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Kim TH, Lee JH, Jang MH, Lee GM, Shim ES, Oh S, Saeed MA, Lee MJ, Yu BS, Hwang DK, Park CW, Lee SY, Jo JW, Shim JW. Atto-Scale Noise Near-Infrared Organic Photodetectors Enabled by Controlling Interfacial Energetic Offset through Enhanced Anchoring Ability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403647. [PMID: 38708960 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The near-infrared (NIR) sensor technology is crucial for various applications such as autonomous driving and biometric tracking. Silicon photodetectors (SiPDs) are widely used in NIR applications; however, their scalability is limited by their crystalline properties. Organic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted attention for NIR applications owing to their scalability, low-temperature processing, and notably low dark current density (JD), which is similar to that of SiPDs. However, the still high JD (at NIR band) and few measurements of noise equivalent powers (NEPs) pose challenges for accurate performance comparisons. This study addresses these issues by quantitatively characterizing the performance matrix and JD generation mechanism using electron-blocking layers (EBLs) in OPDs. The energy offset at an EBL/photosensitive layer interface determines the thermal activation energy and directly affects JD. A newly synthesized EBL (3PAFBr) substantially enhances the interfacial energy barrier by forming a homogeneous contact owing to the improved anchoring ability of 3PAFBr. As a result, the OPD with 3PAFBr yields a noise current of 852 aA (JD = 12.3 fA cm⁻2 at V → -0.1 V) and several femtowatt-scale NEPs. As far as it is known, this is an ultralow of JD in NIR OPDs. This emphasizes the necessity for quantitative performance characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyuk Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Jang
- Department of Advanced Battery Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong Min Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Shim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Oh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ahsan Saeed
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jong Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Soo Yu
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Hwang
- Center for Opto-Electronic Materials and Devices, Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nanoscience and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Won Park
- Department of Advanced Battery Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Youn Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jea Woong Jo
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Shim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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Chen T, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zeng C, Li S, Yang A, Hu Y, Li B, Jiang M, Huang Z, Li Y, Guo G, Fan Y, Shi W, Cai Y, Zeng Z, Zhang B. High-Speed and Ultrasensitive Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on In Situ Grown β-Ga 2O 3 Single-Crystal Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6068-6077. [PMID: 38258520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Deep-level defects in β-Ga2O3 that worsen the response speed and dark current (Id) of photodetectors (PDs) have been a long-standing issue for its application. Herein, an in situ grown single-crystal Ga2O3 nanoparticle seed layer (NPSL) was used to shorten the response time and reduce the Id of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) PDs. With the NPSL, the Id was reduced by 4 magnitudes from 0.389 μA to 81.03 pA, and the decay time (τd1/τd2) decreased from 258/1690 to 62/142 μs at -5 V. In addition, the PDs with the NPSL also exhibit a high responsivity (43.5 A W-1), high specific detectivity (2.81 × 1014 Jones), and large linear dynamic range (61 dB) under 254 nm illumination. The mechanism behind the performance improvement can be attributed to the suppression of the deep-level defects (i.e., self-trapped holes) and increase of the Schottky barrier. The barrier height extracted is increased by 0.18 eV compared with the case without the NPSL. Our work contributes to understanding the relationship between defects and the performance of PDs based on heteroepitaxial β-Ga2O3 thin films and provides an important reference for the development of high-speed and ultrasensitive deep ultraviolet PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwei Chen
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chunhong Zeng
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Shaojuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - An Yang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Botong Li
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Gaofu Guo
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yaming Fan
- Nanchang Nano-Devices and Technologies Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Wenhua Shi
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yong Cai
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
| | - Zhongming Zeng
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Nanchang Nano-Devices and Technologies Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Baoshun Zhang
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026 Hefei, China
- Nanofabrication facility, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Huang J, Luong HM, Lee J, Chae S, Yi A, Qu ZZ, Du Z, Choi DG, Kim HJ, Nguyen TQ. Green-Solvent-Processed High-Performance Broadband Organic Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37748-37755. [PMID: 37505202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed organic photodetectors with broadband activity have been demonstrated with an environmentally benign solvent, ortho-xylene (o-xylene), as the processing solvent. The organic photodetectors employ a wide band gap polymer donor PBDB-T and a narrow band gap small-molecule non-fullerene acceptor CO1-4F, both dissolvable in o-xylene at a controlled temperature. The o-xylene-processed devices have shown external quantum efficiency of up to 70%, surpassing the counterpart processed with chlorobenzene. With a well-suppressed dark current, the device can also present a high specific detectivity of over 1012 Jones at -2 V within practical operation frequencies and is applicable for photoplethysmography with its fast response. These results further highlight the potential of green-solvent-processed organic photodetectors as a high-performing alternative to their counterparts processed in toxic chlorinated solvents without compromising the excellent photosensing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Huang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hoang Mai Luong
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ahra Yi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhong-Ze Qu
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhifang Du
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dylan G Choi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Tang Y, Li R, Sun R, Min J, Lin Q, Yang C, Xie G. Flexible all-organic photodetectors via universal water-assisted transfer printing. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100460. [PMID: 37485084 PMCID: PMC10362520 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer printing of small-molecular organic semiconductors often faces challenges due to surface adhesion mismatch. Here, we developed a sacrificing-layer-assisted transfer printing technique for the deposition of small-molecular thin films. High-boiling-point ethylene glycol (EG) was doped in aqueous solution poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as the sacrificing layer to manipulate residual water in film, which allowed chlorobenzene solution to spontaneously spread and form uniform film. The residual water guaranteed film delamination from the stamp, allowing for its transfer onto various substrates and seeding layers. As a proof of concept, laterally conductive organic photodetectors using recyclable EG-PEDOT:PSS electrodes and a small-molecular active layer were consecutively fabricated via transfer printing in ambient air. The resulting device exhibited a high on/off ratio of 711 and a fast rise time of 0.5 ms. Notably, the polymer electrode and the bulk heterojunction demonstrated unique repairability and recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ruiming Li
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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5
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Yu X, Lin H, He Z, Du X, Chen Z, Yang G, Zheng C, Tao S. Efficient Near-Infrared Organic Photodetectors with Spectral Response up to 1600 nm for Accurate Alcohol Concentration Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:16918-16929. [PMID: 36947683 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of near-infrared organic photodetectors (NIR-OPDs) in 1000-1700 nm is essential for medical monitoring, food quality inspection, machine vision, and biomedical imaging. However, when solving the high dark current density (JD) in bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) NIR-OPDs based on narrow-bandgap systems, it is often accompanied by photocurrent loss, which is a great challenge in achieving high-performance NIR-OPDs. Here, an ideal hybrid pseudo-PHJ (planar-heterojunction)/BHJ structure is proposed to overcome this challenge, which is introducing the N2200 layer between the cathode and BHJ. The introduction of the N2200 raises the external charge injection barrier and reduces the trap density, thus achieving significant suppression of JD (6.22 × 10-7 A cm-2 at -0.2 V bias, about 2 orders of magnitude lower compared to the BHJ NIR-OPDs). Meanwhile, the hybrid structure combines the advantages of PHJ and BHJ, thus maintaining a high photocurrent, resulting in responsivity and detectivity of 18.71 mA W-1 and 4.19 × 1010 Jones, respectively, at 1400 nm at -0.2 V bias, which is superior to the performance of BHJ NIR-OPDs. And the hybrid structured NIR-OPDs are proven to rapidly quantify the alcohol content of mixtures to within 2% accuracy, which exhibits great potential for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Hui Lin
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu He
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Du
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Shanghai Synchrotron Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Gang Yang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Caijun Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Silu Tao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
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Zhang H, Wei D, Song X, Xu Z, Wang F, Li H, Sun W, Dai Z, Ren Y, Ye Y, Ren X, Yao J. High responsivity of VIS-NIR photodetector based on Ag 2S/P3HT heterojunction. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:185205. [PMID: 36724502 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb7f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ag2S quantum dot (QD) photodetectors (PDs) have attracted a lot of attention in the field of imaging system and optical communication. However, the current Ag2S PDs mainly works in the near-infrared band, and its detection ability in the visible band remains to be strengthened. In this paper, we used poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with high carrier mobility and Ag2S QDs to construct heterojunction PD. Stronger absorption in blends with polymer P3HT compared to single Ag2S QDs. The optical absorption spectra show that the Ag2S/P3HT has strong light absorption peak at 394 and 598 nm. The results show that P3HT significantly enhances the absorption of Ag2S QDs from the visible to near-infrared band. The output characteristics, transfer characteristics and fast switching capability of the device at 405 nm, 532 nm and 808 nm were tested. The device has the responsivity of 6.05 A W-1, 83.72 A W-1and 37.31 A W-1under 405 nm, 532 nm and 808 nm laser irradiation. This work plays an important role in improving the detection performance of Ag2S QDs and broadening its applications in photoelectric devices for weak light and wide spectrum detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxian Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Micro-nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
- Center of Intelligent Opto-electric Sensors, Tianjin Jinhang Technical Physics Institute, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuguo Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwen Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbao Sun
- Center of Intelligent Opto-electric Sensors, Tianjin Jinhang Technical Physics Institute, Tianjin, 300308, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijie Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Ren
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Ye
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Ren
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Micro-nano Optoelectronics and Terahertz Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, People's Republic of China
- School of Precision Instruments and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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Ma X, Bin H, van Gorkom BT, van der Pol TPA, Dyson MJ, Weijtens CHL, Fattori M, Meskers SCJ, van Breemen AJJM, Tordera D, Janssen RAJ, Gelinck GH. Identification of the Origin of Ultralow Dark Currents in Organic Photodiodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209598. [PMID: 36482790 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic bulk heterojunction photodiodes (OPDs) attract attention for sensing and imaging. Their detectivity is typically limited by a substantial reverse bias dark current density (Jd ). Recently, using thermal admittance or spectral photocurrent measurements, Jd has been attributed to thermal charge generation mediated by mid-gap states. Here, the temperature dependence of Jd in state-of-the-art OPDs is reported with Jd down to 10-9 mA cm-2 at -0.5 V bias. For a variety of donor-acceptor bulk-heterojunction blends it is found that the thermal activation energy of Jd is lower than the effective bandgap of the blends, by ca. 0.3 to 0.5 eV, but higher than expected for mid-gap states. Ultra-sensitive sub-bandgap photocurrent spectroscopy reveals that the minimum photon energy for optical charge generation in OPDs correlates with the dark current thermal activation energy. The dark current in OPDs is attributed to thermal charge generation at the donor-acceptor interface mediated by intra-gap states near the band edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Haijun Bin
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Bas T van Gorkom
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Tom P A van der Pol
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J Dyson
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Christ H L Weijtens
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Fattori
- Integrated Circuits, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Tordera
- TNO/Holst Centre, High Tech Campus 31, Eindhoven, 5656 AE, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, C/ Catedrático J. Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, Eindhoven, 5612 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin H Gelinck
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- TNO/Holst Centre, High Tech Campus 31, Eindhoven, 5656 AE, The Netherlands
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8
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Li Y, Zhao D, Zhang D, Wu M, Liu Y, Yu J. High-detectivity organic photodetectors with double bulk heterojunction enabled by water transfer printing. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3375-3378. [PMID: 35776629 DOI: 10.1364/ol.463318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Suppressing the dark current is an effective strategy to boost the detection capability of organic photodetectors (OPDs). In this Letter, the water transfer printing method is demonstrated in double bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OPDs, which is solvent-independent rather than the traditional sequential spin-coating method, enabling the elimination of the negative effects of solvents on the underlying film and the suppressing of the dark current. As a result, a photo detectivity up to 1012 Jones was obtained in the wide spectral range of 400-900 nm with a small working area of 3 mm2.
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9
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Kuo KH, Estrada R, Lee CC, Al Amin NR, Li YZ, Hadiyanto MY, Liu SW, Wong KT. A New Dioxasilepine-Aryldiamine Hybrid Electron-Blocking Material for Wide Linear Dynamic Range and Fast Response Organic Photodetector. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:18782-18793. [PMID: 35420411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A new dioxasilepine and aryldiamine hybrid material DPSi-DBDTA is designed to act as the electron-blocking layer (EBL) for vacuum-processed organic photodetector (OPD). The O-Si-O-linked cyclic structure leads DPSi-DBDTA to have dipolar character, high LUMO, and good thermal and morphology stability suitable for vacuum deposition. An initial trial with C60-based single active layer OPD device manifests the superior capability of DPSi-DBDTA for dark current suppression compared to the typical aryldiamines. Here, the bare and MoO3-doped DPSi-DBDTA is further examined as EBLs for the visible light responsive OPD comprising DTDCPB/C70 bulk heterojunction (BHJ) as the active layer. In sync with the result of C60-based OPD, the low dark current density and high specific detectivity D* (7.085 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W-1) are achieved. The device with 5% MoO3-doped EBL can exhibit a wide linear dynamic range (LDR) up to 154.166 dB, which is attributed to suppression of both dark current density and carrier recombination. Additionally, the devices also manifest fast time-resolved performance in both frequency and transient response measurements. Especially for the device with 20% MoO3-doped EBL, a wide cutoff frequency response 692.047 kHz and record-high transient response demonstrating ≤0.683 μs for transient photovoltage (TPV) and ≤0.478 μs for transient photocurrent (TPC) have been realized, which is possibly owing to the balance of mobility that mitigates the damage from traps. Such submicrosecond response is comparable with the state-of-the-art perovskite-PDs and Si-PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hua Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Richie Estrada
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Lee
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Nurul Ridho Al Amin
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ze Li
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Marvin Yonathan Hadiyanto
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Wei Liu
- Organic Electronics Research Center and Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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10
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Ollearo R, Wang J, Dyson MJ, Weijtens CHL, Fattori M, van Gorkom BT, van Breemen AJJM, Meskers SCJ, Janssen RAJ, Gelinck GH. Ultralow dark current in near-infrared perovskite photodiodes by reducing charge injection and interfacial charge generation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7277. [PMID: 34907190 PMCID: PMC8671406 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite photodiodes (PPDs) offer high responsivity and broad spectral sensitivity, making them attractive for low-cost visible and near-infrared sensing. A significant challenge in achieving high detectivity in PPDs is lowering the dark current density (JD) and noise current (in). This is commonly accomplished using charge-blocking layers to reduce charge injection. By analyzing the temperature dependence of JD for lead-tin based PPDs with different bandgaps and electron-blocking layers (EBL), we demonstrate that while EBLs eliminate electron injection, they facilitate undesired thermal charge generation at the EBL-perovskite interface. The interfacial energy offset between the EBL and the perovskite determines the magnitude and activation energy of JD. By increasing this offset we realized a PPD with ultralow JD and in of 5 × 10-8 mA cm-2 and 2 × 10-14 A Hz-1/2, respectively, and wavelength sensitivity up to 1050 nm, establishing a new design principle to maximize detectivity in perovskite photodiodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ollearo
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Junke Wang
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew J. Dyson
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christ H. L. Weijtens
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Fattori
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Integrated Circuits, Departments of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas T. van Gorkom
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. J. M. van Breemen
- grid.500333.60000 0004 0581 2681TNO at Holst Centre, High Tech Campus 31, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C. J. Meskers
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands ,grid.434188.20000 0000 8700 504XDutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gerwin H. Gelinck
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands ,grid.500333.60000 0004 0581 2681TNO at Holst Centre, High Tech Campus 31, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Liu J, Jiang J, Wang S, Li T, Jing X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wen H, Yao M, Zhan X, Shen L. Fast Response Organic Tandem Photodetector for Visible and Near-Infrared Digital Optical Communications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2101316. [PMID: 34114339 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic photodetectors (OPDs), which usually work as photodiodes, photoconductors, or phototransistors, have emerged as candidates for next-generation light sensing. However, low response speed caused by low carrier mobility and resistance-capacitance (RC) time constant, severely hinders the commercialization of OPDs. Herein, the authors demonstrate a state-of-the-art OPD with a record response speed of 146.8 ns by employing tandem structure to simultaneously reduce both the carrier transit time and RC time constant of the device, which is faster than that of previously reported OPDs as far as they know. Moreover, benefitting from the multi-level barrier enhancement and voltage division engendered by tandem structure, an ultralow noise current of 7.82 × 10-14 A Hz-1/2 is obtained, as well as a wide detection range in 300-1000 nm. In addition, the tandem OPDs are successfully integrated into the optical communication system as signal receivers, demonstrating the precise digital signal communication from visible to near-infrared light. It is believed that tandem OPDs have promising application potential in the wireless transmission system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jizhong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shuangpeng Wang
- Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, P. R. China
| | - Tengfei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Han Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Mengnan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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12
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Lan Z, Zhu F. Electrically Switchable Color-Selective Organic Photodetectors for Full-Color Imaging. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13674-13682. [PMID: 34319066 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present full-color imaging techniques rely on the use of broadband inorganic photodetectors with dedicated color filters, which is one of the practical challenges for large-area, flexible, and high-solution imaging applications. The development of high-performance color-selective photodetectors is one of the key solutions to overcome this challenge. In this work, an electrically switchable color-selective organic photodetector (OPD) comprising a double organic bulk heterojunction structure has been developed for full-color imaging. The color-selective sensing capability over the visible spectrum ranges can be realized by controlling the bias across the OPD, achieving a high responsivity of ∼200 mA/W, a large linear dynamic range of 122 dB, a viewing angle of 120°, and a -3 dB cutoff frequency of >50 kHz. A full-color imaging function has been demonstrated using electrically switchable red-, green-, and blue-color selective OPD sensors with an excellent operational stability. The results of this work provide a practical solution for applications in high-resolution full-color imaging and artificial vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojue Lan
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Furong Zhu
- Department of Physics, Research Centre of Excellence for Organic Electronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Li Y, Chen H, Zhang J. Carrier Blocking Layer Materials and Application in Organic Photodetectors. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061404. [PMID: 34073349 PMCID: PMC8228918 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As a promising candidate for next-generation photodetectors, organic photodetectors (OPDs) have gained increasing interest as they offer cost-effective fabrication methods using solution processes and a tunable spectral response range, making them particularly attractive for large area image sensors on lightweight flexible substrates. Carrier blocking layers engineering is very important to the high performance of OPDs that can select a certain charge carriers (holes or electrons) to be collected and suppress another carrier. Carrier blocking layers of OPDs play a critical role in reducing dark current, boosting their efficiency and long-time stability. This Review summarizes various materials for carrier blocking layers and some of the latest progress in OPDs. This provides the reader with guidelines to improve the OPD performance via carrier blocking layers engineering.
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14
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Yang K, Wang J, Zhao Z, Zhou Z, Liu M, Zhang J, He Z, Zhang F. Smart Strategy: Transparent Hole-Transporting Polymer as a Regulator to Optimize Photomultiplication-type Polymer Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21565-21572. [PMID: 33908768 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photomultiplication-type polymer photodetectors (PM-PPDs) were fabricated with hole-only transport active layers containing polymer(s): [6,6]-phenylC61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) with a weight ratio of 100:2. The rather less PC61BM content in active layers prefers to generate a large amount of isolated electron traps surrounded by polymers. Photogenerated electrons prefer to be trapped by the isolated PC61BM due to the lack of continuous electron-transport channels. The trapped electrons by the isolated PC61BM close to the Al electrode would like to seduce hole tunneling injection. The transparent polymer poly[N,N'-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N'-bis(phenyl)benzidine] (poly-TPD) was incorporated as a regulator to improve hole mobility (μh) and adjust the trapped-electron distribution in active layers, leading to the enhanced performance of PM-PPDs. The optimal PM-PPDs were achieved using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):poly-TPD:PC61BM (80:20:2, wt/wt/wt) as active layers. External quantum efficiency (EQE) values at 620 nm are 3900 and 1250% for PM-PPDs based on P3HT:poly-TPD:PC61BM (80:20:2, wt/wt/wt) and P3HT:PC61BM (100:2, wt/wt) under -10 V applied voltage, respectively. The EQE at 620 nm of optimal PM-PPDs is improved from 650 to 63,000% along with the applied voltage increase from -5 to -20 V. This work provides a new strategy of using transparent polymer with large μh as a regulator for EQE and response speed improvement, as well as the flattened EQE spectral shape of PM-PPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Yang
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Taishan University, Taian 271021, Shandong, China
| | - Zijin Zhao
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhengji Zhou
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, and School of Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 1st Jinji Road, Guilin 541004, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqun He
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- School of Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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15
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Huang J, Lee J, Nakayama H, Schrock M, Cao DX, Cho K, Bazan GC, Nguyen TQ. Understanding and Countering Illumination-Sensitive Dark Current: Toward Organic Photodetectors with Reliable High Detectivity. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1753-1763. [PMID: 33440123 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Continuously enhanced photoresponsivity and suppressed dark/noise current combinatorially lead to the recent development of high-detectivity organic photodetectors with broadband sensing competence. Despite the achievements, reliable photosensing enabled by organic photodetectors (OPDs) still faces challenges. Herein, we call for heed over a universal phenomenon of detrimental sensitivity of dark current to illumination history in high-performance inverted OPDs. The phenomenon, unfavorable to the attainment of high sensitivity and consistent figures-of-merit, is shown to arise from exposure of the commonly used electron transport layer in OPDs to high-energy photons and its consequent loss of charge selectivity via systematic studies. To solve this universal problem, "double" layer tin oxide as an alternative electron transport layer is demonstrated, which not only eliminates the inconsistency between the initial and after-illumination dark current characteristics but also preserves the low magnitude of dark current, good external quantum efficiency, and rapid transient response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Huang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hidenori Nakayama
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Science & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8502, Japan
| | - Max Schrock
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - David Xi Cao
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Center for Advanced Soft Electronics, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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16
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Kublitski J, Hofacker A, Boroujeni BK, Benduhn J, Nikolis VC, Kaiser C, Spoltore D, Kleemann H, Fischer A, Ellinger F, Vandewal K, Leo K. Reverse dark current in organic photodetectors and the major role of traps as source of noise. Nat Commun 2021; 12:551. [PMID: 33483507 PMCID: PMC7822930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20856-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic photodetectors have promising applications in low-cost imaging, health monitoring and near-infrared sensing. Recent research on organic photodetectors based on donor-acceptor systems has resulted in narrow-band, flexible and biocompatible devices, of which the best reach external photovoltaic quantum efficiencies approaching 100%. However, the high noise spectral density of these devices limits their specific detectivity to around 1013 Jones in the visible and several orders of magnitude lower in the near-infrared, severely reducing performance. Here, we show that the shot noise, proportional to the dark current, dominates the noise spectral density, demanding a comprehensive understanding of the dark current. We demonstrate that, in addition to the intrinsic saturation current generated via charge-transfer states, dark current contains a major contribution from trap-assisted generated charges and decreases systematically with decreasing concentration of traps. By modeling the dark current of several donor-acceptor systems, we reveal the interplay between traps and charge-transfer states as source of dark current and show that traps dominate the generation processes, thus being the main limiting factor of organic photodetectors detectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kublitski
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hofacker
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Bahman K Boroujeni
- Chair of Circuit Design and Network Theory (CCN), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasileios C Nikolis
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Heliatek GmbH, Treidlerstrasse 3, 01139, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Donato Spoltore
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans Kleemann
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Fischer
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Ellinger
- Chair of Circuit Design and Network Theory (CCN), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Instituut voor Materiaalonderzoek (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, BE-3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Li S, Zhi Y, Lu C, Wu C, Yan Z, Liu Z, Yang J, Chu X, Guo D, Li P, Wu Z, Tang W. Broadband Ultraviolet Self-Powered Photodetector Constructed on Exfoliated β-Ga 2O 3/CuI Core-Shell Microwire Heterojunction with Superior Reliability. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:447-453. [PMID: 33356281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A heterojunction is an essential strategy for multispectral energy-conservation photodetection for its ability to separate photogenerated electron-hole pairs and tune the absorption edge by selecting semiconductors with appropriate bandgaps. A broadband ultraviolet (200-410 nm) self-powered photodetector is constructed on the exfoliated β-Ga2O3/CuI core-shell microwire heterostructure. Benefiting from the photovoltaic and photoconductive effects, our device performs an excellent ultraviolet (UV) discriminability with a UVC/visible rejection ratio (R225/R600) of 8.8 × 103 and a UVA/visible rejection ratio (R400/R600) of 2.7 × 102, and a self-powered photodetection with a responsivity of 8.46 mA/W, a detectivity of 7.75 × 1011 Jones, an on/off switching ratio of 4.0 × 103, and a raise/decay speed of 97.8/28.9 ms under UVC light. Even without encapsulation, the photodetector keeps a superior stability over ten months. The intrinsically physical insights of the device behaviors are investigated via energy band diagrams, and the charge carrier transfer characteristics of the β-Ga2O3/CuI interface are predicted by first principle calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Yusong Zhi
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Chao Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zuyong Yan
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Zeng Liu
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xulong Chu
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- China Aerospace System Simulation Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing), Beijing 100195,China
| | - Daoyou Guo
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Department of Physics, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Peigang Li
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Zhenping Wu
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Weihua Tang
- Laboratory of Information Functional Materials and Devices, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
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18
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Recent Advances and Challenges in Halide Perovskite Crystals in Optoelectronic Devices from Solar Cells to Other Applications. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have attracted tremendous attention as a key material in various optoelectronic devices. Distinctive optoelectronic properties, such as a tunable energy band position, long carrier diffusion lengths, and high charge carrier mobility, have allowed rapid progress in various perovskite-based optoelectronic devices (solar cells, photodetectors, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and lasers). Interestingly, the developments of each field are based on different characteristics of perovskite materials which are suitable for their own applications. In this review, we provide the fundamental properties of perovskite materials and categorize the usages in various optoelectronic applications. In addition, the prerequisite factors for those applications are suggested to understand the recent progress of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices and the challenges that need to be solved for commercialization.
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Fuentes-Hernandez C, Chou WF, Khan TM, Diniz L, Lukens J, Larrain FA, Rodriguez-Toro VA, Kippelen B. Large-area low-noise flexible organic photodiodes for detecting faint visible light. Science 2020; 370:698-701. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba2624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Canek Fuentes-Hernandez
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Wen-Fang Chou
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Talha M. Khan
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Larissa Diniz
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Julia Lukens
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Felipe A. Larrain
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Victor A. Rodriguez-Toro
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Bernard Kippelen
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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20
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Gielen S, Kaiser C, Verstraeten F, Kublitski J, Benduhn J, Spoltore D, Verstappen P, Maes W, Meredith P, Armin A, Vandewal K. Intrinsic Detectivity Limits of Organic Near-Infrared Photodetectors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2003818. [PMID: 33078513 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic photodetectors (OPDs) with a performance comparable to that of conventional inorganic ones have recently been demonstrated for the visible regime. However, near-infrared photodetection has proven to be challenging and, to date, the true potential of organic semiconductors in this spectral range (800-2500 nm) remains largely unexplored. In this work, it is shown that the main factor limiting the specific detectivity (D*) is non-radiative recombination, which is also known to be the main contributor to open-circuit voltage losses. The relation between open-circuit voltage, dark current, and noise current is demonstrated using four bulk-heterojunction devices based on narrow-gap donor polymers. Their maximum achievable D* is calculated alongside a large set of devices to demonstrate an intrinsic upper limit of D* as a function of the optical gap. It is concluded that OPDs have the potential to be a useful technology up to 2000 nm, given that high external quantum efficiencies can be maintained at these low photon energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Gielen
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Agoralaan 1 - Building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Christina Kaiser
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Frederik Verstraeten
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Agoralaan 1 - Building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Jonas Kublitski
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Johannes Benduhn
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Donato Spoltore
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Pieter Verstappen
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Agoralaan 1 - Building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Wouter Maes
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Agoralaan 1 - Building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Koen Vandewal
- UHasselt - Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Agoralaan 1 - Building D, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
- IMEC, Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, Diepenbeek, 3590, Belgium
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21
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Chow PCY, Someya T. Organic Photodetectors for Next-Generation Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902045. [PMID: 31373081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation wearable electronics will need to be mechanically flexible and stretchable such that they can be conformally attached onto the human body. Photodetectors that are available in today's market are based on rigid inorganic crystalline materials and they have limited mechanical flexibility. In contrast, photodetectors based on organic polymers and molecules have emerged as promising alternatives due to their inherent mechanical softness, ease of processing, tunable optoelectronic properties, good light sensing performance, and biocompatibility. Here, the recent advances of organic photodetectors in terms of both optoelectronic and mechanical properties are outlined and discussed, and their application in wearable electronics including health monitoring sensors, artificial vision, and self-powering integrated devices are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No. 9 Yuexing 1st Road, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory & Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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22
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Strobel N, Droseros N, Köntges W, Seiberlich M, Pietsch M, Schlisske S, Lindheimer F, Schröder RR, Lemmer U, Pfannmöller M, Banerji N, Hernandez-Sosa G. Color-Selective Printed Organic Photodiodes for Filterless Multichannel Visible Light Communication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908258. [PMID: 32068919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Future lightweight, flexible, and wearable electronics will employ visible-light-communication schemes to interact within indoor environments. Organic photodiodes are particularly well suited for such technologies as they enable chemically tailored optoelectronic performance and fabrication by printing techniques on thin and flexible substrates. However, previous methods have failed to address versatile functionality regarding wavelength selectivity without increasing fabrication complexity. This work introduces a general solution for printing wavelength-selective bulk-heterojunction photodetectors through engineering of the ink formulation. Nonfullerene acceptors are incorporated in a transparent polymer donor matrix to narrow and tune the response in the visible range without optical filters or light-management techniques. This approach effectively decouples the optical response from the viscoelastic ink properties, simplifying process development. A thorough morphological and spectroscopic investigation finds excellent charge-carrier dynamics enabling state-of-the-art responsivities >102 mA W-1 and cutoff frequencies >1.5 MHz. Finally, the color selectivity and high performance are demonstrated in a filterless visible-light-communication system capable of demultiplexing intermixed optical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Strobel
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Droseros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Köntges
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mervin Seiberlich
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Pietsch
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schlisske
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lindheimer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Pfannmöller
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Zhao Z, Wang J, Xu C, Yang K, Zhao F, Wang K, Zhang X, Zhang F. Photomultiplication Type Broad Response Organic Photodetectors with One Absorber Layer and One Multiplication Layer. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:366-373. [PMID: 31870156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Broad response organic photodetectors (OPDs) with a photomultiplication (PM) effect are achieved with one absorber layer and one multiplication layer. The response range of the PM-OPDs is primarily determined by materials in the absorber layer, and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the PM-OPDs is mainly controlled by the multiplication layer. Here, double-layered PM-OPDs were designed with an ITO/ZnO/PM6:Y6/PC71BM:P3HT (100:5, w/w)/Au structure, where PM6:Y6 is employed as an absorber layer and PC71BM:P3HT is used as a multiplication layer. The optimal PM-OPDs exhibit a broad response covering 350-950 nm. Meanwhile, the optimal PM-OPDs exhibit the largest EQE value of ∼1200% and a maximum specific detectivity (D*) of ∼6.8 × 10-12 cm Hz1/2 W-1 under a 10 V bias. This double-layered approach may be a smart strategy for realizing PM-OPDs with an easily adjustable response range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering , Taishan University , 271021 Taian , Shandong Province , China
| | - Chunyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Kaixuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Fenggui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , 450001 Zhengzhou , Henan Province , China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education , Beijing Jiaotong University , 100044 Beijing , China
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24
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Yoon S, Sim KM, Chung DS. Bifunctional Etalon-Electrode To Realize High-Performance Color Filter Free Image Sensor. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2127-2135. [PMID: 30706707 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic photodiodes (OPDs), based on organic semiconductors with high absorption coefficients for visible light, are emerging as potential candidates for replacing silicon photodiodes in image sensors, particularly due to the possibility of realizing a thin thickness and exclusion of color filters, both of which can contribute to a dramatically enhanced degree of integration for image sensors. Despite years of research, techniques have not yet been developed that allow the OPD itself to have color selectivity while maintaining a thin (<1 μm) OPD thickness, in combination with a sufficiently high detectivity (>1012 cm·Hz0.5/W). To solve this issue, we introduce a concept of "etalon-electrode", which can perform the function of electrode and simultaneously the function of selective wavelength transparency. A strategically designed OPD architecture consisting of an etalon-electrode, a panchromatic organic active layer, and a counter electrode displays well-defined narrowband R-/G-/B-selective detectivity spectra depending on precision-adjusted thickness composition of the etalon-electrode. While a thin thickness of OPD is preserved at less than 800 nm including electrodes, active layer, and other buffer layers for all R-/G-/B-selective OPDs, high average detectivity values over 1012 cm·Hz0.5/W are demonstrated. Furthermore, the characteristic of imparting color selectivity by the etalon-electrode enables a more facile full color patterning, such that a prototype of a 10 × 10 image sensor with a pixel pitch of 500 μm is realized, resulting in accurate picturing of a well-defined full color image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwon Yoon
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Sim
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology (DGIST) , Daegu 42988 , Republic of Korea
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25
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Yen CT, Huang YC, Yu ZL, Cha HC, Hsiao HT, Liang YT, Chien FSS, Tsao CS. Performance Improvement and Characterization of Spray-Coated Organic Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33399-33406. [PMID: 30198707 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Low dark current organic photodetectors (OPDs) with a conventional structure consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as active layer have been fabricated by spray-coating. Tuning the thickness of active layer and thermal annealing process for the spray-coated OPDs results in a remarkable performance with a low dark current density ( Jd) of 2.90 × 10-8 A/cm2 at reverse bias of 1 V. The impact of thermal annealing on the performance of sprayed OPDs is also investigated by the impedance analysis for mechanistic understanding. Our results demonstrate that the optimization of PCBM cluster and interfacial contact between the active layer and the metal electrode tailored by thermal annealing, respectively, could effectively reduce the Jd and increase the sensitivity of sprayed OPDs. The control of PCBM cluster is more important than the interfacial contact between the layers for improving Jd. In addition, structural characterization of the active layer studied by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering technique reveals why the spray-coated process can achieve the lowest dark current due to the favorable structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Te Yen
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Longtan, Taoyaun 32546 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering , Ming Chi University of Technology , New Taipei City 24301 , Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Lin Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Longtan, Taoyaun 32546 , Taiwan
| | - Hou-Chin Cha
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Longtan, Taoyaun 32546 , Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Cheng-Si Tsao
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Longtan, Taoyaun 32546 , Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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26
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Wang H, Xing S, Zheng Y, Kong J, Yu J, Taylor AD. Three-Phase Morphology Evolution in Sequentially Solution-Processed Polymer Photodetector: Toward Low Dark Current and High Photodetectivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:3856-3864. [PMID: 29338189 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sequentially solution-processed polymer photodetectors (SSP PPDs) based on poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) are fabricated by depositing the top layers of PC71BM from an appropriate cosolvent of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP)/o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) onto the predeposited bottom layers of P3HT. By adjusting the ratio of 2-CP/ODCB in the top PC71BM layers, the resulting SSP PPD shows a decreased dark current and an increased photocurrent, leading to a maximum detectivity of 1.23 × 1012 Jones at a wavelength of 550 nm. This value is 5.3-fold higher than that of the conventional bulk heterojunction PPD. Morphology studies reveal that the PC71BM partially penetrates the predeposited P3HT layer during the spin-coating process, resulting in an optimal three-phase morphology with one well-mixed interdiffusion P3HT/PC71BM phase in the middle of the bulk and two pure phases of P3HT and PC71BM at the two electrode sides. We show that the pure phases form high Schottky barriers (>2.0 eV) at the active layer/electrodes interface and efficiently block unfavorable reverse charge carrier injection by significantly decreasing the dark current. The interdiffussion phase enlarges the donor-acceptor interfacial area leading to a large photocurrent. We also reveal that the improved performance of SSP PPDs is also due to the enhanced optical absorption, improved P3HT crystallinity, increased charge carrier mobilities, and suppressed bimolecular recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Shen Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jaemin Kong
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University , New York, New York 11201, United States
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
| | - André D Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University , New York, New York 11201, United States
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27
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Qin F, Meng W, Fan J, Ge C, Luo B, Ge R, Hu L, Jiang F, Liu T, Jiang Y, Zhou Y. Enhanced Thermochemical Stability of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Perovskite Films on Zinc Oxides via New Precursors and Surface Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26045-26051. [PMID: 28714304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl groups on the surface of ZnO films lead to the chemical decomposition of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films during thermal annealing, which limits the application of ZnO as a facile electron-transporting layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells. In this work, we report a new recipe that leads to substantially reduced hydroxyl groups on the surface of the resulting ZnO films by employing polyethylenimine (PEI) to replace generally used ethanolamine in the precursor solutions. Films derived from the PEI-containing precursors are denoted as P-ZnO and those from the ethanolamine-containing precursors as E-ZnO. Besides the fewer hydroxyl groups that alleviate the thermochemical decomposition of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films, P-ZnO also provides a template for the fixation of fullerene ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester, PCBM) owing to its nitrogen-rich surface that can interact with PCBM. The fullerene was used to block the direct contact between P-ZnO and CH3NH3PbI3 films and therefore further enhance the thermochemical stability of perovskite films. As a result, perovskite solar cells based on the P-ZnO/PCBM ETL yield an optimal power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.38%. We also adopt P-ZnO as the ETL for organic solar cells that yield a remarkable PCE of 10.5% based on the PBDB-T:ITIC photoactive layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jiacheng Fan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chang Ge
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bangwu Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ru Ge
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fangyuan Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Youyu Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057, China
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28
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Xiong S, Qin F, Mao L, Luo B, Jiang Y, Zhou Y. Stacking Sequence and Acceptor Dependence of Photocurrent Spectra and Photovoltage in Organic Two-Junction Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24027-24034. [PMID: 28660760 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Both single-junction and tandem organic photovoltaic cells have been well developed. A tandem cell contains two junctions with a charge recombination layer (CRL) inserted between the two junctions. So far, there is no detailed report on how the device will perform that contains two junctions but without a CRL in between. In this work, we report the photocurrent spectra and photovoltage output of the devices that contains two bulk-heterojunctions (BHJ) stacked directly on top of each other without a CRL. The top active layer is prepared by transfer printing. The photocurrent response spectra and photovoltage are found to be sensitive to stacking sequence and the selection of electron acceptors. The open-circuit voltage of the devices (up to 1.09 V) can be higher than the devices containing either junction layer. The new phenomenon in the new device architecture increases the versatility of the optoelectronic devices based on organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixing Xiong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lin Mao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bangwu Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Youyu Jiang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
- Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057, China
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