Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Based Sensitive Detection and Removal of Antibiotics Tetracycline from Water

AIE Active Polymeric Fluorescent Nanoaggregates from Glycogen for Sensitive Detection of Tetracycline

Detection and monitoring of environmental contaminants such as antibiotic residues in aquatic environments is challenging. To address this, a variety of detection methods has been developed; out of which optical sensing using fluorescence is found as one of the most robust methods. However, most of the reported sensors are made from metal ions using tedious synthetic processes, on the other hand, optical sensors using biosourced polymers are rarely reported. Herein, an anionic glycogen functionalized aggregation induced emission (AIE) active system; NCMCTPN was prepared using a simple Schiff base condensation reaction of tetraphenylethene amine (TPENH2) and carboxymethyl cellulose dialdehyde (NCMCA) and its self-assembled polymeric nanoaggregates were explored for sensitive and selective turn-off fluorescence detection of a broad-spectrum tetracycline antibiotic, in an aqueous medium with a limit of detection of 127.5 ppb. The combination of factors such as inner filter effect and photoinduced electron transfer from the polymeric nanoaggregates to tetracycline through activation of a non-radiative decay process is possibly responsible for the high sensitivity of the fluorescent nanoprobe towards the antibiotic.

Crystal Transformation Synthesis of a Three-Dimensional Dual-Fold Building Block Derived from Metal-Organic Framework for Tetracycline Detection

Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based sensors, which have garnered considerable focus for their potential to enhance environmental monitoring and improve water quality by accurately and consistently identifying antibiotic compounds in water, have gained considerable interest. With the help of pH value, an unusual instance of single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transition from the three-dimensional (3D) Zn-framework {[Zn2(mbix)2(2,5-bda)2]·H2O} n (1) to the 3D 2-fold Zn-framework {[Zn4(mbix)4(2,5-bda)4]·H2O} n (2) has been observed under mild conditions. This transformation necessitates the replication of structure 1 while simultaneously modifying the angle between the planes of the imidazole and benzene rings. It is noteworthy that the detection capabilities of 2 for tetracyclines (TC) surpass those of other antibiotic analytes in water. Furthermore, the sensing results are in close consistency with the S-V model when TC concentrations fall within the range of 0-0.08 mM. Additionally, the limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor toward TC is estimated to be 0.59 nM. The stronger quenching impact seen for TC can be linked to a more significant overlap in the energy transfer process. The aforementioned proposition presents a viable strategy for the systematic fabrication of economically viable luminescent sensors, thereby enabling efficient and cost-effective modifications of properties.

Luminescent iron phthalocyanine organic polymer nanosheets with space-separated dual-active sites for the detection and photocatalytic reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Cr(Ⅵ) residues in livestock and poultry wastewater are a rising concern for human health and biotic environments. For the removal of Cr(Ⅵ), its simultaneous reduction and adsorption represents a sustainable and efficient strategy. Herein, iron nodes on covalently bonded two-dimensional phthalocyanine organic polymer (PcOP-Fe) nanosheets with space-separated dual-active sites are developed for the simultaneous detection and removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater. In the FeN4 structure of PcOP-Fe nanosheets, Fe acts as an electron capture center, effectively facilitating the accumulation of photogenerated electrons and transferring them to Cr(VI), thereby achieving its photocatalytic reduction. Meanwhile, pyrrolic nitrogen provides excellent adsorption sites, enabling the adsorption of Cr(III) or Cr(0). Fe accumulates the photogenerated electrons from pyrrole N and transfer them to Cr(Ⅵ). The formation of N-Cr(Ⅲ) bonds causes a space-separation between Cr(Ⅵ) and Cr(III). In addition, PcOP-Fe can be used for a Cr(Ⅵ) detection agent. The photoluminescence intensity decreases linearly with increasing Cr(Ⅵ) concentration from 80 μM to 2 mM, with a limit of detection of 0.18 μM. The PcOP-Fe nanosheets exhibit good Cr(Ⅵ) detection and reduction performance in livestock and poultry wastewater, suggesting their suitability for practical sensing applications. Thus, the PcOP-Fe nanosheets with space-separated dual-active sites are promising for the simultaneous detection and removal of Cr(Ⅵ) in water treatment processes.

A Conjugated Polymer-Based Portable Smartphone Platform for Sensitive and Point-Of-Care Detection of Monoamine Neurotransmitter

The precise and effective detection of neurotransmitters (NTs) is crucial for clinical investigation of neuronal processes, and timely monitoring of NT-related chronic diseases. However, sensitive detection of specific NT with unprecedented selectivity is highly challenging due to similarities in chemical and electronic structures of various interfering neurochemicals. Herein, an anionic conjugated polyelectrolyte Poly[(9,9-bis(4'-sulfonatobutyl)fluorene-co-alt-1,4-phenylene) sodium], PFPS was rationally designed and synthesized for amplified detection and point-of-care (PoC) determination of monoamine neurotransmitter, serotonin (5-Hydroxy tryptamine or 5-HT, also diagnostic biomarker of carcinoid tumor) in human blood plasma. The PFPS displayed a remarkable sensing response with an exceptionally high fluorescence quenching constant of 1.14×105 M-1 and an ultralow detection limit of 0.67 μM or 0.142 ppm, much below the clinical range. Furthermore, a smartphone-enabled portable platform was constructed for real-time onsite detection of 5-HT by quantification of visual fluorescence response of PFPS into RGB values using a color recognizer android application. The smartphone platform could be readily applied for convenient, non-invasive PoC testing of 5-HT levels in complex biological fluids accurately and is expected to revolutionize clinical diagnosis and personalized health care devices.

Fluorescent Sensors for Tetracycline Detection in Aqueous Medium: A Mini-Review

Tetracycline (TC) is a commonly used antibiotic in human therapy and animal husbandry. Public concerns about TC residues inflated due to their negative impact on the environment, food, and human health concerns. To ensure human health and safety, there is a need for fluorogenic chemosensors that can easily detect TC antibiotics with high selectivity and sensitivity in the aqueous medium. This mini-review discusses the progress and achievements in several fluorometric antibiotic tetracycline detection methods. Fluorogenic chemosensors for tetracycline antibiotics with easy-to-use, high selectivity, and sensitivity have been essentially required to regulate food safety and secure human health and safety. Moreover, we gave more attention to the practical applicability of chemosensors for tetracycline antibiotics in food and water quality assessment. This article starts with a section that constitutes an overview of the problems of antibiotics and the typical features of traditional techniques of antibiotic detection. It then goes on to describe up-to-date optical methods for the selective detection and efficient removal of TC. These methods involve a variety of platforms, like tetraphenylethylene polymers, metal complexes, self-assembled CuNCs, and hydrogel. The article also discusses the practical applicability of chemosensors for tetracycline antibiotics in food and water quality.

High-sensitively fluorescent switch-type sensing for Ag+ and halide anions of 2D Cd-based network constructed with logic gates

Effective detection of the concentration of Ag+ ions in bactericidal fluid is one of the necessary conditions for their effective utilization for sterilization. A novel 2D Cd(II) coordination polymer (CP1), named as [Cd(HDPN)(4,4'-bbpy)]·2H2O, was hydrothermally synthesized using 5-(2',4'-dicarboxylphenyl) nicotic acid (H3DPN) and 4,4'-bis(imidazolyl)biphenyl (4,4'-bbpy). The structure analysis discovered that CP1 possessed a 2D network structure of dinuclear inorganic building blocks. Fluorescence sensing discovered that CP1 could high-sensitively detect Ag+, tetracycline, nitrobenzene and pyrimethanil and the lowest limit of detection (LOD) were 1.44 × 10-8M, 2.15 × 10-8M, 8.09 × 10-8M, and 2.54 × 10-7M, respectively. It is worth noting that the quenching occurs after the addition of Ag+ to the aqueous solution of CP1, and then it gradually recovers when one of the halide anions (X- = Cl-, Br- and I-) is added, forming a unique "on-off-on" fluorescence sensor for Ag+ and constructing a simple logic gate. The fluorescence sensing mechanism of CP1 was investigated using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, PXRD, XPS, and DFT methods. The research indicates that CP1 is anticipated to serve as an excellent multifunctional fluorescence sensor, especially as a switch-type sensor for Ag+ and the halide anions.

A penicillinase-modified poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) smart hydrogel biosensor with superior recyclability for sensitive and colorimetric detection of penicillin G

Antibiotics are widely used for treating bacterial infections. However, excessive or improper use of antibiotics can pose a serious threat to human health and water environments, and thus, developing cost-effective, portable and effective strategies to analyze and detect antibiotics is highly desired. Herein, we reported a responsive photonic hydrogel (RPH)-based optical biosensor (PPNAH) with superior recyclability for sensitive and colorimetric determination of a typical β-lactam antibiotic penicillin G (PG) in water. This sensor was composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide) smart hydrogel with incorporated penicillinase and Fe3O4@SiO2 colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs). The sensor could translate PG concentration signals into changes in the diffraction wavelength and structural color of the hydrogel. It possessed high sensitivity and selectivity to PG and excellent detection performances for other two typical β-lactam antibiotics. Most importantly, due to the unique thermosensitivity of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) moieties in the hydrogel, the PG-responded PPNAH sensor could be facilely regenerated via a simple physical method at least fifty times while without compromising its response performance. Besides, our sensor was suitable for monitoring the PG-contaminated environmental water and displayed satisfactory detection performances. Such a sensor possessed obvious advantages of superior recyclability, highly chemical stability, low production cost, easy fabrication, wide range of visual detection, simple and intuitive operation for PG detection, and environmental-friendliness, which holds great potential in sensitive and colorimetric detection of the PG residues in polluted water.

Targeted and Long-Term Fluorescence Imaging of Plant Cytomembranes Using Main-Chain Charged Polyelectrolytes with Aggregation-Induced Emission

Fluorescent polyelectrolytes have attracted tremendous attention due to their unique properties and wide applications. However, current research objects of fluorescent polyelectrolytes mainly focus on side-chain charged polyelectrolytes, and the applications of polyelectrolytes in plant cytomembrane imaging with long time and high specificity still remain challenging. Herein, long-time and targeted fluorescence imaging of plant cytomembranes was achieved for the first time using main-chain charged polyelectrolytes (MCCPs) with aggregation-induced emission (AIE). A series of MCCPs were designed and synthesized, among which the red-emissive and AIE-active MCCP with a triphenylamine linker and a cyano group around the cationic ring-fused heterocyclic core showed the best fluorescence imaging performance of plant cells. Unlike other MCCPs and its neutral form of polymer, this cyano-substituted conjugated polyelectrolyte can specifically target the cytomembrane of plant cells within a short staining time with many advantages, including wash-free staining, high photostability and imaging integrity, excellent durability (at least 12 h), and low biotoxicity. In addition to onion epidermal cells, this AIE fluorescence probe also shows good imaging capabilities for other kinds of plant cells such as Glycine max and Vigna radiata. Such an AIE-active MCCP-based imaging system provides an effective design strategy to develop fluorescence probes with high specificity and long-term imaging ability toward plant plasma membranes.

AIE Ligand-Based Luminescent Ln-MOFs for Rapid and Selective Sensing of Tetracycline

The design of highly stable and dual-emission lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) is promising for practical chemical sensor applications. Rational design and synthesis of photoresponsive organic ligands provide a feasible approach to achieving highly fluorescent dual-emission Ln-MOFs. In this study, a tetraphenylpyrazine-based AIE ligand, H4L, was synthesized and combined with lanthanide ions (including Sm3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, and Tb3+) to fabricate a series of Ln-MOFs named Ln-L. The single-crystal analysis revealed that all Ln-L belonged to the tetragonal space group P4212 and featured a 2-fold interpenetrated 3D structure. Leveraging rational design, Eu-L exhibited a sensitive response to tetracycline, making it a promising fluorescence sensor for tetracycline detection. The experiments demonstrated that Eu-L could rapidly and quantitatively detect tetracycline and its analogs within 30 s. The lowest detection limits for tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline were 0.43, 0.92, and 0.81 μM, respectively. Additionally, the probe displayed excellent reusability and exceptional selectivity. A plausible sensing mechanism was proposed, supported by both experimental and theoretical analyses. Furthermore, the study discovered that on-site and real-time determination of TCs in aqueous solutions could be achieved by using luminescence test papers and composite films derived from Eu-L.

Nitrogen-doped graphene for tetracycline removal via enhancing adsorption and non-radical persulfate activation

Nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) was synthesized via direct thermal annealing treatment. The obtained NG showed outstanding removal ability for tetracycline (TC) ascribed to enhanced adsorption and persulfate activation. The maximum TC adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model of NG was 227.3 mg/g, which was 1.66 times larger than nitrogen-free graphene. The coexistence of NG and persulfate (PS) exhibited complete degradation of TC within 120 min attributed to the successful modification of nitrogen. Further analysis demonstrated that non-radical electron transfer was the dominant degradation pathway, which was different from the widely acknowledgeable radical mechanism. An electron donor-mediator-acceptor system was introduced, in which TC, NG, and PS performed as electron donor, mediator, and acceptor, respectively. The potential intermediates in the TC degradation process were detected and toxicity assessment was also performed. In addition, more than 75.8% of total organic carbon was removed, and excellent reusability was manifested in multiple adsorption and degradation experiments.

Stable Europium(III) Metal-Organic Framework Demonstrating High Proton Conductivity and Fluorescence Detection of Tetracyclines

A europium(III) metal-organic framework (MOF), namely, {[[(CH₃)₂NH₂]₃Eu₂(DTTP-2OH)₂(HCOO)(H₂O)]·4H₂O}_n (Eu-MOF, H₄DTTP-2OH = 2',5'-dihydroxy-[1,1':4',1″-terphenyl]-3,3″,5,5″-tetracarboxylic acid) has been assembled through solvothermal method. The Eu-MOF is a three-dimensional (3D) (4,4,8)-connected topological framework with binuclear Eu(III) clusters as secondary building units, in which a richly ordered hydrogen bonding network formed among the free H₂O molecules, dimethylamine cations, and phenolic hydroxyl groups provides a potential pathway for proton conduction. The proton conductivity reaches the category of superionic conductors (σ > 10^-4 S cm^-1) at room temperature with a maximum conductivity of 1.91 × 10^-3 S cm^-1 at 60 °C and 98% RH. Moreover, it also can be used as a fluorescence sensor in aqueous solution with detection limits of 0.14 μM for tetracycline, 0.13 μM for oxytetracycline and 0.11 μM for doxycycline. These results pave new methods for constructing MOFs with high proton conductivity and responsive fluorescence.

Recent advances in luminescence and aptamer sensors based analytical determination, adsorptive removal, degradation of the tetracycline antibiotics, an overview and outlook

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs), one of the important antibiotic groups, have been widely used in human and veterinary medicines. Their residues in foodstuff, soil and sewage have caused serious threats to food safety, ecological environment and human health. Here, we reviewed the potential harms of TCs residues to foodstuff, environment and human beings, discussed the luminescence and aptamer sensors based analytical determination, adsorptive removal, and degradation strategies of TCs residues from a recent 5-year period. The advantages and intrinsic limitations of these strategies have been compared and discussed, the potential challenges and opportunities in TCs residues degradation have also been deliberated and explored.

A Zn-coordination polymer for the quantitative and selective colorimetric detection of residual tetracycline in aqueous solution and urine

A one-step solvothermal synthesis provides a functional crystalline one-dimensional Zn-coordination polymer (Zn-CP) with excellent stability in aqueous solution over a wide range of temperature and pH. Zn-CP is a rapid, highly sensitive and selective sensor for detecting tetracycline (TC). Quantitative TC detection is based on the ratio of fluorescence intensities I₅₃₀/I₄₂₀, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.51 nM in aqueous solution and 47.17 nM in human urine. The characteristics of colorimetric TC sensing by Zn-CP are highly favorable for application because the color of Zn-CP changes in the visible part of the spectrum from blue-purple to yellow-green upon addition of TC. Conversion of these colors into an RGB signal is simply achieved with an app for the smart phone and provides LODs of 8.04 nM and 0.13 μM TC in water and urine, respectively. Our suggested sensing mechanisms assume that the fluorescence intensity of Zn-CP@TC at 530 nm is enhanced by energy transfer of Zn-CP to TC, while the fluorescence of Zn-CP at 420 nm is quenched by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from TC to the organic ligand in Zn-CP. These fluorescence properties make Zn-CP a convenient, low-cost, rapid and green detection device for monitoring TC under physiological conditions and in aqueous media.

Smartphone-assisted ratiometric sensing platform for on-site tetracycline determination based on europium functionalized luminescent Zr-MOF

Accurate on-site analysis of tetracycline (TC) is of great research value for ensuring food safety and estimating environmental pollution. Herein, a smartphone-based fluorescent platform for TC detectionhas been developed based on a europium functionalized metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF/Cit-Eu). Based on the inner filter and antenna effect between Zr-MOF/Cit-Eu and TC, the probe exhibited a ratiometric fluorescent response toward TC, resulting in an emission color change from blue to red. Excellent sensing performance was achieved with a detection limit of 3.9 nM, consistent with the linear operation spanning nearly four orders of magnitude. Subsequently, visual test strips based on Zr-MOF/Cit-Eu were prepared, possessing the potential for accurate testing of TC via RGB signals. Finally, the proposed platform was well applied in actual samples with satisfied recoveries (92.27 to 110.22%). This MOF-based on-site fluorescent platform holds great potential on constructing intelligent platform for visual and quantitative detection of organic contaminants.

Advances in Biosensing of Chemical Food Contaminants Based on the MOFs-Graphene Nanohybrids

Food safety issue is becoming an international challenge for human health owing to the presence of contaminants. In this context, reliable, rapid, and sensitive detecting technology is extremely demanded to establish food safety assurance systems. MOFs (Metal-organic frameworks) are a new type of porous crystalline material with particular physical and chemical characteristics presented in food safety requirements. (Bio)sensors driven MOF materials have emerged as a promising alternative and complementary analytical techniques, owing to their great specific area, high porosity, and uniform and fine-tunable pore buildings. Nevertheless, the insufficient stability and electrical conductivity of classical MOFs limit their utilization. Employing graphene-derived nanomaterials with high functional elements as patterns for the MOF materials not only improves the structural instability and poor conductivity but also impedes the restacking and aggregation between graphene layers, thus significantly extending the MOFs application. A review of MOFs-graphene-based material used in food contamination detection is urgently needed for encouraging the advance of this field. Herein, this paper systematically outlines current breakthroughs in MOF-graphene-based nanoprobes, outlines their principles, and illustrates their employments in identifying mycotoxins, heavy metal ions, pathogens, antibiotics, and pesticides, referring to their multiplexing and sensitivity ability. The challenges and limitations of applying MOF-graphene composite for precise and efficient assessment of food were also debated. This paper would maybe offer some inspired concepts for an upcoming study on MOF-based composites in the food security context.

Hydrogel-Based Biosensors

There is an increasing interest in sensing applications for a variety of analytes in aqueous environments, as conventional methods do not work reliably under humid conditions or they require complex equipment with experienced operators. Hydrogel sensors are easy to fabricate, are incredibly sensitive, and have broad dynamic ranges. Experiments on their robustness, reliability, and reusability have indicated the possible long-term applications of these systems in a variety of fields, including disease diagnosis, detection of pharmaceuticals, and in environmental testing. It is possible to produce hydrogels, which, upon sensing a specific analyte, can adsorb it onto their 3D-structure and can therefore be used to remove them from a given environment. High specificity can be obtained by using molecularly imprinted polymers. Typical detection principles involve optical methods including fluorescence and chemiluminescence, and volume changes in colloidal photonic crystals, as well as electrochemical methods. Here, we explore the current research utilizing hydrogel-based sensors in three main areas: (1) biomedical applications, (2) for detecting and quantifying pharmaceuticals of interest, and (3) detecting and quantifying environmental contaminants in aqueous environments.

Functionalized Zirconium Organic Frameworks as Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Tetracyclines in Water and Pork

The overuse of tetracyclines (TCs) in livestock breeding may cause a series of health and environmental problems. It is necessary to develop more accurate, convenient, and rapid sensing methods toward TCs, but it is still very challenging. In this work, three isostructural zirconium organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) have been investigated as probes for the fluorescent sensing of TCs in water. By varying the functional group at the central benzene core, their sensing performances toward TCs can be modified. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection can be as low as 0.08 nM in a wide detection range of 0-147 μM with high sensitivity and selectivity. These Zr-MOFs can also be applied in the detection of TCs in real pork samples with satisfying reliabilities and correctness. This work provides a new method for the design and optimization of fluorescent sensors toward TCs.

Highly Efficient Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride in Water by Oxygenation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized FeS Nanofluids

The transformation of organic pollutants by stabilized nano-FeS in oxic conditions is far less understood than in anoxic states. Herein, carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized FeS (CMC-FeS) nanofluids are prepared at a CMC-to-FeS mass ratio of 1/2 and their performance of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) degradation under oxic conditions was investigated. Here, we showed that TC could be efficiently removed by oxygenation of CMC-FeS nanofluids at neutral initial pH. We found that CMC-FeS dosages as low as 15 mg/L can achieve the TC removal efficiency as high as 99.1% at an initial TC concentration of 50 mg/L. Oxidative degradation plays a predominated role in TC removal (accounting for 58.0%), adsorption has the second importance (accounting for 37.0%), and reduction has minor impact (accounting for 4.1%) toward TC removal. Electron spin resonance assays, fluorescent detection using coumarin as a probe, and radical scavenging experiments confirm that hydroxy radicals (•OH), both in free and surface-bound forms, contribute to oxidation of TC. Humic acids brought detrimental effects on TC removal and therefore should be biologically degraded in advance. This work offers a facile and cost-effective solution to decontaminate TC in natural and engineered water bodies.

Selectivity Enhancement for Uric Acid Detection via In Situ Preparation of Blue Emissive Carbon Dots Entrapped in Chromium Metal-Organic Frameworks

In the present work, for the first time, the in situ formation of blue emissive carbon dots (bCDs) and encapsulation into the pores of chromium-based metal-organic frameworks (Cr-MOFs) are described. The luminescent bCDs via in situ process are formed and entrapped inside the pores of Cr-MOFs to form a nanocomposite of bCDs@Cr-MOFs. The bCDs@Cr-MOFs showed a strong broad blue emission at 420 nm (excited at 310 nm), which corresponds to both, the ligand (2-aminoterephthalic acid) in the Cr-MOF and the entrapped bCDs. This is assigned for the entrapping of bCDs in the pores of the MOFs. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed two types of particles, 150 rod-like shapes for Cr-MOF and 5-10 nm spherical shapes assigned for the presence of bCDs. The bCDs alone (without Cr-MOF) showed no selectivity, and their emission was quenched by different biomolecules and ions, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, and Hg²⁺. The selectivity of bCDs toward uric acid was increased dramatically when they were encapsulated in the Cr-MOF. The linear range for uric acid was 20-50 μM, and the LOD was measured as 1.3 μM. Spike recoveries for the detection of uric acid in serum samples were between 94 and 108%. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 3) at each concentration value was less than 2%. The results showed high ruggedness and robustness of the assay due to its high shelf-life stability of probe (four weeks), water stability, and long working pH range. Validation experiments showed that the established MOF-based sensing system is appropriate for uric acid detection in real samples.

Pyrene-based sulfonated organic porous materials for rapid adsorption of cationic dyes in water

Porous organic polymers (POP) have gained attention because of their high specific surface area, porosity and their simplicity in synthesis, but for the most part, they are hydrophobic because of their organic backbone, making it difficult to expand their applications. Here, we have obtained poly(pyrene) porous organic polymers (PyPOP) through the polymerization of pyrene monomers catalysed by aluminium trichloride, which is a simple and inexpensive synthesis method. The sulfonated poly(pyrene) porous organic polymers (PyPOP-SO₃H) obtained showed rapid adsorption of cationic dyes, especially malachite green (MG adsorption 1607 mg/g) and methylene blue (MB adsorption 1220 mg/g) in pH = 7 aqueous solution, room temperature. The results show that the Freundlich model is more in line with the adsorption process than the Langmuir model, whether for methylene blue or malachite green. In addition, the PSO kinetic model fits better than PFO kinetic model, whether it is for the adsorption of methylene blue or malachite green. The excellent adsorption performance of PyPOP-SO3H for cationic dyes may be due to the introduction of sulfonic acid groups, which not only increases the specific surface area but also allows better dispersion in water, increasing contact points and adsorption efficiency. This research expands the scope of exploration and application of POP.

Fluorescent Polymers Conspectus

The development of luminescent materials is critical to humankind. The Nobel Prizes awarded in 2008 and 2010 for research on the development of green fluorescent proteins and super-resolved fluorescence imaging are proof of this (2014). Fluorescent probes, smart polymer machines, fluorescent chemosensors, fluorescence molecular thermometers, fluorescent imaging, drug delivery carriers, and other applications make fluorescent polymers (FPs) exciting materials. Two major branches can be distinguished in the field: (1) macromolecules with fluorophores in their structure and (2) aggregation-induced emission (AIE) FPs. In the first, the polymer (which may be conjugated) contains a fluorophore, conferring photoluminescent properties to the final material, offering tunable structures, robust mechanical properties, and low detection limits in sensing applications when compared to small-molecule or inorganic luminescent materials. In the latter, AIE FPs use a novel mode of fluorescence dependent on the aggregation state. AIE FP intra- and intermolecular interactions confer synergistic effects, improving their properties and performance over small molecules aggregation-induced, emission-based fluorescent materials (AIEgens). Despite their outstanding advantages (over classic polymers) of high emission efficiency, signal amplification, good processability, and multiple functionalization, AIE polymers have received less attention. This review examines some of the most significant advances in the broad field of FPs over the last six years, concluding with a general outlook and discussion of future challenges to promote advancements in these promising materials that can serve as a springboard for future innovation in the field.

CuII Ion Doping Enhances the Water Stability of Luminescent Metal–Organic Framework, Realizing the Detection of Fe3+ and Antibiotics in Aqueous Solutions

Luminescent metal–organic frameworks (LMOFs) have been widely developed in the field of chemical sensing owing to their outstanding photoluminescence performance, high selectivity, anti-interference, high sensitivity, and fast response, and have become one of the research hotspots of emerging functional materials. However, in practical applications, many tests are carried out in the water environment, and fragile water stability greatly limits the application of MOFs in the field. Therefore, it is important to develop a method to enhance the water stability of MOFs. Herein, a new complex {[Zn(L)]·CH₃CN}_n (Zn-MOF, H₂L = 5-(benzimidazol-1-yl) isophthalic acid) with a superior photophysical property has been synthesized first. Its water stability was highly enhanced by the doping of Cu^II ions by the one-pot method. In addition, the detection performances of doping material Cu_0.1/Zn-MOF for sixteen metal ions and thirteen antibiotics were well studied. It was found that Cu_0.1/Zn-MOF displays high sensitivity, fast response, lower detection limit, and long-term stability for the detection of Fe³⁺, NFT, NFZ, FZD, and TC in the aqueous medium.

Heteroatom-free conjugated tetraphenylethylene polymers for selectively fluorescent detection of tetracycline

The antibiotic tetracycline (Tc) is a major contaminant in food and water, with adverse effects on both ecosystems and human health. The development of novel sensors for tetracycline detection is of great importance. In this work, we develop a novel heteroatom-free conjugated tetraphenylethylene polymer (TPE-CMP) fluorescence sensor for the detection of tetracycline. In the presence of Tc, the emission fluorescence of TPE-CMP was quenched by the photoinduced electron transfer mechanism to achieve high sensitivity. The polymers can detect tetracycline at a concentration of 0-100 μg/mL with a good linear correlation (0.99), and the limit of detection (LOD) is 1.23 μg/mL. Furthermore, TPE-CMP has excellent selectivity in detecting Tc in the presence of various anti-interference analytes, including ions and antibiotics. In addition, the practical feasibilities of TPE-CMP for Tc sensing were further investigated in milk, urine and wastewater samples with satisfactory recoveries (from 94.96% to 112.53% for milk, from 96.41% to 99.31% for urine and from 98.54% to 100.52% for wastewater). We have designed and synthesized TPE-CMP based on heteroatom-free for the specific fluorescence detection of tetracycline, expanding the range of fluorescence detection sensors and offering great promise for practical applications.

Test-strip and smartphone-assisted Eu-TCPE-based ratiometric fluorescence sensor for the ultrasensitive detection of tetracycline

A dual-emissive Eu-TCPE-based test-strip sensor was developed for the ultrasensitive ratiometric and visual detection of tetracycline in real samples.

Dual-Channel Probe of Carbon Dots Cooperating with Lanthanide Complex Employed for Simultaneously Distinguishing and Sequentially Detecting Tetracycline and Oxytetracycline

Tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) are the most widely used broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents in tetracycline drugs, and their structures and properties are very similar, so it is a great challenge to distinguish and detect these two antibiotics with a single probe at the same time. Herein, a dual-channel fluorescence probe (SiCDs@mMIPs-cit-Eu) was developed by integrating two independent reaction sites with SiCDs-doped mesoporous silica molecular imprinting group and europium complex group into a nanomaterial. The synergistic influence of inner filter effect and "antenna effect" can be guaranteed to solve the distinction between TC and OTC. Moreover, this novel strategy can also sequentially detect TC and OTC in buffer solution and real samples with high sensitivity and selectivity. This method revealed good responses to TC and OTC ranging from 0 to 5.5 μM with a detection limit of 5 and 16 nM, respectively. Combined with the smartphone color-scanning application, the portable and cheap paper-based sensor was designed to realize the multi-color visual on-site detection of TC and OTC. In addition, the logic gate device was constructed according to the fluorescence color change of the probe for TC and OTC, which provided the application possibility for the intelligent detection of the probe.

Ratiometric fluorescence sensor based on europium-grafted ZnO quantum dots for visual and colorimetric detection of tetracycline

An europium functionalized ZnO quantum dots (QDs) ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe is designed to establish a real time, on-site visual, and highly sensitive probe method for tetracycline (TC). The yellow-emitting ZnO QDs serves as the internal reference, while the Eu³⁺ chelated on the surface of ZnO QDs is used as the signal reporting unit. This nanoprobe exhibits rapid response, excellent selectivity, and high sensitivity with a detection limit of 4 nM in detecting the levels of TC. In addition, fluorescence of the nanoprobe can change from yellow to red as the concentration of TC increases. Thus, naked eye detection of TC was realized using the test paper processed by nanoprobe, followed by RGB value analysis function on the mobile phone APP.

Stimuli-Responsive Metal-Organic Framework on a Metal-Organic Framework Heterostructure for Efficient Antibiotic Detection and Anticounterfeiting

Stimuli-responsiveness is an important characteristic that show promising potential in various applications. Herein, a novel ZIF-8-on-Tb-dpn (H₃dpn = 5-(2',4'-dicarboxylphenyl)nicotic acid) heterostructure is constructed using a heteroepitaxial strategy combining the chemical-responsive (antibiotics) and light-responsive behaviors. The pyridine nitrogen of Tb-dpn acts as an anchor site for Zn²⁺, which helps to overcome the limit of lattice mismatch between two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and promotes the growth of ZIF-8 nanocrystals. Based on the synergy effect of two MOFs, ZIF-8-on-Tb-dpn exhibits an efficient turn-off response toward tetracycline and chloramphenicol via competitive absorption, Förster resonance energy transfer, and photoinduced electron transfer processes with limit of detection values of 5.6 and 37.6 nM, respectively, which are three- to -fivefold lower than those of Tb-dpn. Moreover, the nanocage of ZIF-8 is utilized to encapsulate photochromic spiropyran (SP) molecules and realize the reversible conversion between SP and merocyanine (MC) under visible light and ultraviolet light. The MC form is accompanied with strong adsorption at 555 nm, which can erase the emission of Tb³⁺. Therefore, a reversible invisible anticounterfeiting pattern is designed with SP ⊂ ZIF-8-on-Tb-dpn for information anticounterfeiting. The excellent stimuli-responsive ability makes the luminescent platform a potential candidate in luminescence applications.

pH-Regulated H4TCPE@Eu/AMP ICP Sensor Array and Its Fingerprinting on Test Papers: Toward Point-of-Use Systematic Analysis of Environmental Antibiotics

In this work, 1,1,2,2-tetra(4-carboxylphenyl)ethylene (H₄TCPE) was selected as the guest and incorporated into a Eu/AMP ICP host to establish a "lab-on-an-AIE@Ln/ICP" sensor array for identifying and sensing environmental antibiotics simultaneously. First, on the basis of a theoretical study of the antenna effect and reductive photoinduced charge transfer between the as-prepared H₄TCPE@Eu/AMP ICPs and antibiotics, respectively, the response from the sensitized time-resolved fluorescence of the host and the unique aggregation-induced emission (AIE) of the guest were selected as the main sensing elements for the sensor array. With the regulation of pH, the diverse fluorescence responses for antibiotics with either structural differences (flumequine, oxytetracycline, and sulfadiazine) or structural similarities (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and doxycycline) were recorded and processed by principal component analysis; systematic analysis of environmental antibiotics was therefore realized. Encouraged by the superior anti-aggregation-caused quenching effect of H₄TCPE@Eu/AMP ICPs on the test strip, the distinct fluorescence color changes of the "lab-on-an-AIE@Ln/ICP" sensor array were further explored with the aid of smartphones. The fingerprinting pattern of the sensor array on test paper eventually holds great potential for the point-of-use systematic analysis of environmental antibiotics even in complicated real samples.

A portable test strip based on fluorescent europium-based metal-organic framework for rapid and visual detection of tetracycline in food samples

Residual tetracycline (TC) in animal food caused by abuse of antibiotics leads to many chronic diseases in the human body. The development of a simple and on-site visualization method for TC detection is need of the hour. Herein, a fluorescent europium-based metal-organic framework (Eu-MOF) sensor for visual and rapid detection of TC was developed. Eu-MOF displays a red emission being excited at 260 nm. Upon exposure to TC, significant fluorescence quenching was observed due to the inner filter effect and photoinduced electron transfer. Moreover, the developed sensor was applied for the detection of TC in milk and beef samples with recoveries of 96.1% to 106.3%, respectively. More importantly, a portable test strip based on Eu-MOF was manufactured. It is a highly selective and sensitive portable device for TC detection. The results can be distinguished immediately by naked eyes, making it become an excellent choice to detect TC in real-time application.

Biosensors for wastewater-based epidemiology for monitoring public health

Public health is attracting increasing attention due to the current global pandemic, and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a powerful tool for monitoring of public health by analysis of a variety of biomarkers (e.g., chemicals and pathogens) in wastewater. Rapid development of WBE requires rapid and on-site analytical tools for monitoring of sewage biomarkers to provide immediate decision and intervention. Biosensors have been demonstrated to be highly sensitive and selective tools for the analysis of sewage biomarkers due to their fast response, ease-to-use, low cost and the potential for field-testing. This paper presents biosensors as effective tools for wastewater analysis of potential biomarkers and monitoring of public health via WBE. In particular, we discuss the use of sewage sensors for rapid detection of a range of targets, including rapid monitoring of community-wide illicit drug consumption and pathogens for early warning of infectious diseases outbreaks. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future use of the biosensor technology for WBE to enable rapid on-site monitoring of sewage, which will provide nearly real-time data for public health assessment and effective intervention.

Smartphones and Test Paper-Assisted Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensors for Semi-Quantitative and Visual Assay of Tetracycline Based on the Target-Induced Synergistic Effect of Antenna Effect and Inner Filter Effect

Development of selective and sensitive methods for on-site assay of tetracycline (TC) is of great significance for public health and food safety. Herein, a valid ratiometric fluorescence strategy using g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with Eu³⁺ is designed for the assay of TC. In this strategy, both Eu³⁺ and g-C₃N₄ nanosheets serve as the recognition units of TC. The blue fluorescence of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets can be quenched by TC via the inner filter effect (IFE); meanwhile, the red fluorescence of Eu³⁺ can be enhanced by TC through the antenna effect (AE). The synergistic effect of AE and IFE caused by TC makes the developed ratiometric fluorescent sensor display a wide linear range for TC from 0.25 to 80 μM with a detection limit of 6.5 nM and a significant fluorescence color evolution from blue to red. Given its simplicity, free-label, excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, and recognizable color change, point-of-care testing systems, including smartphones and test paper-based assays, are developed for the visual sensing of TC. The integration of smartphones and test paper on a ratiometric fluorescent sensor greatly reduces the detection cost and time, providing a promising method for the qualitative discernment and semi-quantitative assay of TC on-site. Moreover, the potential application of the approach is also verified by detecting TC in milk.

Interface engineering of zeolite imidazolate framework-8 on two-dimensional Al-metal-organic framework nanoplates enhancing performance for simultaneous capture and sensing tetracyclines

The increasing misgivings of environmental pollution derived from antibiotic residues make it imperative to explore a bifunctional platform for synchronous monitoring and removal of antibiotics. Herein, zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is anchored on two-dimensional (2D) amino-functionalized Al-metal organic framework (NH₂-MIL-53(Al)) nanoplates to construct a dual metal-organic frameworks smart platform (ZIF-8/NH₂-MIL-53(Al)) for simultaneous capture and fluorescence sensing of tetracyclines (TCs). ZIF-8 nanoparticles anchored on 2D nanoplates having a smaller size and a larger specific surface area boost the adsorption capabilities (561, 533, 526 and 578 mg g^-1 for doxycycline (DOX), tetracycline (TET), oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), respectively). Notably, the pyridine N of ZIF-8 cooperated with the abundant NH₂ on the surface of NH₂-MIL-53(Al) exhibits high affinity toward TCs, remarkably enhancing the sensitivity by facilitating the photo-induced electron transfer and the inner-filter effect. The LODs (1.2 μg L^-1 for TET, DOX, OTC and 2.2 μg L^-1 for CTC, respectively) are at least 10-fold lower than those of NH₂-MIL-53(Al) and are comparable or superior to those of reported sensors. The dual metal-organic frameworks smart platform presents satisfactory reliabilities and accuracies for detecting TCs in real samples, which anticipates new routes to develop integrated systems for simultaneous capture and detection of organic pollutants.

Molecularly imprinted polymers-captivity ZnO nanorods for sensitive and selective detecting environmental pollutant

To develop the semiconductor of ZnO nanomaterials as the fluorescence sensor without leakage toxicity. Here, a molecularly imprinted polymer captivity ZnO nanorods (NRs) (MIPs-captivity ZnO NRs) was fabricated by precipitation polymerization. Such traditional technology was not only achieved the specific recognition for direct fluorescent quantification of the target tetracycline (TC) through fluorescence quenching, but also formed the shield to reduce the toxic effects of ZnO towards organisms. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the MIPs-captivity ZnO NRs were effectively applied to the direct fluorescence quantification of TC with excellent stability. Moreover, the practical analytical performance of the MIPs-captivity ZnO NRs was assayed by appraising the detection effects of TC in water sample from the Yangtze River with satisfactory results.

Tetracycline removal by polyelectrolyte copolymers in conjunction with ultrafiltration membranes through liquid-phase polymer-based retention

In this study, we used a liquid-phase polymer-based retention technique assisted by polyelectrolyte copolymers containing quaternary ammonium and sulfonate groups that are capable of removing the antibiotic tetracycline (TC) through electrostatic interactions. The polymers were synthesized using zwitterionic, anionic, and cationic monomers with the aim of obtaining copolymers with different charge balances at the ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 (negative: positive). The parameters investigated for each copolymer included the pH, ionic strength, concentration of polymer, maximum retention capacity, and sorption-elution process at pH 11.0 and 3.0. The copolymers with a charge ratio of 1:2 achieved the highest retention (80.0%) at alkaline pH, while the copolymers with charge ratios of 2:1 and 1:1 exhibited the maximum retention (72.0%) at acidic pH. Based on these results, the pH and charge of the polyelectrolyte copolymers play important roles in the TC removal processes. Additionally, the maximum retention capacity (MRC) recorded was 731.2, 176.8, and 214.8 mg TC/g of copolymer in the first charge for the three copolymer polyelectrolytes, and the second charge of the MRC process did not improve compared with the first load.