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Rathnakumar S, Bhaskar S, Sivaramakrishnan V, Kambhampati NSV, Srinivasan V, Ramamurthy SS. Tecoma stans Floral Extract-Based Biosynthesis for Enhanced Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission and a Preliminary Study on Fluoroimmunoassay. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4005-4012. [PMID: 38415592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate the synthesis of biogenic supported silver spiked star architectures and their application to increase the electromagnetic field intensity at its tips that enhance plasmon-coupled emission. Tecoma stans floral extract has been used to synthesize silver nanocubes and spiked stars. We observe ∼445-fold and ∼680-fold enhancements in spacer and cavity configurations, respectively, in the SPCE platform. The hotspot intensity and Purcell factor are evaluated by carrying out finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. Time-based studies are presented to modulate the sharpness of the edges wherein an increase in the tip sharpness with the increase in reaction time up to 5 h is observed. The unique morphology of the silver architectures allowed us to utilize them in biosensing application. A SPCE-based fluoroimmunoassay was performed, achieving a 1.9 pg/mL limit of detection of TNF-α cytokine. This combination of anisotropic architectures, SPCE and immunoassay prove to be a powerful platform for the ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers in surface-bound assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Rathnakumar
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Seemesh Bhaskar
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Venketesh Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Biosciences, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Naga Sai Visweswar Kambhampati
- Department of Chemistry, STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Venkatesh Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry, STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam Campus, Puttaparthi, 515134, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Yao G, Liu C, Elsherbiny SM, Huang Q. Chiral Recognition of D/L-Ribose by Visual and SERS Assessments. Molecules 2023; 28:6480. [PMID: 37764256 PMCID: PMC10537478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribose is the central molecular unit in ribose nucleic acid (RNA). Ribose is a key molecule in the study of many persistent scientific mysteries, such as the origin of life and the chiral homogeneity of biological molecules. Therefore, the chiral recognition of ribose is of great significance. The traditional method of chiral recognition of ribose is HPLC, which is time-consuming, expensive, and can only be operated in the laboratory. There is no report on optical analytical techniques that can quickly detect the chirality of ribose. In this study, a simple and convenient approach for the chiral recognition of ribose has been developed. β-cyclodextrin(β-CD)-coated Ag NPs aggregate after adding D-ribose, so that D-/L-ribose can be identified using visual colorimetry and/or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The color change visible to the naked eye can readily distinguish the chirality of ribose, while the SERS method can provide the more sensitive analysis of enantiomeric ribose. The advantages of this method are that it is fast, convenient, low cost, and can be operated outside the laboratory. DFT calculations show that D-ribose and cyclodextrin have the same chirality, forming multiple strong hydrogen bonds between them; thus, D/L-ribose will induce different optical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Yao
- The Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Non-carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (C.L.)
| | - Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (C.L.)
| | - Shereen M. Elsherbiny
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (C.L.)
| | - Qing Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Ion-Beam Bioengineering, Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; (C.L.)
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Bhaskar S. Biosensing Technologies: A Focus Review on Recent Advancements in Surface Plasmon Coupled Emission. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14030574. [PMID: 36984981 PMCID: PMC10054051 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, novel nano-engineering protocols have been actively synergized with fluorescence spectroscopic techniques to yield higher intensity from radiating dipoles, through the process termed plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF). Consequently, the limit of detection of analytes of interest has been dramatically improvised on account of higher sensitivity rendered by augmented fluorescence signals. Recently, metallic thin films sustaining surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) have been creatively hybridized with such PEF platforms to realize a substantial upsurge in the global collection efficiency in a judicious technology termed surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE). While the process parameters and conditions to realize optimum coupling efficiency between the radiating dipoles and the plasmon polaritons in SPCE framework have been extensively discussed, the utility of disruptive nano-engineering over the SPCE platform and analogous interfaces such as 'ferroplasmon-on-mirror (FPoM)' as well as an alternative technology termed 'photonic crystal-coupled emission (PCCE)' have been seldom reviewed. In light of these observations, in this focus review, the myriad nano-engineering protocols developed over the SPCE, FPoM and PCCE platform are succinctly captured, presenting an emphasis on the recently developed cryosoret nano-assembly technology for photo-plasmonic hotspot generation (first to fourth). These technologies and associated sensing platforms are expected to ameliorate the current biosensing modalities with better understanding of the biophysicochemical processes and related outcomes at advanced micro-nano-interfaces. This review is hence envisaged to present a broad overview of the latest developments in SPCE substrate design and development for interdisciplinary applications that are of relevance in environmental as well as biological heath monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemesh Bhaskar
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Rationally constructed imidazole derivatized Schiff-base based fluorescent sensor for reversible identification of copper ions and its applications in fingerprint imaging. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rai B, Malmberg R, Srinivasan V, Ganesh KM, Kambhampati NSV, Andar A, Rao G, Sanjeevi CB, Venkatesan K, Ramamurthy SS. Surface Plasmon-Coupled Dual Emission Platform for Ultrafast Oxygen Monitoring after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4360-4368. [PMID: 34709037 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the health and well-being of people with its long-term effect on lung function and oxygen uptake. In this work, we present a unique approach to augment the phosphorescence signal from phosphorescent gold(III) complexes based on a surface plasmon-coupled emission platform and use it for designing a ratiometric sensor with high sensitivity and ultrafast response time for monitoring oxygen uptake in SARS-CoV-2-recovered patients. Two monocyclometalated Au(III) complexes, one having exclusively phosphorescence emission (λPL = 578 nm) and the other having dual emission, fluorescence (λPL = 417 nm) and phosphorescence (λPL = 579 nm), were studied using the surface plasmon-coupled dual emission (SPCDE) platform for the first time, which showed 27-fold and 17-fold enhancements, respectively. The latter complex having the dual emission was then used for the fabrication of a ratiometric sensor for studying the oxygen quenching of phosphorescence emission with the fluorescence emission acting as an internal standard. Low-cost poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and biodegradable wood were used to fabricate the microfluidic chips for oxygen monitoring. The sensor showed a high sensitivity with a limit of detection ∼ 0.1%. Furthermore, real-time oxygen sensing was carried out and the response time of the sensor was calculated to be ∼0.2 s. The sensor chip was used for monitoring the oxygen uptake in SARS-CoV-2-recovered study participants, to assess their lung function post the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bebeto Rai
- STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Robert Malmberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Venkatesh Srinivasan
- STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Kalathur Mohan Ganesh
- STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Naga Sai Visweswar Kambhampati
- STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Abhay Andar
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
- Potomac Photonics Inc., BWTech Parkway South Campus, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, Maryland 20008, United States
| | - Govind Rao
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Carani B. Sanjeevi
- STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Koushik Venkatesan
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- MQ Photonics Research Centre, MQ Sustainable Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- STAR Laboratory, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
- Center for Advanced Sensor Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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Rai B, Sarma PV, Srinivasan V, Shaijumon MM, Ramamurthy SS. Engineering of Exciton-Plasmon Coupling Using 2D-WS 2 Nanosheets for 1000-Fold Fluorescence Enhancement in Surface Plasmon-Coupled Emission Platforms. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1954-1960. [PMID: 33494607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of fluorescence emission from single-photon quantum emitters on plasmonic nanomaterials using surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) platforms has seen significant advancements. In parallel, there has also been an exponential rise in applications involving two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) that exhibit unique exciton-plasmon interactions. Although both these Frontier research areas have impacted the development of sensor and sensing technologies, no study coalesces these two arenas for translational applications. In this work, we use thin WS2 nanosheets for realizing 1000-fold fluorescence enhancement on the SPCE platform. Structure-dependent fluorescence enhancement exhibited by WS2 provides new insight into the use of TMDs and exciton-plasmon coupling in SPCE substrates. Cellphone-based detection of the emitting dipole is another unique aspect of this work that presents a low-cost alternative in comparison with high-end detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bebeto Rai
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Prasad V Sarma
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Venkatesh Srinivasan
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Manikoth M Shaijumon
- School of Physics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala PO, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
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Bhaskar S, Singh AK, Das P, Jana P, Kanvah S, Bhaktha B N S, Ramamurthy SS. Superior Resonant Nanocavities Engineering on the Photonic Crystal-Coupled Emission Platform for the Detection of Femtomolar Iodide and Zeptomolar Cortisol. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:34323-34336. [PMID: 32597162 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Although luminescence spectroscopy has been a promising sensing technology with widespread applications in point-of-care diagnostics and chem-bio detection, it fundamentally suffers from low signal collection efficiency, considerable background noise, poor photostability, and intrinsic omnidirectional emission properties. In this regard, surface plasmon-coupled emission, a versatile plasmon-enhanced detection platform with >50% signal collection efficiency, high directionality, and polarization has previously been explored to amplify the limit of detection of desired analytes. However, high Ohmic loss in metal-dependent plasmonic platforms has remained an inevitable challenge. Here, we develop a hybrid nanocavity interface on a template-free and loss-less photonic crystal-coupled emission (PCCE) platform by the quintessential integration of high refractive index dielectric Nd2O3 "Huygens sources" and sharp-edged silver nanoprisms (NPrs). While efficient forward light scattering characteristics of Nd2O3 nanorods (NRs) present 460-fold emission enhancements in PCCE, the tunable localized plasmon resonances of NPrs display high electromagnetic field confinement at sharp nanotips and protrusions, boosting the enhancements 947-fold. The judicious use of silver NPr (AgNPr) metal-Nd2O3 dielectric hybrid resonances in conjugation with surface-trapped Bloch surface waves of the one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPhC) displayed unprecedented >1300-fold enhancements. The experimental results are validated by excellent correlations with numerical calculations. The multifold hotspots generated by zero and nonzero nanogaps between the coassembly of NPrs, NRs, and 1DPhCs are used for (i) determination of hyper and hypothyroidism levels through monitoring the concentration of iodide (I-) ions and (ii) single-molecule detection (zeptomolar) of the stress hormone, cortisol, through the synthesized cortisol-rhodamine B conjugate obtained using a simple esterification reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemesh Bhaskar
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Singh
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
| | - Pratyusha Das
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Palash Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar 382355, India
| | - Shivakiran Bhaktha B N
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh 515134, India
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Bhaskar S, Kowshik NCSS, Chandran SP, Ramamurthy SS. Femtomolar Detection of Spermidine Using Au Decorated SiO 2 Nanohybrid on Plasmon-Coupled Extended Cavity Nanointerface: A Smartphone-Based Fluorescence Dequenching Approach. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2865-2876. [PMID: 32159962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of photons with molecular emitters in different nanocavities have resulted in transformative plasmonic applications. The rapidly expanding field of surface plasmon-coupled emission (SPCE) has synergistically employed subwavelength optical properties of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) supported by nanoparticles (NPs) and propagating surface plasmon polaritons assisted by metal thin films for diagnostic and point-of-care analysis. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) significantly quench the molecular emission from fluorescent molecules (at close distances <5 nm). More often, complex strategies are employed for providing a spacer layer around the AuNPs to avoid direct contact with fluorescent molecules, thereby preventing quenching. In this study we demonstrate a rapid and facile strategy with the use of Au-decorated SiO2 NPs (AuSil), a metal (Au)-dielectric (SiO2) hybrid material for dequenching the otherwise quenched fluorescence emission from radiating dipoles and to realize 88-fold enhancement using the SPCE platform. Different loading of AuNPs were studied to tailor fluorescence emission enhancements in spacer, cavity, and extended (ext.) cavity nanointerfaces. We also present femtomolar detection of spermidine using this nanohybrid in a highly desirable ext. cavity interface. This interface serves as an efficient coupling configuration with dual benefits of spacer and cavity architectures that has been widely explored hitherto. The multifold hot-spots rendered by the AuSil nanohybrids assist in augmented electromagnetic (EM)-field intensity that can be captured using a smartphone-based SPCE platform presenting excellent reliability and reproducibility in spermidine detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seemesh Bhaskar
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India, 515134
| | - N Charan S S Kowshik
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India, 515134
| | - S Prathap Chandran
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India, 515134
| | - Sai Sathish Ramamurthy
- STAR Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthi Nilayam, Puttaparthi, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh India, 515134
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Koo B, Yorita AM, Schmidt JJ, Monbouquette HG. Amplification-free, sequence-specific 16S rRNA detection at 1 aM. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2291-2299. [PMID: 29987290 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A nucleic acid amplification-free, optics-free platform has been demonstrated for sequence-specific detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) 16S rRNA at 1 aM (10-18 M) against a 106-fold (1 pM) background of Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) RNA. This work was driven by the need for simple, rapid, and low cost means for species-specific bacterial detection at low concentration. Our simple, conductometric sensing device functioned by detecting blockage of a nanopore fabricated in a sub-micron-thick glass membrane. Upon sequence-specific binding of target 16S rRNA, otherwise charge-neutral, PNA oligonucleotide probe-polystyrene bead conjugates become electrophoretically mobile and are driven to the glass nanopore of lesser diameter, which is blocked, thereby generating a large, sustained and readily observable step decrease in ionic current. No false positive signals were observed with P. putida RNA when this device was configured to detect E. coli 16S rRNA. Also, when a universal PNA probe complementary to the 16S rRNA of both E. coli and P. putida was conjugated to beads, a positive response to rRNA of both bacterial species was observed. Finally, the device readily detected E. coli at 10 CFU mL-1 in a 1 mL sample, also against a million-fold background of viable P. putida. These results suggest that this new device may serve as the basis for small, portable, low power, and low-cost systems for rapid detection of specific bacterial species in clinical samples, food, and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonhye Koo
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Ag-protein plasmonic architectures for surface plasmon-coupled emission enhancements and Fabry-Perot mode-coupled directional fluorescence emission. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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