1
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Zhang G, Ding B, Ding Y, Liu Y, Yu C, Zeng L, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu M, Tian Q, Fan B, Liu Q, Yang G, Nazeeruddin MK, Chen B. Suppressing interfacial nucleation competition through supersaturation regulation for enhanced perovskite film quality and scalability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl6398. [PMID: 39110786 PMCID: PMC11305371 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl6398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The growing interest in cost-effective and high-performing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has driven extensive research. However, the challenge lies in upscaling PSCs while maintaining high performance. This study focuses on achieving uniform and compact perovskite films without pinholes and interfacial voids during upscaling from small PSCs to large-area modules. Competition in nucleation at concavities with various angles on rough-textured substrates during the gas-pumping drying process, coupled with different drying rates across the expansive film, aggravates these issues. Consequently, substrate roughness notably influences the deposition window of compact large-area perovskite films. We propose a supersaturation regulation approach aimed at achieving compact deposition of high-quality perovskite films over large areas. This involves introducing a rapid drying strategy to induce a high-supersaturation state, thereby equalizing nucleation across diverse concavities. This breakthrough enables the production of perovskite photovoltaics with high efficiencies of 25.58, 21.86, and 20.62% with aperture areas of 0.06, 29, and 1160 square centimeters, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Bin Ding
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Yong Ding
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion 1950, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Changze Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Meijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Qingyong Tian
- Kunshan GCL Optoelectronic Materials Co., Ltd., Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Bin Fan
- Kunshan GCL Optoelectronic Materials Co., Ltd., Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Qiuju Liu
- Kunshan GCL Optoelectronic Materials Co., Ltd., Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion 1950, Switzerland
| | - Bo Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
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2
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Gao M, Xu X, Tian H, Ran P, Jia Z, Su Y, Hui J, Gan X, Zhao S, Zhu H, Lv H, Yang YM. Enhancing Efficiency of Large-Area Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Modules with Spontaneously Formed Self-Assembled Monolayer Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4015-4023. [PMID: 38577843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskites play a crucial role in perovskite-based tandem cells. Despite recent advances using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to facilitate efficiency breakthroughs, achieving precise control over the deposition of such ultrathin layers remains a significant challenge for large-scale fabrication of WBG perovskite and, consequently, for the tandem modules. To address these challenges, we propose a facile method that integrates MeO-2PACz and Me-4PACz in optimal proportions (Mixed SAMs) into the perovskite precursor solution, enabling the simultaneous codeposition of WBG perovskite and SAMs. This technique promotes the spontaneous formation of charge-selective contacts while reducing defect densities by coordinating phosphonic acid groups with the unbonded Pb2+ ions at the bottom interface. The resulting WBG perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 19.31% for small-area devices (0.0585 cm2) and 17.63% for large-area modules (19.34 cm2), highlighting the potential of this codeposition strategy for fabricating high-performance, large-area WBG PSCs with enhanced reproducibility. These findings offer valuable insights for advancing WBG PSCs and the scalable fabrication of modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Gao
- Jiangxi Intelligent Building Engineering Research Center College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xuehui Xu
- Jiangxi Intelligent Building Engineering Research Center College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314041, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Jiangxi Intelligent Building Engineering Research Center College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Peng Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ziyan Jia
- Jiangxi Intelligent Building Engineering Research Center College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314041, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yirong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Juan Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314041, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianjin Gan
- Jiangxi Intelligent Building Engineering Research Center College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Jiangxi Intelligent Building Engineering Research Center College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Michael Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314041, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Li M, Zhu Z, Wang Z, Pan W, Cao X, Wu G, Chen R. High-Quality Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films by Post-Treatment Technologies in Photovoltaic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309428. [PMID: 37983565 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Incredible progress in photovoltaic devices based on hybrid perovskite materials has been made in the past few decades, and a record-certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of over 26% has been achieved in single-junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In the fabrication of high-efficiency PSCs, the postprocessing procedures toward perovskites are essential for designing high-quality perovskite thin films; developing efficient and reliable post-treatment techniques is very important to promote the progress of PSCs. Here, recent post-treatment technological reforms toward perovskite thin films are summarized, and the principal functions of the post-treatment strategies on the design of high-quality perovskite films have been thoroughly analyzed by dividing into two categories in this review: thermal annealing (TA)-related technique and TA-free technique. The latest research progress of the above two types of post-treatment techniques is summarized and discussed, focusing on the optimization of postprocessing conditions, the regulation of perovskite qualities, and the enhancement of device performance. Finally, an outlook of the prospect trends and future challenges for the fabrication of the perovskite layer and the production of highly efficient PSCs is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xinxiu Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, P. R. China
| | - Guangbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
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4
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Chiang C, Wu C. Large-Area Perovskite Film Prepared by New FFASE Method for Stable Solar Modules Having High Efficiency under Both Outdoor and Indoor Light Harvesting. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205967. [PMID: 36646511 PMCID: PMC9982567 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High-quality perovskite film is deposited on a 30 cm × 40 cm LiCoO2 -coated ITO/glass via newly developed freely falling anti-solvent extraction (FFASE) method followed by post watervapor annealing in an ambient atmosphere. Perovskite solar modules (PSMs, active area of 25.2 cm2 with mask) based on this high-quality film achieve the highest efficiency of 16.04 and 30.76% under 1 sun (100 mW cm-2 ) and 945 lux fluorescent light illumination, respectively. The encapsulated PSMs are stable at -20 to 80 °C thermal cycling and keep high efficiency at temperature as low as -20 °C and as high as 80 °C. When the encapsulated PSM is heated at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity under room lighting or heated at 60 °C under AM1.5 (100 mW cm-2 ) illumination for 1000 h, loses only ≈8% of its original efficiency. The high stability of PSMs is due to very high quality perovskite absorber being used. The underlying concept of the FFASE method for extracting the solvent from the large-area perovskite precursor film is that the whole precursor film contacts with the fresh anti-solvent during the crystallization stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien‐Hung Chiang
- Research Center for New Generation PhotovoltaicsNational Central UniversityROCJhong‐Li32001Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Guey Wu
- Research Center for New Generation PhotovoltaicsNational Central UniversityROCJhong‐Li32001Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Central UniversityROCJhong‐Li32001Taiwan
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5
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Stefanelli M, Vesce L, Di Carlo A. Upscaling of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Module. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13020313. [PMID: 36678066 PMCID: PMC9863721 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. In the last 10 years, PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO2 footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization. Here, we want to present the upscaling routes of carbon-counter-electrode-based module devices in terms of materials formulation, architectures, and manufacturing processes in order to give a clear vision of the scaling route and encourage the research in this green and sustainable direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Stefanelli
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Vesce
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE—Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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6
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Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: from device to commercialization. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Chu QQ, Sun Z, Liu Y, Cui H, Cheng B, Dastan D, Moon KS, Yang GJ, Wong CP. Difluorobenzylamine Treatment of Organolead Halide Perovskite Boosts the High Efficiency and Stability of Photovoltaic Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:11388-11397. [PMID: 35212534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most competitive light-harvesting materials, organometal halide perovskites have attracted great attention due to their low-cost and top-down solution fabricability. However, the instability of perovskites in a moist environment reduces the potential for their commercialization. In this study, novel 2,4-fluorobenzylamine (FBA) was employed as the passivation material, which could successfully suppress the defects and improve the moisture resistance of perovskites, resulting in an ultrahigh power conversion efficiency of 17.6% for the carbon-based perovskite solar cells with good stability. Meanwhile, the whole process of interactions between the H2O molecule and the perovskite lattice was first elucidated by density functional theory calculations, which demonstrated the underlying mechanism of the improvement of moisture stability with the FBA treatment. This work opens up a new route toward addressing the main obstacles in the practical application of perovskite devices under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Zhijian Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Davoud Dastan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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8
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Centimetre-scale perovskite solar cells with fill factors of more than 86 per cent. Nature 2022; 601:573-578. [PMID: 35082415 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Owing to rapid development in their efficiency1 and stability2, perovskite solar cells are at the forefront of emerging photovoltaic technologies. State-of-the-art cells exhibit voltage losses3-8 approaching the theoretical minimum and near-unity internal quantum efficiency9-13, but conversion efficiencies are limited by the fill factor (<83%, below the Shockley-Queisser limit of approximately 90%). This limitation results from non-ideal charge transport between the perovskite absorber and the cell's electrodes5,8,13-16. Reducing the electrical series resistance of charge transport layers is therefore crucial for improving efficiency. Here we introduce a reverse-doping process to fabricate nitrogen-doped titanium oxide electron transport layers with outstanding charge transport performance. By incorporating this charge transport material into perovskite solar cells, we demonstrate 1-cm2 cells with fill factors of >86%, and an average fill factor of 85.3%. We also report a certified steady-state efficiency of 22.6% for a 1-cm2 cell (23.33% ± 0.58% from a reverse current-voltage scan).
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9
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Li Y, Dong YJ, He H, Chen XL, Jiang H, Jia Y. Study on the long time aging behavior of MAPbI 3: from experiment to first-principles simulation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32979-32985. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both defect passivation and preventing ion diffusion are necessary for reaching the stable perovskite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yu-Jing Dong
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Center for Topological Functional Materials, School of Physics and Electronic, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- School of Science and Technology, Xinyang College, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Hong He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Xue-Lian Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yu Jia
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials, Center for Topological Functional Materials, School of Physics and Electronic, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
- International Laboratory for Quantum Functional Materials of Henan, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Chen J, Xu X, Tang X, Jiang T, Chen Z, Ye L, Tian Y, Chen X, Liu T, Su Y, Zhu H, Di D, Li L, Yang YM. Highly Efficient and Thickness Insensitive Inverted Triple-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by Gas Pumping Method. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5580-5586. [PMID: 34107680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The gas pumping method (GP) holds the potential of outperforming the antisolvent method (AS) for fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in many ways such as free of toxic solvents, improved film uniformity, and device reproducibility. Most of the highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of PSCs are still achieved by AS. Successful demonstrations of inverted PSCs produced by GP as well as the corresponding mechanisms are still lacking. Herein, we fabricate highly efficient inverted PSCs by GP delivering an overall efficiency of 21.54%, on par with that of the devices by AS (21.41%), and a superior reproducibility at the optimal film thickness. Nevertheless, as the perovskite film thickness increases, the PCE of GP devices slightly dropped while the AS devices decreased significantly. We found that the AS method tends to produce horizontal grain boundaries due to the heterogeneous solvent extraction while they can be effectively suppresed by the GP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xuehui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Tingming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Zeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Lei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yirong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Haiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Dawei Di
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Linjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Yang Michael Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Excited State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Advanced Photonics, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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11
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Xu H, Hu Z, Wang Y, Yang C, Gao C, Zhang H, Zhang J, Zhu Y. Aged sol-gel solution-processed texture tin oxide for high-efficient perovskite solar cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:315205. [PMID: 32268303 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab87cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PeSCs) demonstrate attractive potential for obtaining high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), by employing inorganic electron transport layers (ETLs). However, these ETLs composed of dual layers (a condense layer and a mesoporous layer) suffer the composite process and high sintering temperature. Here, we demonstrate a simple and efficient process to improve the device performance of PeSCs by using a textured SnO2 film. Self-aged sol-gel SnO2 solution after spin coating results in a textured structure without sacrificing the surface coverage. Excellent light trapping ability is achieved by optimizing the aged time of sol-gel SnO2 solution, which mimics the evolution of the conventional mesoporous layer. Such a SnO2 textured structure provides a large contact area for rapid charge extraction, and alleviates interfacial recombination loss. Therefore, this PeSC yields an optimal PCE of 19%, which is prominent in state-of-the-art SnO2-based devices. These results indicate that one-step solution processed SnO2 with a textured structure offers a simple and efficient way to improve the device performance of PeSCs without a complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Xu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, Laboratory of Clean Energy Storage and Conversion, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
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12
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Polymer/Inorganic Hole Transport Layer for Low-Temperature-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13082059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the search for improvements in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), several different aspects are currently being addressed, including an increase in the stability and a reduction in the hysteresis. Both are mainly achieved by improving the cell structure, employing new materials or novel cell arrangements. We introduce a hysteresis-free low-temperature planar PSC, composed of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/CuSCN bilayer as a hole transport layer (HTL) and a mixed cation perovskite absorber. Proper adjustment of the precursor concentration and thickness of the HTL led to a homogeneous and dense HTL on the perovskite layer. This strategy not only eliminated the hysteresis of the photocurrent, but also permitted power conversion efficiencies exceeding 15.3%. The P3HT/CuSCN bilayer strategy markedly improved the life span and stability of the non-encapsulated PSCs under atmospheric conditions and accelerated thermal stress. The device retained more than 80% of its initial efficiency after 100 h (60% after 500 h) of continuous thermal stress under ambient conditions. The performance and durability of the PSCs employing a polymer/inorganic bilayer as the HTL are improved mainly due to restraining perovskite ions, metals, and halides migration, emphasizing the pivotal role that can be played by the interface in the perovskite-additive hole transport materials (HTM) stack.
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Ke W, Stoumpos CC, Kanatzidis MG. "Unleaded" Perovskites: Status Quo and Future Prospects of Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803230. [PMID: 30276882 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous interest focused on organic-inorganic halide perovskites since 2012 derives from their unique optical and electrical properties, which make them excellent photovoltaic materials. Pb-based halide perovskite solar cells, in particular, currently stand at a record efficiency of ≈23%, fulfilling their potential toward commercialization. However, because of the toxicity concerns of Pb-based perovskite solar cells, their market prospects are hindered. In principle, Pb can be replaced with other less-toxic, environmentally benign metals. Sn-based perovskites are thus the far most promising alternative due to their very similar and perhaps even superior semiconductor characteristics. After years of effort invested in Sn-based halide perovskites, sufficient breakthroughs have finally been achieved that make them the next runners up to the Pb halide perovskites. To help the reader better understand the nature of Sn-based halide perovskites, their optical and electrical properties are systematically discussed. Recent progress in Sn-based perovskite solar cells, focusing mainly on film fabrication methods and different device architectures, and highlighting roadblocks to progress and opportunities for future work are reviewed. Finally, a brief overview of mixed Sn/Pb-based systems with their anomalous yet beneficial optical trends are discussed. The current challenges and a future outlook for Sn-based perovskites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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14
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Li XL, Gao LL, Chu QQ, Li Y, Ding B, Yang GJ. Green Solution-Processed Tin-Based Perovskite Films for Lead-Free Planar Photovoltaic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:3053-3060. [PMID: 30585479 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The eco-friendly Sn-based perovskites have attracted more and more attention in lead-free perovskite photovoltaic field. However, the device performance and reproducibility are greatly challenged in preparing high-quality perovskite films. Here, we fabricated uniform and dense Sn-based perovskite films via a green gas pump treatment technology. Remarkably, we successfully fabricated a large-area (>20 cm2) Sn-based perovskite film with a mirror-like surface, which is the largest Sn-based perovskite film ever reported. Besides, we found that the phase separation phenomenon induced by excess SnF2 was eliminated when the pressure is 1500 Pa. Finally, we fabricated highly reproducible Sn-based solar cells and obtained an inspiring efficiency of 1.85%, which is the highest reported efficiency for Sn-based devices with a configuration of fluorine-doped tin oxide/compact TiO2/perovskite/hole transport material/electrode. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using gas pump treatment technique to prepare high-quality Sn-based perovskite films, which paves a way for large-scale green manufacturing of Sn-based perovskite solar cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , No. 28, Xianning West Road , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Li-Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , No. 28, Xianning West Road , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Qian-Qian Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , No. 28, Xianning West Road , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Shiyou University , Xi'an 710065 , China
| | - Bin Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , No. 28, Xianning West Road , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , No. 28, Xianning West Road , Xi'an 710049 , China
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Dunlap-Shohl WA, Zhou Y, Padture NP, Mitzi DB. Synthetic Approaches for Halide Perovskite Thin Films. Chem Rev 2018; 119:3193-3295. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiley A. Dunlap-Shohl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nitin P. Padture
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - David B. Mitzi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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Chiang CH, Wu CG. A Method for the Preparation of Highly Oriented MAPbI 3 Crystallites for High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells to Achieve an 86% Fill Factor. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10355-10364. [PMID: 30280561 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The quality of the perovskite absorber is known to be the most crucial parameter for the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells. By combining the one-step anti-solvent engineering method followed by gas blowing, MAPbI3 film containing highly oriented multi-crystalline nanograins (150∼500 nm) was made first. A user-friendly, simple, large-throughput, and reproducible post-solvent annealing (made by treating the film with anti-solvent containing H2O under spinning) was used to enlarge the perovskite grains up to 1.5 μm. Inverted (p-i-n) perovskite solar cells based on this highly ordered, large-grain MAPbI3 film achieve the highest efficiency of 21% with an extremely high fill factor (FF) of 86%. The high-efficiency cell shows almost no current hysteresis and is stable under 1 sun illustration in a glovebox or standing in the ambient atmosphere (20∼25 °C, ca. 30% humidity) under room lighting (T5 lamp, 500 lux). A creative method combining the gas blowing with quick and simple post-treatment to prepare a highly oriented MAPbI3 film with large multi-crystalline grains to achieve excellent photovoltaic performance was demonstrated. This creative film-preparation method was also successfully applied to fabricate large area MAPbI3 film for high-efficiency perovskite mini-modules. Being able to control the crystallization and growth of perovskite crystallites definitely makes the fabrication of perovskite solar cells more reproducible.
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17
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Han D, Wu C, Zhang Q, Wei S, Qi X, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Chen Y, Xiao L, Zhao Z. Solution-Processed Cu 9S 5 as a Hole Transport Layer for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31535-31540. [PMID: 30152687 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have seen tremendous developments in recent years. As a hole transport material, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis( N, N-di- p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) is widely used in n-i-p perovskite solar cells. However, it may lead to the perovskite film degradation due to the dopant lithium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide (Li-TFSI), which has strong hydrophilicity. Cu9S5 is considered as a superior p-type transport material, which also has a favorable energy level matching with the highest occupied molecular orbital of Spiro-OMeTAD. Herein, a solution-processed organic-inorganic-integrated hole transport layer was reported, which is composed of the undoped Spiro-OMeTAD and Cu9S5 layer. Since there is no Li-TFSI doping, it is extremely conductive to the long-term stability of the solar cells. In the meantime, we proposed a method to adjust the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of SnO2 via nitrogen implantation (N:SnO2). The LUMO of SnO2 can be tuned from -4.33 to -3.91 eV, which matches well with the LUMO of CH3NH3PbI3 (-3.90 eV), and thus helps to reduce hysteresis. The modified hole and electron transport layers were applied in n-i-p perovskite solar cells, which achieve a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.10 and 96% retention of PCE after 1200 h in air atmosphere without any encapsulation.
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18
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Yang G, Chen C, Yao F, Chen Z, Zhang Q, Zheng X, Ma J, Lei H, Qin P, Xiong L, Ke W, Li G, Yan Y, Fang G. Effective Carrier-Concentration Tuning of SnO 2 Quantum Dot Electron-Selective Layers for High-Performance Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706023. [PMID: 29484722 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The carrier concentration of the electron-selective layer (ESL) and hole-selective layer can significantly affect the performance of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, a facile yet effective two-step method, i.e., room-temperature colloidal synthesis and low-temperature removal of additive (thiourea), to control the carrier concentration of SnO2 quantum dot (QD) ESLs to achieve high-performance PSCs is developed. By optimizing the electron density of SnO2 QD ESLs, a champion stabilized power output of 20.32% for the planar PSCs using triple cation perovskite absorber and 19.73% for those using CH3 NH3 PbI3 absorber is achieved. The superior uniformity of low-temperature processed SnO2 QD ESLs also enables the fabrication of ≈19% efficiency PSCs with an aperture area of 1.0 cm2 and 16.97% efficiency flexible device. The results demonstrate the promise of carrier-concentration-controlled SnO2 QD ESLs for fabricating stable, efficient, reproducible, large-scale, and flexible planar PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Fang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Pingli Qin
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Liangbin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Ke
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Guojia Fang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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Wu C, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Luo W, Guo X, Huang Z, Ting H, Sun W, Zhong X, Wei S, Wang S, Chen Z, Xiao L. The Dawn of Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cell: Highly Stable Double Perovskite Cs 2AgBiBr 6 Film. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700759. [PMID: 29593974 PMCID: PMC5867041 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, lead-free double perovskites have emerged as a promising environmentally friendly photovoltaic material for their intrinsic thermodynamic stability, appropriate bandgaps, small carrier effective masses, and low exciton binding energies. However, currently no solar cell based on these double perovskites has been reported, due to the challenge in film processing. Herein, a first lead-free double perovskite planar heterojunction solar cell with a high quality Cs2AgBiBr6 film, fabricated by low-pressure assisted solution processing under ambient conditions, is reported. The device presents a best power conversion efficiency of 1.44%. The preliminary efficiency and the high stability under ambient condition without encapsulation, together with the high film quality with simple processing, demonstrate promise for lead-free perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuncun Wu
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Qiaohui Zhang
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Ziru Huang
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Hungkit Ting
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Weihai Sun
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Xinrui Zhong
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Shiyuan Wei
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesChongqing University of Arts and SciencesYongchuan Chongqing402160P. R. China
- New Display Device and System Integration Collaborative Innovation Center of the West Coast of the Taiwan StraitFuzhou350002P. R. China
| | - Zhijian Chen
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesChongqing University of Arts and SciencesYongchuan Chongqing402160P. R. China
- New Display Device and System Integration Collaborative Innovation Center of the West Coast of the Taiwan StraitFuzhou350002P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xiao
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
- Co‐Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesChongqing University of Arts and SciencesYongchuan Chongqing402160P. R. China
- New Display Device and System Integration Collaborative Innovation Center of the West Coast of the Taiwan StraitFuzhou350002P. R. China
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Liang L, Gao P. Lead-Free Hybrid Perovskite Absorbers for Viable Application: Can We Eat the Cake and Have It too? ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700331. [PMID: 29610719 PMCID: PMC5827473 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many years since the booming of research on perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the hybrid perovskite materials developed for photovoltaic application form three main categories since 2009: (i) high-performance unstable lead-containing perovskites, (ii) low-performance lead-free perovskites, and (iii) moderate performance and stable lead-containing perovskites. The search for alternative materials to replace lead leads to the second group of perovskite materials. To date, a number of these compounds have been synthesized and applied in photovoltaic devices. Here, lead-free hybrid light absorbers used in PV devices are focused and their recent developments in related solar cell applications are reviewed comprehensively. In the first part, group 14 metals (Sn and Ge)-based perovskites are introduced with more emphasis on the optimization of Sn-based PSCs. Then concerns on halide hybrids of group 15 metals (Bi and Sb) are raised, which are mainly perovskite derivatives. At the same time, transition metal Cu-based perovskites are also referred. In the end, an outlook is given on the design strategy of lead-free halide hybrid absorbers for photovoltaic applications. It is believed that this timely review can represent our unique view of the field and shed some light on the direction of development of such promising materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusheng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou350002China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
| | - Peng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructuresand Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of NanomaterialsFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of SciencesFuzhou350002China
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional MaterialsXiamen Institute of Rare Earth MaterialsHaixi InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesXiamen361021China
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Liu D, Wang Q, Traverse CJ, Yang C, Young M, Kuttipillai PS, Lunt SY, Hamann TW, Lunt RR. Impact of Ultrathin C 60 on Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices. ACS NANO 2018; 12:876-883. [PMID: 29286630 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskite solar cells have seen dramatic progress in performance over the past several years. Certified efficiencies of inverted structure (p-i-n) devices have now exceeded 20%. In these p-i-n devices, fullerene compounds are the most popular electron-transfer materials. However, the full function of fullerenes in perovskite solar cells is still under investigation, and the mechanism of photocurrent hysteresis suppression by fullerene remains unclear. In previous reports, thick fullerene layers (>20 nm) were necessary to fully cover the perovskite film surface to make good contact with perovskite film and avoid large leakage currents. In addition, the solution-processed fullerene layer has been broadly thought to infiltrate into the perovskite film to passivate traps on grain boundary surfaces, causing suppressed photocurrent hysteresis. In this work, we demonstrate an efficient perovskite photovoltaic device with only 1 nm C60 deposited by vapor deposition as the electron-selective material. Utilizing a combination of fluorescence microscopy and impedance spectroscopy, we show that the ultrathin C60 predominately acts to extract electrons from the perovskite film while concomitantly suppressing the photocurrent hysteresis by reducing space charge accumulation at the interface. This work ultimately helps to clarify the dominant role of fullerenes in perovskite solar cells while simplifying perovskite solar cell design to reduce manufacturing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyi Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Christopher J Traverse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Chenchen Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Margaret Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Padmanaban S Kuttipillai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sophia Y Lunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Thomas W Hamann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Richard R Lunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and ∥Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Liu D, Traverse CJ, Chen P, Elinski M, Yang C, Wang L, Young M, Lunt RR. Aqueous-Containing Precursor Solutions for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700484. [PMID: 29375974 PMCID: PMC5770683 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite semiconductors have emerged as competitive candidates for photovoltaic applications due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. However, the impact of moisture instability on perovskite films is still a key challenge for perovskite devices. While substantial effort is focused on preventing moisture interaction during the fabrication process, it is demonstrated that low moisture sensitivity, enhanced crystallization, and high performance can actually be achieved by exposure to high water content (up to 25 vol%) during fabrication with an aqueous-containing perovskite precursor. The perovskite solar cells fabricated by this aqueous method show good reproducibility of high efficiency with average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.7% and champion PCE of 20.1% under solar simulation. This study shows that water-perovskite interactions do not necessarily negatively impact the perovskite film preparation process even at the highest efficiencies and that exposure to high contents of water can actually enable humidity tolerance during fabrication in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyi Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Christopher J. Traverse
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Mark Elinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Chenchen Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Margaret Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
| | - Richard R. Lunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichigan48824USA
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Han D, Wu C, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Xiao L, Zhao Z. Ion Implantation-Modified Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide by Zirconium with Continuously Tunable Work Function and Its Application in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42029-42034. [PMID: 29140071 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, perovskite solar cells have drawn a widespread attention. As an electrode material, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) is widely used in various kinds of solar cells. However, the relatively low work function (WF) (∼4.6 eV) limits its application. The potential barrier between the transparent conductive oxide electrode and the hole transport layer (HTL) in inverted perovskite solar cells results in a decrease in device performance. In this paper, we propose a method to adjust WF of FTO by implanting zirconium ions into the FTO surface. The WF of FTO can be precisely and continuously tuned between 4.59 and 5.55 eV through different dopant concentration of zirconium. In the meantime, the modified FTO, which had a WF of 5.1 eV to match well the highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxylenethiophene):polystyrene sulfonate, was used as the HTL in inverted planar perovskite solar cells. Compared with the pristine FTO electrode-based device, the open circuit voltage increased from 0.82 to 0.91 V, and the power conversion efficiency increased from 11.6 to 14.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology and ‡State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Cuncun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology and ‡State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yunbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology and ‡State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology and ‡State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Lixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology and ‡State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology and ‡State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, PR China
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24
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Wang LY, Deng LL, Wang X, Wang T, Liu HR, Dai SM, Xing Z, Xie SY, Huang RB, Zheng LS. Di-isopropyl ether assisted crystallization of organic-inorganic perovskites for efficient and reproducible perovskite solar cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:17893-17901. [PMID: 29119988 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06410a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology because of their advantages such as low cost, high efficiency, and solution processability. The performance of perovskite solar cells is highly dependent on the crystallinity and morphology of the perovskite films. Herein, we report a simple, one-step anti-solvent deposition process using di-isopropyl ether as a dripping solvent to obtain extremely uniform and highly crystalline CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films. Compared to toluene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, or diethyl ether, di-isopropyl ether has proven to be a more suitable solvent for an anti-solvent deposition process. The perovskite solar cells fabricated by the anti-solvent deposition process using di-isopropyl ether treatment exhibit an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.67 ± 0.54% and the highest PCE of 19.07%. Moreover, the higher boiling point of di-isopropyl ether makes the anti-solvent deposition process more tolerant to elevated ambient temperature, which can be carried out at ambient temperatures up to 40 °C. Our results demonstrate that di-isopropyl ether is an excellent dripping solvent in the anti-solvent deposition process for efficient and reproducible perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yao Wang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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25
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Zhao YH, Zhang KC, Wang ZW, Huang P, Zhu K, Li ZD, Li DH, Yuan LG, Zhou Y, Song B. Comprehensive Study of Sol-Gel versus Hydrolysis-Condensation Methods To Prepare ZnO Films: Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26234-26241. [PMID: 28726369 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the high charge mobility and low processing temperature, ZnO is regarded as an ideal candidate for electron transport layer (ETL) material in thin-film solar cells. For the film preparation, the presently dominated sol-gel (SG) and hydrolysis-condensation (HC) methods show great potential; however, the effect of these two methods on the performance of the resulting devices has not been investigated in the same frame. In this study, the ZnO films made through SG and HC methods were applied in perovskite solar cells (Pero-SCs), and the performances of corresponding devices were compared under parallel conditions. We found that the surface morphologies and the conductivities of the films prepared by SG and HC methods showed great differences. The HC-ZnO films with higher conductivity led to relatively higher device performance, and the best power conversion efficiencie (PCE) of 12.9% was obtained; meanwhile, for Pero-SCs based on SG-ZnO, the best PCE achieved was 10.9%. The better device performance of Pero-SCs based on HC-ZnO should be attributed to the better charge extraction and transportation ability of HC-ZnO film. Moreover, to further enhance the performance of Pero-SCs, a thin layer of pristine C60 was introduced between HC-ZnO and perovskite layers. By doing so, the quality of perovskite films was improved, and the PCE was elevated to 14.1%. The preparation of HC-ZnO film involves relatively lower-temperature (maximum 100 °C) processing; the films showed better charge extraction and transportation properties and can be a more promising ETL material in Pero-SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kai-Cheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhen-Dong Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Da-Hua Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Li-Gang Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bo Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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26
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Li X, Zhong X, Hu Y, Li B, Sheng Y, Zhang Y, Weng C, Feng M, Han H, Wang J. Organic-Inorganic Copper(II)-Based Material: A Low-Toxic, Highly Stable Light Absorber for Photovoltaic Application. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1804-1809. [PMID: 28387118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite solar cells have recently emerged as a very promising photovoltaic technology due to their excellent power conversion efficiencies; however, the toxicity of lead and the poor stability of perovskite materials remain two main challenges that need to be addressed. Here, for the first time, we report a lead-free, highly stable C6H4NH2CuBr2I compound. The C6H4NH2CuBr2I films exhibit extraordinary hydrophobic behavior with a contact angle of ∼90°, and their X-ray diffraction patterns remain unchanged even after 4 h of water immersion. UV/vis absorption spectrum shows that C6H4NH2CuBr2I compound has an excellent optical absorption over the entire visible spectrum. We applied this copper-based light absorber in printable mesoscopic solar cell for the initial trial and achieved a power conversion efficiency of ∼0.5%. Our study represents an alternative pathway to develop low-toxic and highly stable organic-inorganic hybrid materials for photovoltaic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangli Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Hu
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Bochao Li
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusong Sheng
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Weng
- College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University , Changchun 130103, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Han
- Michael Grätzel Center for Mesoscopic Solar Cells, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials and Application Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University , Xiangtan 411105, People's Republic of China
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27
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Li Y, Ding B, Chu QQ, Yang GJ, Wang M, Li CX, Li CJ. Ultra-high open-circuit voltage of perovskite solar cells induced by nucleation thermodynamics on rough substrates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46141. [PMID: 28401890 PMCID: PMC5388881 DOI: 10.1038/srep46141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain high performance CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells, it is highly important to realise a high open-circuit voltage. Calculation results based on a modified diode model have indicated that a low bare ratio ϕ of the perovskite film is the most important factor determining the open-circuit voltage, where ϕ is defined as the ratio of the projection of the uncovered area of the perovskite film to the apparent area of the total substrate surface. To realise a low ϕ, we investigate the nucleation behaviour of crystals on rough substrates. The analysis results predict that, when CH3NH3PbI3 is deposited on conventional transparent conductive oxide substrates such as fluorine-doped tin oxide, preferential heterogeneous nucleation will occur on the concave regions of the substrate; then, depending on the subsequent growth step, full coverage of the perovskite film at both the macroscopic and microscopic scales is realised. As a result, an ultra-high open-circuit voltage, i.e., 1.20 V, can be achieved in devices using the full coverage CH3NH3PbI3 film. The thermodynamics theory of precipitation nucleation should shed light on solution engineering of thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Bin Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Chang-Jiu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
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