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Innocenti A, Moisés IÁ, Lužanin O, Bitenc J, Gohy JF, Passerini S. Practical Cell Design for PTMA-Based Organic Batteries: an Experimental and Modeling Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:48757-48770. [PMID: 37852614 PMCID: PMC11420880 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy methacrylate) (PTMA) is one of the most promising organic cathode materials thanks to its relatively high redox potential, good rate performance, and cycling stability. However, being a p-type material, PTMA-based batteries pose additional challenges compared to conventional lithium-ion systems due to the involvement of anions in the redox process. This study presents a comprehensive approach to optimize such batteries, addressing challenges in electrode design, scalability, and cost. Experimental results at a laboratory scale demonstrate high active mass loadings of PTMA electrodes (up to 9.65 mg cm-2), achieving theoretical areal capacities that exceed 1 mAh cm-2. Detailed physics-based simulations and cost and performance analysis clarify the critical role of the electrolyte and the impact of the anion amount in the PTMA redox process, highlighting the benefits and the drawbacks of using highly concentrated electrolytes. The cost and energy density of lithium metal batteries with such high mass loading PTMA cathodes were simulated, finding that their performance is inferior to batteries based on inorganic cathodes even in the most optimistic conditions. In general, this work emphasizes the importance of considering a broader perspective beyond the lab scale and highlights the challenges in upscaling to realistic battery configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Innocenti
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Isaac Álvarez Moisés
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Olivera Lužanin
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jan Bitenc
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstrasse 11, Ulm 89081, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome 00185 Italy
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2
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Mitra S, Heuer A, Diddens D. Electron transfer reaction of TEMPO-based organic radical batteries in different solvent environments: comparing quantum and classical approaches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3020-3028. [PMID: 38179667 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we delve into the complex electron transfer reactions associated with the redox-active (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), a common component in organic radical batteries (ORBs). Our approach estimates quantum electron-transfer (ET) energies using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations by sampling from structures simulated classically. This work presents a comparative study of reorganization energies in ET reactions across different solvents. Furthermore, we investigate how changes in the electrolyte environment can modify the reorganization energy and, consequently, impact ET dynamics. We also explore the relationship between classical and quantum vertical energies using linear regression models. Importantly, this comparison between quantum and classical vertical energies underscores the role of quantum effects, like charge delocalization, in offering added stabilization post-redox reactions. These effects are not adequately represented by the classical vertical energy distribution. Our study shows that, although we find a significant correlation between the vertical energies computed by DFT and the classical force field, the regression parameters depend on the solvent, highlighting that classical methods should be benchmarked by DFT before applying them to novel electrolyte materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Mitra
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Diddo Diddens
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster (IEK-12), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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3
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Yan M, Johnson EM, Morris AJ. Redox Hopping in Metal-Organic Frameworks through the Lens of the Scholz Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10700-10709. [PMID: 37988693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Initially proposed by Lovric and Scholz to explain redox reactions in solid-phase voltammetry, the Scholz model's applications have expanded to redox reactions in various materials. As an extension of the Cottrell equation, the Scholz model enabled the quantification of electron hopping and ion diffusion with coefficients, De and Di, respectively. Research utilizing the Scholz model indicated that, in most cases, a huge bottleneck results from the ion diffusion which is slower than electron hopping by orders of magnitude. Therefore, electron and ion motion can be tuned and optimized to increase the charge transport and conductivity through systematic investigations guided by the Scholz model. The strategy may be extended to other solid-state materials in the future, e.g., battery anodes/cathodes. In this Perspective, the applications of the Scholz model in different materials will be discussed. Moreover, the limitations of the Scholz model will also be introduced, and viable solutions to those limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minliang Yan
- Macromolecule Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Eric M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Macromolecule Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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4
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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5
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Guo HX, Takemura Y, Tange D, Kurata J, Aota H. Redox-Active Ferrocene Polymer for Electrode-Active Materials: Step-by-Step Synthesis on Gold Electrode Using Automatic Sequential Polymerization Equipment. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3517. [PMID: 37688143 PMCID: PMC10490151 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox-active polymers have garnered significant attention as promising materials for redox capacitors, which are energy-storage devices that rely on reversible redox reactions to store and deliver electrical energy. Our focus was on optimizing the electrochemical performance in the design and synthesis of redox-active polymer electrodes. In this study, a redox-active polymer was prepared through step-by-step synthesis on a gold electrode. To achieve this, we designed an automatic sequential polymerization equipment that minimizes human intervention and enables a stepwise polymerization reaction. The electrochemical properties of the polymer gold electrodes were investigated. The degree of polymerization of the polymer grown on the gold electrode can be controlled by adjusting the cycle of the sequential operation. As the number of cycles increases, the amount of accumulated charge increases proportionally, indicating the potential for enhanced electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Xuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita 564-8680, Osaka, Japan; (Y.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Yuriko Takemura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita 564-8680, Osaka, Japan; (Y.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Daisuke Tange
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita 564-8680, Osaka, Japan; (Y.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Junichi Kurata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kansai University, Suita 564-8680, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Hiroyuki Aota
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Suita 564-8680, Osaka, Japan; (Y.T.); (D.T.)
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6
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Zhang JY, Wang LL, Zhu XQ. Characteristic Activity Parameters of Electron Donors and Electron Acceptors. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2023; 3:358-373. [PMID: 37520315 PMCID: PMC10375887 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that for an electron transfer reaction, the electron-donating ability of electron donors and the electron-accepting ability of electron acceptors can be quantitatively described by the oxidation potential of electron donors and the reduction potential of electron acceptors. However, for an electron transfer reaction, the electron-donating activity of electron donors and the electron-accepting activity of electron acceptors cannot be quantitatively described by a characteristic parameter of electron donors and a characteristic parameter of electron acceptors till now. In this paper, a characteristic activity parameter of electron donors and electron acceptors named as their thermo-kinetic parameter is proposed to quantify the electron-donating activity of electron donors and the electron-accepting activity of electron acceptors in electron transfer reactions. At the same time, the thermo-kinetic parameter values of 70 well-known electron donors and the corresponding 70 conjugated electron acceptors in acetonitrile at 298 K are determined. The activation free energies of 4900 typical electron transfer reactions in acetonitrile at 298 K are estimated according to the thermo-kinetic parameter values of 70 electron donors and 70 conjugated electron acceptors, and the estimated results have received good verification of the corresponding independent experimental measurements. The physical meaning of the thermo-kinetic parameter is examined. The relationship of the thermo-kinetic parameter with the corresponding redox potential as well as the relationship of the activation free energy with the corresponding thermodynamic driving force of electron transfer reactions is examined. The results show that the observed relationships between the thermo-kinetic parameters and the redox potentials as well as the observed relationships between the activation free energy and the thermodynamic driving force depend on the choice of electron donors and electron acceptors as well as the electron transfer reactions. The greatest contribution of this paper is to realize the symmetry and unification of kinetic equations and the corresponding thermodynamic equations of electron transfer reactions.
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7
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Wang X, Chen L, He X. Bio-inspired non-conjugated poly(carbonylpyridinium) as anode material for high-performance alkali-ion (Li +, Na +, and K +) batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:541-550. [PMID: 36966122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
The integration of multiple electron-accepting skeletons into polymeric structures is the forefront of materials research for high-energy sustainable energy storage. Herein, we report the synthesis of two novel non-conjugated polymers (NCP1 and NCP2) and a model small molecule (M1) incorporated with bio-derived 4-elecron-uptaking carbonylpyridinium redox-units for alkali-ion batteries. Compared to model small molecules, the polymers exhibited improved battery performance when applied as anode materials for Li-, Na-, and K-ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs/KIBs) owing to their high electrochemical activity and effective ability to suppress dissolution. By judicious selection of the benzothiadiazole redox-active linker, the performance of NCP2 was further enhanced, delivering the highest capacity and the best cycling stability; at mass loadings of up to 3.5 and 4.7 mg cm-2, the specific capacity remained at 215 and 150 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles, respectively. The Li+/Na+/K+ insertion/extraction mechanisms of NCP2 were elucidated based on experimental analyses. The insertion/extraction of Li+ was much faster than that of Na+ and K+. This study broadens the family of bio-derived carbonylpyridinium-based polymer materials for next-generation electrochemical energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, PR China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, PR China.
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8
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Qian B, Zhang L, Zhang G, Fu Y, Zhu X, Shen G. Thermodynamic Evaluation on Alkoxyamines of TEMPO Derivatives, Stable Alkoxyamines or Potential Radical Donors? ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao‐Chen Qian
- School of Medical Engineering Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Medical Engineering Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Gao‐Shuai Zhang
- School of Medical Engineering Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Hua Fu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Anyang Institute of Technology Anyang Henan 455000 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Qing Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Bin Shen
- School of Medical Engineering Jining Medical University Jining Shandong 272000 P. R. China
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9
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Capricho JC, Subhani K, Chai BX, Bryant G, Salim N, Juodkazis S, Fox BL, Hameed N. Porous macroradical epoxy-based supercapacitors. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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10
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Quek G, Roehrich B, Su Y, Sepunaru L, Bazan GC. Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Underexplored Materials for Pseudocapacitive Energy Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104206. [PMID: 34626021 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) are characterized by an electronically delocalized backbone bearing ionic functionalities. These features lead to properties relevant for use in energy-storing pseudocapacitor devices, including ionic conductivity, water processability, gel-formation, and formation of polaronic species stabilized by electrostatic interactions. In this Perspective, the basis for evaluating the figures of merit for pseudocapacitors is provided, together with the techniques used for their evaluation. The general utility and challenges encountered with neutral conjugated polymers are then discussed. Finally, recent advances on the use of CPEs in pseudocapacitor devices are reviewed. The article is concluded by discussing how their miscibility in aqueous media permits the incorporation of CPEs in living materials that are capable of switching function from extraction of energy from bacterial metabolic pathways to pseudocapacitor energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Quek
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Yude Su
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Guillermo C Bazan
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
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11
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Tan Y, Hsu SN, Tahir H, Dou L, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. Electronic and Spintronic Open-Shell Macromolecules, Quo Vadis? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:626-647. [PMID: 34982552 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Open-shell macromolecules (i.e., polymers containing radical sites either along their backbones or at the pendant sites of repeat units) have attracted significant attention owing to their intriguing chemical and physical (e.g., redox, optoelectronic, and magnetic) properties, and they have been proposed and/or implemented in a wide range of potential applications (e.g., energy storage devices, electronic systems, and spintronic modules). These successes span multiple disciplines that range from advanced macromolecular chemistry through nanoscale structural characterization and on to next-generation solid-state physics and the associated devices. In turn, this has allowed different scientific communities to expand the palette of radical-containing polymers relatively quickly. However, critical gaps remain on many fronts, especially regarding the elucidation of key structure-property-function relationships that govern the underlying electrochemical, optoelectronic, and spin phenomena in these materials systems. Here, we highlight vital developments in the history of open-shell macromolecules to explain the current state of the art in the field. Moreover, we provide a critical review of the successes and bring forward open opportunities that, if solved, could propel this class of materials in a meaningful manner. Finally, we provide an outlook to address where it seems most likely that open-shell macromolecules will go in the coming years. Our considered view is that the future of radical-containing polymers is extremely bright and the addition of talented researchers with diverse skills to the field will allow these materials and their end-use devices to have a positive impact on the global science and technology enterprise in a relatively rapid manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sheng-Ning Hsu
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hamas Tahir
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Letian Dou
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 West State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Zhang J, Shkrob IA, Robertson LA, Zhang L. Multiple charging and chemical stability of tripodal catholyte redoxmers. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Beletskii EV, Alekseeva EV, Levin OV. VARIABLE RESISTANCE MATERIALS FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Capricho JC, Saubern S, Best SP, Maksimovic J, Gupta A, Juodkazis S, Fox BL, Hameed N. Macroradical enables electrical conduction in epoxy thermoset. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Xu L, Zhang S, Guo P, Su C. Preparation of Poly(arylamino‐quinone) Polymer and Its Electrochemical Properties as a Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Battery. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihuan Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 P. R. China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 P. R. China
| | - Pengju Guo
- College of Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 P. R. China
| | - Chang Su
- College of Chemical Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 P. R. China
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16
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Nisula M, Karttunen AJ, Solano E, Tewari GC, Karppinen M, Minjauw M, Jena HS, Van Der Voort P, Poelman D, Detavernier C. Emergence of Metallic Conductivity in Ordered One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer Thin Films upon Reductive Doping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10249-10256. [PMID: 33617215 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of introducing tunable electric conductivity in metal-organic coordination polymers is of high interest for nanoelectronic applications. As the electronic properties of these materials are strongly dependent on their microstructure, the assembly of coordination polymers into thin films with well-controlled growth direction and thickness is crucial for practical devices. Here, we report the deposition of one-dimensional (1D) coordination polymer thin films of N,N'-dimethyl dithiooxamidato-copper by atomic/molecular layer deposition. High out-of-plane ordering is observed in the resulting thin films suggesting the formation of a well-ordered secondary structure by the parallel alignment of the 1D polymer chains. We show that the electrical conductivity of the thin films is highly dependent on their oxidation state. The as-deposited films are nearly insulating with an electrical conductivity below 10-10 S cm-1 with semiconductor-like temperature dependency. Partial reduction with H2 at elevated temperature leads to an increase in the electrical conductivity by 8 orders of magnitude. In the high-conductance state, metallic behavior is observed over the temperature range of 2-300 K. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the metallic behavior originates from the formation of a half-filled energy band intersecting the Fermi level with the conduction pathway formed by the Cu-S-Cu interaction between neighboring polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Nisula
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Antti J Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Eduardo Solano
- NCD-SWEET Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Girish C Tewari
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Matthias Minjauw
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dirk Poelman
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
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17
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Electrochemical determination of kinetic parameters of surface confined redox probes in presence of intermolecular interactions by means of Cyclic Voltammetry. Application to TEMPO monolayers in gold and platinum electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Resistivity-Temperature Behavior of Intrinsically Conducting Bis(3-methoxysalicylideniminato)nickel Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122925. [PMID: 33291328 PMCID: PMC7762270 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials with a positive temperature coefficient have many applications, including overcharge and over-temperature protection in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. The thermoresistive properties of an electrically conductive polymer, based on a Ni(salen)-type backbone, known as polyNiMeOSalen, were evaluated by means of in situ resistivity measurements. It was found that the polymer was conductive at temperatures below 220 °C; however, the polymer increased in resistivity by three orders of magnitude upon reaching 250 °C. Thermogravimetric results combined with elemental analyses revealed that the switch from the insulation stage to the conductive stage resulted from thermally dedoping the polymer. Electrochemical studies demonstrated that a polymer retains its electroactivity when it is heated and can be recovered to a conductive state through oxidation via electrochemical doping in an electrolyte solution.
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19
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Bello L, Sing CE. Mechanisms of Diffusive Charge Transport in Redox-Active Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bello
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Assumma L, Kervella Y, Mouesca JM, Mendez M, Maurel V, Dubois L, Gutel T, Sadki S. A New Conducting Copolymer Bearing Electro-Active Nitroxide Groups as Organic Electrode Materials for Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2419-2427. [PMID: 32315495 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To reduce the amount of conducting additives generally required for polynitroxide-based electrodes, a stable radical (TEMPO) is combined with a conductive copolymer backbone consisting of 2,7-bisthiophene carbazole (2,7-BTC), which is characterized by a high intrinsic electronic conductivity. This work deals with the synthesis of this new polymer functionalized by a redox nitroxide. Fine structural characterization using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques established that: 1) the nitroxide radicals are properly attached to the radical chain (continuous wave EPR) and 2) the polymer chain has very rigid conformations leading to a set of well-defined distances between first neighboring pairs of nitroxides (pulsed EPR). The redox group combined with the electroactive polymer showed not only a very high electrochemical reversibility but also a perfect match of redox potentials between the de-/doping reaction of the bisthiophene carbazole backbone and the redox activity of the nitroxide radical. This new organic electrode shows a stable capacity (about 60 mAh g-1 ) and enables a strong reduction in the amount of carbon additive due to the conducting-polymer skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Assumma
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Y Kervella
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - J-M Mouesca
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - M Mendez
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - V Maurel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - L Dubois
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - T Gutel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - S Sadki
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC-SyMMES, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble, France
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21
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Chu J, Cai J. Flexible pressure sensors with a highly pressure- and strain-sensitive layer based on nitroxyl radical-grafted hollow carbon spheres. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:9375-9384. [PMID: 32347281 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spherical structure of hollow carbon spheres (HCSs) makes their contact resistance and tunnel resistance extremely sensitive to the distance between them, which can be used as a conductive filler for high-sensitivity pressure sensors. Compared with one- and two-dimensional carbon-based materials, HCSs require a higher filling concentration for constructing an effective conductive network due to their average conductivity, which affects the mechanical properties of the sensor. In a single-electron system, electrons are transferred by hopping between the nitroxyl radical monomers and when the distance between the monomers is shortened, the electron transfer rate of nitroxyl radical compounds can be increased, thus further improving their conductivity. In this work, a composite of nitroxyl radical-modified hollow carbon spheres (HCS-g-NO˙) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer is introduced, and the resistivity of HCS-g-NO˙ is about one magnitude lower than that of HCSs at the same filling concentration. A flexible piezoresistive sensor with HCS-g-NO˙@PDMS as the sensitive layer coated on the PET electrode is presented, in which the spacing between HCS-g-NO˙ changes, causing changes in the contact and tunnel resistances in the sensitive layer when mechanical stresses are applied. The sensor achieved a piezoresistive response of -0.55 kPa-1 and the tensile response of 211 , and a sensor array of nine pixels was successfully demonstrated; thus, it can be used as a high sensitivity pressure and strain sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chu
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China.
| | - Jueping Cai
- School of Microelectronics, State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China.
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22
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Wang S, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Fundamentals for the Future of Macromolecular Nitroxide Radicals. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:358-370. [PMID: 35648551 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecular radicals, radical polymers, and polyradicals bear unique functionalities derived from their pendant radical groups. The increasing need for organic functional materials is driving the growth in research interest in macromolecular radicals for batteries, electronics, memory, and imaging. This Viewpoint summarizes the current state-of-knowledge regarding the macromolecular nitroxide radicals' redox mechanism, conductivity, chain conformation, controlled polymerization, network structure, conjugated forms, and applications. The nitroxide radical group is the focus because it is the most widely studied. Although most literature focuses upon applications, an emerging body of work is highlighting the fundamental physicochemical properties of macromolecular radicals. To this end, this Viewpoint recommends areas of opportunity in fundamental studies and best practices in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alexandra D. Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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23
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Lau VW, Moudrakovski I, Yang J, Zhang J, Kang Y. Uncovering the Shuttle Effect in Organic Batteries and Counter‐Strategies Thereof: A Case Study of the
N
,
N′
‐Dimethylphenazine Cathode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wing‐hei Lau
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Junghoon Yang
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Mook Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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24
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Lau VW, Moudrakovski I, Yang J, Zhang J, Kang Y. Uncovering the Shuttle Effect in Organic Batteries and Counter‐Strategies Thereof: A Case Study of the
N
,
N′
‐Dimethylphenazine Cathode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4023-4034. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Wing‐hei Lau
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Igor Moudrakovski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Junghoon Yang
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Mook Kang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering Korea University Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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25
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Yeşilot S, Hacıvelioğlu F, Küçükköylü S, Demir E, Çelik KB, Demir‐Cakan R. A novel polyphosphazene with nitroxide radical side groups as cathode‐active material in Li‐ion batteries. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Yeşilot
- Department of ChemistryGebze Technical University Gebze Turkey
| | | | | | - Emrah Demir
- Institute of NanotechnologyGebze Technical University Gebze Turkey
| | - Kamile Burcu Çelik
- Department of Material Science and EngineeringGebze Technical University Gebze Turkey
- Institute of NanotechnologyGebze Technical University Gebze Turkey
| | - Rezan Demir‐Cakan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringGebze Technical University Gebze Turkey
- Institute of NanotechnologyGebze Technical University Gebze Turkey
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26
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Sterby M, Emanuelsson R, Mamedov F, Strømme M, Sjödin M. Investigating electron transport in a PEDOT/Quinone conducting redox polymer with in situ methods. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Wang S, Li F, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. Real-time insight into the doping mechanism of redox-active organic radical polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:69-75. [PMID: 30478451 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic radical polymers for batteries represent some of the fastest-charging redox active materials available. Electron transport and charge storage must be accompanied by ion transport and doping for charge neutrality, but the nature of this process in organic radical polymers is not well understood. This is difficult to intuitively predict because the pendant radical group distinguishes organic radical polymers from conjugated, charged or polar polymers. Here we show for the first time a quantitative view of in situ ion transport and doping in organic radical polymers during the redox process. Two modes dominate: doping by lithium ion expulsion and doping by anion uptake. The dominance of one mode over the other is controlled by anion type, electrolyte concentration and timescale. These results apply in any scenario in which electrolyte is in contact with a non-conjugated redox active polymer and present a means of quantifying doping effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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28
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Lee W, Kwon BW, Kwon Y. Effect of Carboxylic Acid-Doped Carbon Nanotube Catalyst on the Performance of Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery Using the Modified Alloxazine and Ferrocyanide Redox Couple. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36882-36891. [PMID: 30299074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alloxazine and ferrocyanide are suggested as the redox couple for an aqueous organic redox flow battery (AORFB). Alloxazine is further modified by carboxylic acid (COOH) groups (alloxazine-COOH) to increase the aqueous solubility and to pursue a desirable shift in the redox potential. For obtaining a better AORFB performance, the overall redox reactivity of AORFB should be improved by the enhancement of the rate-determining reaction of the redox couple. A carboxylic acid-doped carbon nanotube (CA-CNT) catalyst is considered for increasing the reactivity. The utilization of CA-CNT allows for the induction of a better redox reactivity of alloxazine-COOH because of the role of COOH within alloxazine-COOH as a proton donor, the fortified hydrophilic attribute of alloxazine-COOH, and the increased number of active sites. With the assistance of these attributes, the mass transfer of aqueous alloxazine-COOH molecules can be promoted. However, CA-CNT does not have an effect on the increase of the redox reactivity of ferrocyanide because the redox reaction is not affected by the same influence of protons that the redox reactivity of alloxazine-COOH is affected by. Such a behavior is proven by measuring the electron transfer rate constant and diffusivity. With regard to AORFB full cell testing, when CA-CNT is used as a catalyst for the negative electrode, the performance of the AORFB increases. Specifically, the charge-discharge overpotential and infrared drop potential are improved. As a result, the voltage efficiency affected by the potentials increases to 64%. Furthermore, the discharging capacity reaches 26.7 A h·L-1, and the state of charge attains 83% even after 30 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmi Lee
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment , Seoul National University of Science and Technology , 232 Gongneung-ro , Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Wan Kwon
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment , Seoul National University of Science and Technology , 232 Gongneung-ro , Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchai Kwon
- Graduate School of Energy and Environment , Seoul National University of Science and Technology , 232 Gongneung-ro , Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811 , Republic of Korea
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29
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Gossage ZT, Hernández‐Burgos K, Moore JS, Rodríguez‐López J. Impact of Charge Transport Dynamics and Conditioning on Cycling Efficiency within Single Redox Active Colloids. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Gossage
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
| | - Kenneth Hernández‐Burgos
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez‐López
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
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30
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Zhang Y, Park A, Cintora A, McMillan SR, Harmon NJ, Moehle A, Flatté ME, Fuchs GD, Ober CK. Impact of the Synthesis Method on the Solid-State Charge Transport of Radical Polymers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2018; 6:111-118. [PMID: 29430302 PMCID: PMC5800793 DOI: 10.1039/c7tc04645f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
There are conflicting reports in the literature about the presence of room temperature conductivity in poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate) (PTMA), a redox active polymer with radical groups pendent to an insulating backbone. To understand the variability in the findings across the literature and synthetic methods, we prepared PTMA using three living methods - anionic, ATRP and RAFT polymerization. We find that all three synthetic methods produce PTMA with radical yields of 70 - 80%, controlled molecular weight, and low dispersity. Additionally, we used on-chip EPR to probe the robustness of radical content in solid films under ambient air and light, and found negligible change in the radical content over time. Electrically, we found that PTMA is highly insulating - conductivity in the range 10-11 S/cm - regardless of the synthetic method of preparation. These findings provide greater clarity for potential applications of PTMA in energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Albert Park
- Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Alicia Cintora
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Stephen R McMillan
- Optical Science and Technology Center and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Nicholas J Harmon
- Optical Science and Technology Center and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Austin Moehle
- Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Michael E Flatté
- Optical Science and Technology Center and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Gregory D Fuchs
- Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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31
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Valiev RR, Drozdova AK, Petunin PV, Postnikov PS, Trusova ME, Cherepanov VN, Sundholm D. The aromaticity of verdazyl radicals and their closed-shell charged species. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aromaticity of fourteen 3-oxo-verdazyl (1–8) and Kuhn verdazyl (9–14) radicals with different substituents has been investigated computationally using the gauge-including magnetically induced current-density (GIMIC) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid R. Valiev
- Tomsk State University
- Tomsk
- Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
| | | | - Pavel V. Petunin
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Tomsk 634050
- Russian Federation
- Siberian State Medical University
- Tomsk 634050
| | - Pavel S. Postnikov
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Tomsk 634050
- Russian Federation
- Department of Solid State Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology
- Prague
| | | | | | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- Helsinki FIN-00014
- Finland
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32
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Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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33
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Hay ME, Hui Wong S, Mukherjee S, Boudouris BW. Controlling open‐shell loading in norbornene‐based radical polymers modulates the solid‐state charge transport exponentially. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha E. Hay
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette Indiana47907 USA
| | - Si Hui Wong
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette Indiana47907 USA
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette Indiana47907 USA
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette Indiana47907 USA
- Department of ChemistryPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette Indiana47907 USA
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