of Forestry, Department of Wood Chemistry, University Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465-Km7 Campus Universitário, Seropédica, RJ, 23851-970, Brazil
| | - Ning Yan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China.
| | - Mohini Sain
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yan Qing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Yiqiang Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
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13
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Huang P, Shi S, Liu Y, Nie M, Wang Q. Root-like natural fibers in polypropylene prepared via directed diffusion and self-assembly driven by hydrogen bonding. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05095j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Constructing root-like natural fibers in polypropylene via hydrogen bonding-driven diffusion and aggregation of self-assembling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Shaohong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Yuansen Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Marine Biological Resource Comprehensive Utilization
- Third Institute of Oceanography
- State Oceanic Administration
- Xiamen
- China
| | - Min Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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14
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Fox DM, Rodriguez RS, Devilbiss MN, Woodcock J, Davis CS, Sinko R, Keten S, Gilman JW. Simultaneously Tailoring Surface Energies and Thermal Stabilities of Cellulose Nanocrystals Using Ion Exchange: Effects on Polymer Composite Properties for Transportation, Infrastructure, and Renewable Energy Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:27270-27281. [PMID: 27626824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have great potential as sustainable reinforcing materials for polymers, but there are a number of obstacles to commercialization that must first be overcome. High levels of water absorption, low thermal stabilities, poor miscibility with nonpolar polymers, and irreversible aggregation of the dried CNCs are among the greatest challenges to producing cellulose nanocrystal-polymer nanocomposites. A simple, scalable technique to modify sulfated cellulose nanocrystals (Na-CNCs) has been developed to address all of these issues. By using an ion exchange process to replace Na+ with imidazolium or phosphonium cations, the surface energy is altered, the thermal stability is increased, and the miscibility of dried CNCs with a nonpolar polymer (epoxy and polystyrene) is enhanced. Characterization of the resulting ion exchanged CNCs (IE-CNCs) using potentiometry, inverse gas chromatography, dynamic vapor sorption, and laser scanning confocal microscopy reveals that the IE-CNCs have lower surface energies, adsorb less water, and have thermal stabilities of up to 100 °C higher than those of prepared protonated cellulose nanocrystals (H-CNCs) and 40 °C higher than that of neutralized Na-CNC. Methyl(triphenyl)phosphonium exchanged cellulose nanocrystals (MePh3P-CNC) adsorbed 30% less water than Na-CNC, retained less water during desorption, and were used to prepare well-dispersed epoxy composites without the aid of a solvent and well-dispersed polystyrene nanocomposites using a melt blending technique at 195 °C. Predictions of dispersion quality and glass transition temperatures from molecular modeling experiments match experimental observations. These fiber-reinforced polymers can be used as lightweight composites in transportation, infrastructure, and renewable energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Fox
- Department of Chemistry, American University , Washington, D.C. 20016-8014, United States
| | - Rebeca S Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, American University , Washington, D.C. 20016-8014, United States
| | - Mackenzie N Devilbiss
- Department of Chemistry, American University , Washington, D.C. 20016-8014, United States
| | - Jeremiah Woodcock
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8664, United States
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8664, United States
| | - Robert Sinko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
| | - Sinan Keten
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Gilman
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8664, United States
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