1
|
Zhou Z, Xing Z, Wang Q, Liu J. Electrochemical Oxidation to Fabricate Micro-Nano-Scale Surface Wrinkling of Liquid Metals. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207327. [PMID: 36866492 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Constructing wrinkled structures on the surface of materials to obtain new functions has broad application prospects. Here a generalized method is reported to fabricate multi-scale and diverse-dimensional oxide wrinkles on liquid metal surfaces by an electrochemical anodization method. The oxide film on the surface of the liquid metal is successfully thickened to hundreds of nanometers by electrochemical anodization, and then the micro-wrinkles with height differences of several hundred nanometers are obtained by the growth stress. It is succeeded in altering the distribution of growth stress by changing the substrate geometry to induce different wrinkle morphologies, such as one-dimensional striped wrinkles and two-dimensional labyrinth wrinkles. Further, radial wrinkles are obtained under the hoop stress induced by the difference in surface tensions. These hierarchical wrinkles of different scales can exist on the liquid metal surface simultaneously. Surface wrinkles of liquid metal may have potential applications in the future for flexible electronics, sensors, displays, and so on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuquan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zerong Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu N, Sun Q, Yang Z, Shan L, Wang Z, Li H. Wrinkled Interfaces: Taking Advantage of Anisotropic Wrinkling to Periodically Pattern Polymer Surfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207210. [PMID: 36775851 PMCID: PMC10131883 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Periodically patterned surfaces can cause special surface properties and are employed as functional building blocks in many devices, yet remaining challenges in fabrication. Advancements in fabricating structured polymer surfaces for obtaining periodic patterns are accomplished by adopting "top-down" strategies based on self-assembly or physico-chemical growth of atoms, molecules, or particles or "bottom-up" strategies ranging from traditional micromolding (embossing) or micro/nanoimprinting to novel laser-induced periodic surface structure, soft lithography, or direct laser interference patterning among others. Thus, technological advances directly promote higher resolution capabilities. Contrasted with the above techniques requiring highly sophisticated tools, surface instabilities taking advantage of the intrinsic properties of polymers induce surface wrinkling in order to fabricate periodically oriented wrinkled patterns. Such abundant and elaborate patterns are obtained as a result of self-organizing processes that are rather difficult if not impossible to fabricate through conventional patterning techniques. Focusing on oriented wrinkles, this review thoroughly describes the formation mechanisms and fabrication approaches for oriented wrinkles, as well as their fine-tuning in the wavelength, amplitude, and orientation control. Finally, the major applications in which oriented wrinkled interfaces are already in use or may be prospective in the near future are overviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources UtilizationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130China
| | - Qichao Sun
- National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources UtilizationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130China
| | - Zhensheng Yang
- National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources UtilizationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130China
| | - Linna Shan
- National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources UtilizationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources UtilizationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130China
| | - Hao Li
- National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation of Chemical Process Integration and Resources UtilizationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mechanically Switchable Wetting Petal Effect in Self-Patterned Nanocolumnar Films on Poly(dimethylsiloxane). NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102566. [PMID: 34685004 PMCID: PMC8538580 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Switchable mechanically induced changes in the wetting behavior of surfaces are of paramount importance for advanced microfluidic, self-cleaning and biomedical applications. In this work we show that the well-known polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer develops self-patterning when it is coated with nanostructured TiO2 films prepared by physical vapor deposition at glancing angles and subsequently subjected to a mechanical deformation. Thus, unlike the disordered wrinkled surfaces typically created by deformation of the bare elastomer, well-ordered and aligned micro-scaled grooves form on TiO2/PDMS after the first post-deposition bending or stretching event. These regularly patterned surfaces can be reversibly modified by mechanical deformation, thereby inducing a switchable and reversible wetting petal effect and the sliding of liquid droplets. When performed in a dynamic way, this mechanical actuation produces a unique capacity of liquid droplets (water and diiodomethane) transport and tweezing, this latter through their selective capture and release depending on their volume and chemical characteristics. Scanning electron and atomic force microscopy studies of the strained samples showed that a dual-scale roughness, a parallel alignment of patterned grooves and their reversible widening upon deformation, are critical factors controlling this singular sliding behavior and the possibility to tailor their response by the appropriate manufacturing of surface structures.
Collapse
|
4
|
Deneke N, Chau AL, Davis CS. Pressure tunable adhesion of rough elastomers. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:863-869. [PMID: 33237084 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control adhesion is critical in various technologies including wearable electronics, pressure sensitive adhesives, and robotic systems. Biomimetic fibrillar structures, random surface roughness, and chemical surface treatments have been employed to modify the adhesion energy of materials used in these applications. However, polymer thin film dewetting has not been investigated as a surface modification tool to control adhesion. In this work, polystyrene thin films are thermally annealed on a polydimethylsiloxane substrate, causing them to dewet and form stiff, microscopic asperities on the soft substrate. The size of the asperities increases with increasing pre-annealing film thickness. Adhesion is quantified by flat-punch normal indentation testing. The largest asperities exhibited a decrease in adhesion to below the sensitivity of the instrument. More interestingly, the surfaces covered with the smallest asperities displayed a pressure-dependent adhesive response. By increasing the normal compressive stress applied prior to separation, the total debonding energy increased monotonically on the smallest asperity-covered surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao X, Wang J, Huang J, Li L, Liu E, Zhao J, Li Q, Zhang X, Lu C. Path-Guided Hierarchical Surface Relief Gratings on Azo-Films Induced by Polarized Light Illumination through Surface-Wrinkling Phase Mask. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2837-2846. [PMID: 32151133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface relief gratings (SRGs) with hierarchical microstructures are highly needed owing to their diverse applications in various fields. Here, we introduce surface-wrinkling templates as novel nonlithographic phase masks to direct the generation of hierarchical well-prescribed SRGs on nonconformally contacted azo-films by a simple single-beam illumination. The light-induced SRGs have controlled microstructures including single/double/triple wavelengths and single/double orientations as well as their organizations. These microstructures can be well tailored by the wavelength of the surface-wrinkling phase masks and the polarization direction of incident light relative to the wrinkling patterns in the phase masks. Interestingly, we find that the larger wavelength is induced prior to the smaller ones, offering another new strategy to tailor the microstructures of SRGs through simple manipulation of the illumination duration. In particular, path-guided SRGs with unprecedented well-organized hierarchical microstructures have been available in the case of controlled moving of the light illumination through the surface-wrinkling phase mask. As demonstrated, the obtained hierarchical SRGs with the capability of multiple optical inscription/erasure have great application potentials in fields such as confidential information (or pattern) records and encryption/decryption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Green Functional Materials, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jinkai Huang
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Lele Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Enping Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Qifeng Li
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Conghua Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Building Green Functional Materials, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo Z, Zhou J, Liu B. Engineering Surface Patterning of Colloidal Rings through Plateau-Rayleigh Instability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16884-16888. [PMID: 31531921 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Plateau-Rayleigh (P-R) instability occurring on Brownian colloidal particles is presented. This instability can be used for the surface patterning of Brownian colloidal rings. This idea was realized by employing polystyrene(PS)/SiO2 core/shell rings, for which PS layer was selectively grown onto the interior surface of SiO2 rings. The P-R instability was initiated in the ring's dispersion by adding a good solvent of PS. By using both experiments and theory, it is shown that the number of patches is tunable and that it is linearly related to a function of two variables, namely, solvent quantity and contact angle. In particular, one-patch Janus rings and patchy disks were also synthesized at high yields. The patch size of all particles is tunable by step-by-step polymerization and the patches can be functionalized, for example by ATRP grafting with pH-sensitive polymers. This approach can be adapted for the synthesis of other patchy colloids with designated complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100149, China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and Its Application, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100149, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo Z, Zhou J, Liu B. Engineering Surface Patterning of Colloidal Rings through Plateau–Rayleigh Instability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100149 China
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- Center of Soft Matter Physics and Its ApplicationBeihang University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Bing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesState Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100149 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen W, Gui X, Yang L, Zhu H, Tang Z. Wrinkling of two-dimensional materials: methods, properties and applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2019; 4:291-320. [PMID: 32254086 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00112j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene, its derivatives, metal films, MXenes and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), have been widely studied because of their tunable electronic structures and special electrical and optical properties. However, during the fabrication of these 2D materials with atomic thickness, formation of wrinkles or folds is unavoidable to enable their stable existence. Meaningfully, it is found that wrinkled structures simultaneously impose positive changes on the 2D materials. Specifically, the architecture of wrinkled structures in 2D materials additionally induces excellent properties, which are of great importance for their practical applications. In this review, we provide an overview of categories of 2D materials, which contains formation and fabrication methods of wrinkled patterns and relevant mechanisms, as well as the induced mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical properties. Furthermore, these properties are modifiable by controlling the surface topography or even by dynamically stretching the 2D materials. Wrinkling offers a platform for 2D materials to be applied in some promising fields such as field emitters, energy containers and suppliers, field effect transistors, hydrophobic surfaces, sensors for flexible electronics and artificial intelligence. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of wrinkled 2D materials in the near future are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Song SE, Choi GH, Yi GR, Yoo PJ. Competitive concurrence of surface wrinkling and dewetting of liquid crystalline polymer films on non-wettable substrates. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:7753-7759. [PMID: 29018860 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric thin films coated on non-wettable substrates undergo film-instabilities, which are usually manifested as surface deformation in the form of dewetting or wrinkling. The former takes place in fluidic films, whereas the latter occurs in solid films. Therefore, there have rarely been reports of systems involving simultaneous deformations of dewetting and wrinkling. In this study, we propose polymeric thin films of liquid crystalline (LC) mesogens prepared on a non-wettable Si substrate and apply a treatment of plasma irradiation to form a thin polymerized layer at the surface. The resulting compressive stress generated in the surface region drives the formation of wrinkles, while at the same time, dipolar attraction between LC molecules induces competitive cohesive dewetting. Intriguing surface structures were obtained whereby dewetting-like hole arrays are nested inside the randomly propagated wrinkles. The structural features are readily controlled by the degree of surface cross-linking, hydrophilicity of the substrates, and the LC film thickness. In particular, dewetting of LC mesogens is observed to be restricted to occur at the trough regions of wrinkles, exhibiting the typical behavior of geometrically confined dewetting. Finally, wrinkling-dewetting mixed structures are separated from the substrate in the form of free standing films to demonstrate the potential applicability as membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung E Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tuan CC, James NP, Lin Z, Chen Y, Liu Y, Moon KS, Li Z, Wong CP. Self-Patterning of Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposite Underfill by Tailored Hydrophilic-Superhydrophobic Surfaces for 3D Integrated Circuit (IC) Stacking. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8437-8442. [PMID: 28244729 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
As microelectronics are trending toward smaller packages and integrated circuit (IC) stacks nowadays, underfill, the polymer composite filled in between the IC chip and the substrate, becomes increasingly important for interconnection reliability. However, traditional underfills cannot meet the requirements for low-profile and fine pitch in high density IC stacking packages. Post-applied underfills have difficulties in flowing into the small gaps between the chip and the substrate, while pre-applied underfills face filler entrapment at bond pads. In this report, we present a self-patterning underfilling technology that uses selective wetting of underfill on Cu bond pads and Si3N4 passivation via surface energy engineering. This novel process, fully compatible with the conventional underfilling process, eliminates the issue of filler entrapment in typical pre-applied underfilling process, enabling high density and fine pitch IC die bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Tuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nathan Pataki James
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ziyin Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Electromechanical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Mechanical Equipment Manufacturing & Control Technology of Ministry of Education, Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University , 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - C P Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Xu L, Xu Y, Huang G, Zhao X, Lai Y, Shi T. Enhanced Self-Organized Dewetting of Ultrathin Polymer Blend Film for Large-Area Fabrication of SERS Substrate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38337. [PMID: 27922062 PMCID: PMC5138605 DOI: 10.1038/srep38337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the enhanced dewetting of ultrathin Polystyrene (PS)/Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend films in a mixed solution, and reveal the dewetting can act as a simple and effective method to fabricate large-area surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. A bilayer structure consisting of under PMMA layer and upper PS layer forms due to vertical phase separation of immiscible PS/PMMA during the spin-coating process. The thicker layer of the bilayer structure dominates the dewetting structures of PS/PMMA blend films. The diameter and diameter distribution of droplets, and the average separation spacing between the droplets can be precisely controlled via the change of blend ratio and film thickness. The dewetting structure of 8 nm PS/PMMA (1:1 wt%) blend film is proved to successfully fabricate large-area (3.5 cm × 3.5 cm) universal SERS substrate via deposited a silver layer on the dewetting structure. The SERS substrate shows good SERS-signal reproducibility (RSD < 7.2%) and high enhancement factor (2.5 × 107). The enhanced dewetting of polymer blend films broadens the application of dewetting of polymer films, especially in the nanotechnology, and may open a new approach for the fabrication of large-area SERS substrate to promote the application of SERS substrate in the rapid sensitive detection of trace molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Surface Physics and Chemistry, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Surface Physics and Chemistry, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China
| | - Yabo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xueyu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Tongfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|