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Shu H, Peng C, Chen Q, Huang Z, Deng C, Luo W, Li H, Zhang W, Zhang W, Huang Y. Strategy of Enhancing Built-in Field to Promote the Application of C-TiO 2 /SnO 2 Bilayer Electron Transport Layer in High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells (24.3%). SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204446. [PMID: 36166716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Combining two kinds of electron transport layer (ETL) which have complementary advantages into a bilayer structure to form a bilayer ETL is an effective way to transcend inherent limitations of single-layer ETL, which is very helpful in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, a strategy is proposed to break constraints on the application of the staggered bilayer ETL in high-efficiency PSC, namely utilizing a built-in field to overcome the dilemma in ECBM making it possible to improve VOC and FF simultaneously by tuning the Fermi level of ETLs properly. According to the strategy, a bilayer ETL structure comprised of C-TiO2 and SnO2 layer and corresponding Li-doping process are developed, and the characterization results confirm the effectiveness of the strategy, making the potentials of the C-TiO2 (Li)/SnO2 bilayer ETL fully released for its application in high-efficiency PSCs: a VOC of 1.201 V for an ordinary triple-cation-perovskite-based PSC and a photoelectric conversion efficiency of 24.3% for a low-bandgap-perovskite-based PSC with high haze FTO superstrate are successfully achieved, indicating that the C-TiO2 (Li)/SnO2 bilayer ETL is a successful application paradigm of the proposed strategy and very promising in the application of high-efficiency PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shu
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Changtao Peng
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Zhangfeng Huang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Chen Deng
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Haijin Li
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650000, China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610500, China
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2
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Itzhak A, He X, Kama A, Kumar S, Ejgenberg M, Kahn A, Cahen D. NiN-Passivated NiO Hole-Transport Layer Improves Halide Perovskite-Based Solar Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47587-47594. [PMID: 36226899 PMCID: PMC9614719 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The interfaces between inorganic selective contacts and halide perovskites (HaPs) are possibly the greatest challenge for making stable and reproducible solar cells with these materials. NiOx, an attractive hole-transport layer as it fits the electronic structure of HaPs, is highly stable and can be produced at a low cost. Furthermore, NiOx can be fabricated via scalable and controlled physical deposition methods such as RF sputtering to facilitate the quest for scalable, solvent-free, vacuum-deposited HaP-based solar cells (PSCs). However, the interface between NiOx and HaPs is still not well-controlled, which leads at times to a lack of stability and Voc losses. Here, we use RF sputtering to fabricate NiOx and then cover it with a NiyN layer without breaking vacuum. The NiyN layer protects NiOx doubly during PSC production. Firstly, the NiyN layer protects NiOx from Ni3+ species being reduced to Ni2+ by Ar plasma, thus maintaining NiOx conductivity. Secondly, it passivates the interface between NiOx and the HaPs, retaining PSC stability over time. This double effect improves PSC efficiency from an average of 16.5% with a 17.4% record cell to a 19% average with a 19.8% record cell and increases the device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Itzhak
- Department
of Chemistry and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced
Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Xu He
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - Adi Kama
- Department
of Chemistry and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced
Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Sujit Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced
Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan5290002, Israel
- Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Michal Ejgenberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced
Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan5290002, Israel
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey08544, United States
| | - David Cahen
- Department
of Chemistry and Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced
Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan5290002, Israel
- Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
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Wu W, Han W, Deng Y, Ren G, Liu C, Guo W. Low-cost and easily prepared interface layer towards efficient and negligible hysteresis perovskite solar cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 617:745-751. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Koltsov M, Krautmann R, Katerski A, Maticiuc N, Krunks M, Oja Acik I, Spalatu N. A post-deposition annealing approach for organic residues control in TiO2 and its impact on Sb2Se3/TiO2 device performance. Faraday Discuss 2022; 239:273-286. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00064d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a systematic investigation on the influence of the two-step post-deposition treatments (PDTs) on TiO2 buffer layers deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) for emerging Sb2Se3 photovoltaics. Air annealing...
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Dagar J, Fenske M, Al-Ashouri A, Schultz C, Li B, Köbler H, Munir R, Parmasivam G, Li J, Levine I, Merdasa A, Kegelmann L, Näsström H, Marquez JA, Unold T, Többens DM, Schlatmann R, Stegemann B, Abate A, Albrecht S, Unger E. Compositional and Interfacial Engineering Yield High-Performance and Stable p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells and Mini-Modules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13022-13033. [PMID: 33721995 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Through the optimization of the perovskite precursor composition and interfaces to selective contacts, we achieved a p-i-n-type perovskite solar cell (PSC) with a 22.3% power conversion efficiency (PCE). This is a new performance record for a PSC with an absorber bandgap of 1.63 eV. We demonstrate that the high device performance originates from a synergy between (1) an improved perovskite absorber quality when introducing formamidinium chloride (FACl) as an additive in the "triple cation" Cs0.05FA0.79MA0.16PbBr0.51I2.49 (Cs-MAFA) perovskite precursor ink, (2) an increased open-circuit voltage, VOC, due to reduced recombination losses when using a lithium fluoride (LiF) interfacial buffer layer, and (3) high-quality hole-selective contacts with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) on ITO electrodes. While all devices exhibit a high performance after fabrication, as determined from current-density voltage, J-V, measurements, substantial differences in device performance become apparent when considering longer-term stability data. A reduced long-term stability of devices with the introduction of a LiF interlayer is compensated for by using FACl as an additive in the metal-halide perovskite thin-film deposition. Optimized devices maintained about 80% of the initial average PCE during maximum power point (MPP) tracking for >700 h. We scaled the optimized device architecture to larger areas and achieved fully laser patterned series-interconnected mini-modules with a PCE of 19.4% for a 2.2 cm2 active area. A robust device architecture and reproducible deposition methods are fundamental for high performance and stable large-area single junction and tandem modules based on PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardan Dagar
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Fenske
- HTW Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75a, D-12459 Berlin, Germany
- PVcomB/Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Schwarzschildstr. 3, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Amran Al-Ashouri
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christof Schultz
- HTW Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75a, D-12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bor Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Köbler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Active Materials and Interfaces for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rahim Munir
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gopinath Parmasivam
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinzhao Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igal Levine
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Institute for Silicon Photovoltaics, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aboma Merdasa
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Kegelmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hampus Näsström
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose A Marquez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel M Többens
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB), Department Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rutger Schlatmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- PVcomB/Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Schwarzschildstr. 3, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bert Stegemann
- HTW Berlin, University of Applied Sciences, Wilhelminenhofstr. 75a, D-12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Active Materials and Interfaces for Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty IV-Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Unger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Hybrid Materials Formation and Scaling Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry & NanoLund, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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Focussed Review of Utilization of Graphene-Based Materials in Electron Transport Layer in Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Materials-Based Issues. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13236335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present work applies a focal point of materials-related issues to review the major case studies of electron transport layers (ETLs) of metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that contain graphene-based materials (GBMs), including graphene (GR), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The coverage includes the principal components of ETLs, which are compact and mesoporous TiO2, SnO2, ZnO and the fullerene derivative PCBM. Basic considerations of solar cell design are provided and the effects of the different ETL materials on the power conversion efficiency (PCE) have been surveyed. The strategy of adding GBMs is based on a range of phenomenological outcomes, including enhanced electron transport, enhanced current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics and parameters, potential for band gap (Eg) tuning, and enhanced device stability (chemical and environmental). These characteristics are made complicated by the variable effects of GBM size, amount, morphology, and distribution on the nanostructure, the resultant performance, and the associated effects on the potential for charge recombination. A further complication is the uncertain nature of the interfaces between the ETL and perovskite as well as between phases within the ETL.
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7
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Wang P, Li R, Chen B, Hou F, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zhang X. Gradient Energy Alignment Engineering for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 23. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905766. [PMID: 31899829 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An electron-transport layer (ETL) with appropriate energy alignment and enhanced charge transfer is critical for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, interfacial energy level mismatch limits the electrical performance of PSCs, particularly the open-circuit voltage (VOC ). Herein, a simple low-temperature-processed In2 O3 /SnO2 bilayer ETL is developed and used for fabricating a new PSC device. The presence of In2 O3 results in uniform, compact, and low-trap-density perovskite films. Moreover, the conduction band of In2 O3 is shallower than that of Sn-doped In2 O3 (ITO), enhancing the charge transfer from perovskite to ETL, thus minimizing VOC loss at the perovskite and ETL interface. A planar PSC with a power conversion efficiency of 23.24% (certified efficiency of 22.54%) is obtained. A high VOC of 1.17 V is achieved with the potential loss at only 0.36 V. In contrast, devices based on single SnO2 layers achieve 21.42% efficiency with a VOC of 1.13 V. In addition, the new device maintains 97.5% initial efficiency after 80 d in N2 without encapsulation and retains 91% of its initial efficiency after 180 h under 1 sun continuous illumination. The results demonstrate and pave the way for the development of efficient photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyang Wang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Renjie Li
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Fuhua Hou
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
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Fengler S, Kriegel H, Schieda M, Gutzmann H, Klassen T, Wollgarten M, Dittrich T. Charge Transfer in c-Si(n ++)/TiO 2(ALD) at the Amorphous/Anatase Transition: A Transient Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3140-3149. [PMID: 31829545 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electronic properties and charge transfer processes were studied in an n-Si(n++)/TiO2(ALD) system at an amorphous TiO2/anatase transition by transient surface photovoltage spectroscopy at constant photon flux. The TiO2 layers were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) onto highly doped silicon (c-Si(n++)), and the phase composition of the TiO2 layers changed with increasing thickness from amorphous to the anatase polymorph as anatase crystallites started to grow at the surface. Depending on phase composition, the band gap of TiO2 correlated with the characteristic energy of exponential tails. In most cases, photogenerated electrons were separated toward the back contact. For photogeneration in c-Si(n++), electron back transfer was limited by Auger recombination with holes in the surface space charge region of c-Si(n++), and by electron transfer across the interface, either via exponentially distributed states near the conduction band edge of amorphous TiO2 or via distance-dependent recombination with holes trapped in anatase. For photogeneration in TiO2, electron back transfer was limited by trapping in TiO2. Under strong light absorption in amorphous TiO2 with anatase crystallites on top, electrons were preferentially separated toward the TiO2 surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Fengler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH , Max-Planck-Str. 1 , D-21502 Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Herman Kriegel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH , Max-Planck-Str. 1 , D-21502 Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Mauricio Schieda
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH , Max-Planck-Str. 1 , D-21502 Geesthacht , Germany
| | - Henning Gutzmann
- University of the Federal Armed Forces , Helmut-Schmidt-University , Holstenhofweg 85 , D-22043 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Klassen
- University of the Federal Armed Forces , Helmut-Schmidt-University , Holstenhofweg 85 , D-22043 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Markus Wollgarten
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , D-14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Dittrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik , Kekuléstr. 5 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany
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9
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Wolff CM, Caprioglio P, Stolterfoht M, Neher D. Nonradiative Recombination in Perovskite Solar Cells: The Role of Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902762. [PMID: 31631441 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells combine high carrier mobilities with long carrier lifetimes and high radiative efficiencies. Despite this, full devices suffer from significant nonradiative recombination losses, limiting their VOC to values well below the Shockley-Queisser limit. Here, recent advances in understanding nonradiative recombination in perovskite solar cells from picoseconds to steady state are presented, with an emphasis on the interfaces between the perovskite absorber and the charge transport layers. Quantification of the quasi-Fermi level splitting in perovskite films with and without attached transport layers allows to identify the origin of nonradiative recombination, and to explain the VOC of operational devices. These measurements prove that in state-of-the-art solar cells, nonradiative recombination at the interfaces between the perovskite and the transport layers is more important than processes in the bulk or at grain boundaries. Optical pump-probe techniques give complementary access to the interfacial recombination pathways and provide quantitative information on transfer rates and recombination velocities. Promising optimization strategies are also highlighted, in particular in view of the role of energy level alignment and the importance of surface passivation. Recent record perovskite solar cells with low nonradiative losses are presented where interfacial recombination is effectively overcome-paving the way to the thermodynamic efficiency limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Wolff
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pietro Caprioglio
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Kekuléstraße 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Cao B, Liu H, Yang L, Li X, Liu H, Dong P, Mai X, Hou C, Wang N, Zhang J, Fan J, Gao Q, Guo Z. Interfacial Engineering for High-Efficiency Nanorod Array-Structured Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:33770-33780. [PMID: 31366197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 nanorod (NR) array for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has attained great importance due to its superb power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to that of the traditional mesoporous TiO2 film. A TiO2 compact layer for the growth of TiO2 NR array via spin-coating cannot meet the requirements for efficient NR-based PSCs. Herein, we have developed and demonstrated the insertion of a bifunctional extrathin TiO2 interlayer (5 nm) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at the interface of the fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO)/TiO2 compact layer to achieve alleviated electron exchange and a reduced energetic barrier. Thus, an accelerated extraction of electrons from TiO2 NR arrays via the compact layer and their transfer to the FTO substrate can improve the PSC efficiency. The thickness of the spin-coated TiO2 compact layer on the ALD-deposited TiO2 layer is spontaneously optimized. Finally, an outstanding efficiency of 20.28% has been achieved from a champion PSC with negligible hysteresis and high reliability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the superiority of TiO2-NR-based PSCs withstanding the dry heat and thermal cycling tests. The results are of great importance for the preparation of efficient and durable PSCs for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Cao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Longkai Yang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Xin Li
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology , Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005 , China
| | - Hu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450002 , China
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
| | - Pei Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , George Mason University , Fairfax , Virginia 22030 , United States
| | - Xianmin Mai
- School of Urban Planning and Architecture , Southwest Minzu University , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Chuanxin Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , North University of China , Taiyuan 030051 , China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea , Hainan University , Haikou 570228 , China
| | - Jiaoxia Zhang
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Jiangsu University of Science and Technology , Zhenjiang 212003 , China
| | - Jincheng Fan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Changsha University of Science and Technology , Changsha 410114 , China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Scanning Probe Microscopy Group, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Zhanhu Guo
- Integrated Composites Laboratory (ICL), Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , University of Tennessee , Knoxville , Tennessee 37996 , United States
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11
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Schultes M, Giesbrecht N, Küffner J, Ahlswede E, Docampo P, Bein T, Powalla M. Universal Nanoparticle Wetting Agent for Upscaling Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12948-12957. [PMID: 30859802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed perovskite solar cells reach efficiencies over 23% on lab-scale. However, a reproducible transfer of these established processes to upscaling techniques or different substrate surfaces requires a highly controllable perovskite film formation. Especially, hydrophobic surfaces cause severe dewetting issues. Such surfaces are particularly crucial for the so-called standard n-i-p cell architecture when fullerene-based electron transport layers are employed underneath perovskite absorber films. In this work, a unique and universally applicable method was developed based on the deposition of size-controlled Al2O3 or SiO2 nanoparticles. By enhancing the surface energy, they act as a universal wetting agent. This allows perovskite precursor solutions to be spread perfectly over various substrates including problematic hydrophobic Si-wafers or fullerene self-assembled monolayers (C60-SAMs). Moreover, the results show that the perovskite morphology, solar cell performance, and reproducibility benefit from the presence of the nanoparticles at the interface. When applied to 144 cm2 C60-SAM-coated substrates, homogenous coverage can be realized via spin coating resulting in average efficiencies of 16% (maximum 18%) on individualized cells with 0.1 cm2 active area. Modules in the same setup reached maximum efficiencies of 11 and 7% on 2.8 and 23.65 cm2 aperture areas, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schultes
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstr. 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Nadja Giesbrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstr. 5-13 , 81377 München , Germany
| | - Johannes Küffner
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstr. 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Erik Ahlswede
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstr. 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Pablo Docampo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Newcastle University , Merz Court, NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne , U.K
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstr. 5-13 , 81377 München , Germany
| | - Michael Powalla
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstr. 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
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12
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Abstract
Design and modification of interfaces, always a critical issue for semiconductor devices, has become a primary tool to harness the full potential of halide perovskite (HaP)-based optoelectronics, including photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes. In particular, the outstanding improvements in HaP solar cell performance and stability can be primarily ascribed to a careful choice of the interfacial layout in the layer stack. In this review, we describe the unique challenges and opportunities of these approaches (section 1). For this purpose, we first elucidate the basic physical and chemical properties of the exposed HaP thin film and crystal surfaces, including topics such as surface termination, surface reactivity, and electronic structure (section 2). This is followed by discussing experimental results on the energetic alignment processes at the interfaces between the HaP and transport and buffer layers. This section includes understandings reached as well as commonly proposed and applied models, especially the often-questionable validity of vacuum level alignment, the importance of interface dipoles, and band bending as the result of interface formation (section 3). We follow this by elaborating on the impact of the interface formation on device performance, considering effects such as chemical reactions and surface passivation on interface energetics and stability. On the basis of these concepts, we propose a roadmap for the next steps in interfacial design for HaP semiconductors (section 4), emphasizing the importance of achieving control over the interface energetics and chemistry (i.e., reactivity) to allow predictive power for tailored interface optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Schulz
- Institut Photovoltaïque d'Île-de-France (IPVF) , 91120 Palaiseau , France.,CNRS , Institut Photovoltaı̈que d'Île de France (IPVF) , UMR 9006 , 91120 Palaiseau , France.,National Center for Photovoltaics , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical Engineering , Princeton University , Princeton , New Jersey 08544 , United States
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13
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Rafizadeh S, Wienands K, Schulze PSC, Bett AJ, Andreani LC, Hermle M, Glunz S, Goldschmidt JC. Efficiency Enhancement and Hysteresis Mitigation by Manipulation of Grain Growth Conditions in Hybrid Evaporated-Spin-coated Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:722-729. [PMID: 30511836 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells have become a game changer in the field of photovoltaics by reaching power conversion efficiencies beyond 23%. To achieve even higher efficiencies, it is necessary to increase the understanding of crystallization, grain formation, and layer ripening. In this study, by a systematic variation of methylammonium iodide (MAI) concentrations, we changed the stoichiometry and thereupon the crystal growth conditions in MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells, prepared by a two-step hybrid evaporation-spin-coating deposition method. Utilizing X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence, and current-voltage ( J- V) characterization, we found that a relatively lower concentration of MAI, or in other words higher content of remnant and unconverted PbI2, correlates with smaller and stronger interconnected grains, as well as with an improved optoelectronic performance of the solar cells and mitigation of hysteresis. The possible explanations are grain and interface passivation by the excess PbI2 and a positive contribution of the grain boundaries to current extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Rafizadeh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
- Department of Physics , University of Pavia , Pavia 27100 , Italy
| | - Karl Wienands
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) , University of Freiburg , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | | | - Alexander J Bett
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | | | - Martin Hermle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Stefan Glunz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) , University of Freiburg , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
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14
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Suárez MB, Aranda C, Macor L, Durantini J, Heredia DA, Durantini EN, Otero L, Guerrero A, Gervaldo M. Perovskite solar cells with versatile electropolymerized fullerene as electron extraction layer. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Kagae J, Yamanaka T, Takahashi S, Yamashita K. Modification of dry/wet hybrid fabrication method for preparing a perovskite absorption layer on a PCBM electron transport layer. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39047-39052. [PMID: 35558328 PMCID: PMC9090622 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication method of a perovskite absorption layer on a [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron transport layer was investigated for application to perovskite/Si tandem photovoltaic devices. A dry/wet hybrid method that involves thermal evaporation of a PbI2 precursor followed by spin coating of an organic cation solution was found to be a useful means to form a perovskite layer without destruction of the underlying PCBM layer. To form the perovskite layer densely packed with crystals of large grain size and having smooth surface morphology, the rotational speed of the spin coating and the mixing ratio of organic cations were carefully modified. By using this modified absorption layer, a photovoltaic device fabricated under atmospheric exposure conditions showed a power conversion efficiency of ∼10.3% without any large hysteresis. These results have great importance to develop a production technology for high performance tandem solar cells. A dry/wet hybrid method was modified and improved for fabricating a high quality perovskite absorption layer on a PCBM electron transport layer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Junta Kagae
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamanaka
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Shun Takahashi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamashita
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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16
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Kot M, Kegelmann L, Das C, Kus P, Tsud N, Matolinova I, Albrecht S, Matolin V, Schmeisser D. Room-Temperature Atomic-Layer-Deposited Al 2 O 3 Improves the Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells over Time. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3640-3648. [PMID: 30129991 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrical characterisation of perovskite solar cells consisting of room-temperature atomic-layer-deposited aluminium oxide (RT-ALD-Al2 O3 ) film on top of a methyl ammonium lead triiodide (CH3 NH3 PbI3 ) absorber showed excellent stability of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) over a long time. Under the same environmental conditions (for 355 d), the average PCE of solar cells without the ALD layer decreased from 13.6 to 9.6 %, whereas that of solar cells containing 9 ALD cycles of depositing RT-ALD-Al2 O3 on top of CH3 NH3 PbI3 increased from 9.4 to 10.8 %. Spectromicroscopic investigations of the ALD/perovskite interface revealed that the maximum PCE with the ALD layer is obtained when the so-called perovskite cleaning process induced by ALD precursors is complete. The PCE enhancement over time is probably related to a self-healing process induced by the RT-ALD-Al2 O3 film. This work may provide a new direction for further improving the long-term stability and performance of perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kot
- Applied Physics and Sensors, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 17, 03046, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Lukas Kegelmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chittaranjan Das
- Surface Science Division, Department of Materials Science, Technical University Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Peter Kus
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Nataliya Tsud
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Matolinova
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Young Investigators Group Perowskite Tandem Solar Cells, Kekuléstrasse 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimir Matolin
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Dieter Schmeisser
- Applied Physics and Sensors, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Konrad-Wachsmann-Allee 17, 03046, Cottbus, Germany
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17
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Zhu R, Li QS, Li ZS. Nitrogen substitution improves the mobility and stability of electron transport materials for inverted perovskite solar cells. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:17873-17883. [PMID: 30221265 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05588b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A suitable electron transport material (ETM) plays key roles in efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), because it is beneficial for exciton dissociation and charge transport at the interface thus increasing the short circuit current density. Based on the experimentally reported efficient electron transport molecule 10,14-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c][1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-i]phenazine (TDTP), we theoretically design a set of new ETMs (TDTP-1, TDTP-2a, TDTP-2b, TDTP-3a, and TDTP-3b) by introducing a nitrogen atom into the thiophene ring or replacing a hydrogen atom on the methyl with an amino group. Quantum-chemical calculations reveal that the designed molecules behave much better than TDTP in terms of electron mobility, air stability, and solubility, where the electron mobility of TDTP-3b is two orders of magnitude higher than that of TDTP owing to the extra SN interactions in TDTP-3b that lead to the quasi two-dimensional π packing motif which facilitates electron transport evidently. Moreover, we find that the substitution effect of the nitrogen atom strongly depends on the position, where the nitrogen atom at the β-position of the thiophene ring (TDTP-2b and TDTP-3b) is more conducive to electron transport. Importantly, our calculations show that the ETM/perovskite interface interaction is enhanced after the introduction of the nitrogen atom and amino group thanks to the added NPb interaction, which favors electron transport with the newly designed ETMs. Our results not only report a set of novel promising ETMs, but also provide a useful design strategy for efficient ETMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China.
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18
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Oener SZ, Cavalli A, Sun H, Haverkort JEM, Bakkers EPAM, Garnett EC. Charge carrier-selective contacts for nanowire solar cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3248. [PMID: 30108222 PMCID: PMC6092389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05453-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge carrier-selective contacts transform a light-absorbing semiconductor into a photovoltaic device. Current record efficiency solar cells nearly all use advanced heterojunction contacts that simultaneously provide carrier selectivity and contact passivation. One remaining challenge with heterojunction contacts is the tradeoff between better carrier selectivity/contact passivation (thicker layers) and better carrier extraction (thinner layers). Here we demonstrate that the nanowire geometry can remove this tradeoff by utilizing a permanent local gate (molybdenum oxide surface layer) to control the carrier selectivity of an adjacent ohmic metal contact. We show an open-circuit voltage increase for single indium phosphide nanowire solar cells by up to 335 mV, ultimately reaching 835 mV, and a reduction in open-circuit voltage spread from 303 to 105 mV after application of the surface gate. Importantly, reference experiments show that the carriers are not extracted via the molybdenum oxide but the ohmic metal contacts at the wire ends. Balancing the carrier selectivity and extraction by the selective contacts is of vital importance to the performance of the nanowire solar cells. Here Oener et al. employ a permanent local gate to overcome this tradeoff and substantially increase the open-circuit voltage by 335 mV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Z Oener
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA. .,Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Alessandro Cavalli
- Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos E M Haverkort
- Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Erik P A M Bakkers
- Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2629HZ, Netherlands
| | - Erik C Garnett
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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19
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Cojocaru L, Wienands K, Kim TW, Uchida S, Bett AJ, Rafizadeh S, Goldschmidt JC, Glunz SW. Detailed Investigation of Evaporated Perovskite Absorbers with High Crystal Quality on Different Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:26293-26302. [PMID: 30016061 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dual-source vapor-phase deposition enables low-temperature fabrication of high-performance planar structure perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) solar cells (PSCs), applicable in tandem devices or for industrial production with high homogeneity. Herein, we report low-temperature fabrication of high-efficiency PSCs by dual-source vapor-phase deposition and significance of TiO2 surface modification with [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) on cell performance. Co-evaporation of PbI2 and CH3NH3I, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses, results in CH3NH3PbI3 layers with a well-crystallized tetragonal phase formed on both TiO2 and TiO2/PCBM electron-transport layers (ETLs). The devices with PCBM interlayer between TiO2 and CH3NH3PbI3 showed remarkably higher performance than those with TiO2 only, which was attributed to enhance charge extraction and reduced recombination at the TiO2/PCBM/CH3NH3PbI3 interface. The devices composed of evaporated CH3NH3PbI3 on top of the TiO2/PCBM and [2,2',7,7'-tetrakis( N, N-di- p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene] (Spiro-OMeTAD) as hole-transport material demonstrated power conversion efficiencies of 17.1% (reverse scan) and 13.4% (forward scan) with stabilized efficiency of over 16%, which is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest efficiency reported for evaporated perovskite solar cells using low-temperature fabrication method involving compact TiO2 layer as ETL. Furthermore, we show that this process can be used to deposit a CH3NH3PbI3 layer on top of a textured silicon substrate, which is the first step for preparing perovskite-silicon tandem devices with enhanced antireflection and light-trapping properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Cojocaru
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Laboratory for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Karl Wienands
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Laboratory for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Department of General Systems Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 153-8902 , Japan
| | - Satoshi Uchida
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST) , The University of Tokyo , 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku , Tokyo 153-8904 , Japan
| | - Alexander J Bett
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) , Heidenhofstraße 2 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Saeid Rafizadeh
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) , Heidenhofstraße 2 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
- Department of Physics , University of Pavia , Pavia 27100 , Italy
| | | | - Stefan W Glunz
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Laboratory for Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) , University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) , Heidenhofstraße 2 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
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20
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Shi Z, Jayatissa AH. Perovskites-Based Solar Cells: A Review of Recent Progress, Materials and Processing Methods. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E729. [PMID: 29734667 PMCID: PMC5978106 DOI: 10.3390/ma11050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid increase of efficiency up to 22.1% during the past few years, hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a research “hot spot” for many solar cell researchers. The perovskite materials show various advantages such as long carrier diffusion lengths, widely-tunable band gap with great light absorption potential. The low-cost fabrication techniques together with the high efficiency makes PSCs comparable with Si-based solar cells. But the drawbacks such as device instability, J-V hysteresis and lead toxicity reduce the further improvement and the future commercialization of PSCs. This review begins with the discussion of crystal and electronic structures of perovskite based on recent research findings. An evolution of PSCs is also analyzed with a greater detail of each component, device structures, major device fabrication methods and the performance of PSCs acquired by each method. The following part of this review is the discussion of major barriers on the pathway for the commercialization of PSCs. The effects of crystal structure, fabrication temperature, moisture, oxygen and UV towards the stability of PSCs are discussed. The stability of other components in the PSCs are also discussed. The lead toxicity and updated research progress on lead replacement are reviewed to understand the sustainability issues of PSCs. The origin of J-V hysteresis is also briefly discussed. Finally, this review provides a roadmap on the current needs and future research directions to address the main issues of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Shi
- Nanotechnology and MEMS Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (MIME), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Ahalapitiya H Jayatissa
- Nanotechnology and MEMS Laboratory, Department of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering (MIME), University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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21
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Barham JP, Tanaka S, Koyama E, Ohneda N, Okamoto T, Odajima H, Sugiyama JI, Norikane Y. Selective, Scalable Synthesis of C60-Fullerene/Indene Monoadducts Using a Microwave Flow Applicator. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4348-4354. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | - Satoko Tanaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Emiko Koyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohneda
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamoto
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | | | - Jun-ichi Sugiyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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22
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Abate A, Correa-Baena JP, Saliba M, Su'ait MS, Bella F. Perovskite Solar Cells: From the Laboratory to the Assembly Line. Chemistry 2017; 24:3083-3100. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH; Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- MIT Photovoltaic Research Laboratory; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave 02139 Cambridge USA
| | - Michael Saliba
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Station 3 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Mohd Sukor Su'ait
- Solar Energy Research Institute; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 Bangi Malaysia
| | - Federico Bella
- GAME Lab, Department of Applied Science and Technology DISAT; Politecnico di Torino; Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
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23
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Shargaieva O, Lang F, Rappich J, Dittrich T, Klaus M, Meixner M, Genzel C, Nickel NH. Influence of the Grain Size on the Properties of CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38428-38435. [PMID: 29039197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid perovskites have already shown a huge success as an absorber in solar cells, resulting in the skyrocketing rise in the power conversion efficiency to more than η = 22%. Recently, it has been established that the crystal quality is one of the most important parameters to obtain devices with high efficiencies. However, the influence of the crystal quality on the material properties is not fully understood. Here, the influence of the morphology on electronic properties of CH3NH3PbI3 thin films is investigated. Postannealing was used to vary the average grain size continuously from ≈150 to ≈1000 nm. Secondary grain growth is thermally activated with an activation energy of Ea = 0.16 eV. The increase in the grain size leads to an enhancement of the photoluminescence, indicating an improvement in the material quality. According to surface photovoltage measurements, the charge-carrier transport length exhibits a linear increase with increasing grain size. The charge-carrier diffusion length is limited by grain boundaries. Moreover, an improved morphology leads to a drastic increase in power conversion efficiency of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Shargaieva
- Institute Silicon Photovoltaics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Kekuléstr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Lang
- Institute Silicon Photovoltaics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Kekuléstr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rappich
- Institute Silicon Photovoltaics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Kekuléstr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dittrich
- Institute Silicon Photovoltaics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Kekuléstr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Klaus
- Department of Microstructure and Residual Stress Analysis, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Meixner
- Department of Microstructure and Residual Stress Analysis, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Genzel
- Department of Microstructure and Residual Stress Analysis, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert H Nickel
- Institute Silicon Photovoltaics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Kekuléstr. 5, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Schulze PSC, Bett AJ, Winkler K, Hinsch A, Lee S, Mastroianni S, Mundt LE, Mundus M, Würfel U, Glunz SW, Hermle M, Goldschmidt JC. Novel Low-Temperature Process for Perovskite Solar Cells with a Mesoporous TiO 2 Scaffold. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30567-30574. [PMID: 28834429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The most efficient organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) contain the conventional n-i-p mesoscopic device architecture using a semiconducting TiO2 scaffold combined with a compact TiO2 blocking layer for selective electron transport. These devices achieve high power conversion efficiencies (15-22%) but mainly require high-temperature sintering (>450 °C), which is not possible for temperature-sensitive substrates. Thus far, comparably little effort has been spent on alternative low-temperature (<150 °C) routes to realize high-efficiency TiO2-based PSCs; instead, other device architectures have been promoted for low-temperature processing. In this paper the compatibility of the conventional mesoscopic TiO2 device architecture with low-temperature processing is presented for the first time with the combination of electron beam evaporation for the compact TiO2 and UV treatment for the mesoporous TiO2 layer. Vacuum evaporation is introduced as an excellent deposition technique of uniform compact TiO2 layers, adapting smoothly to the rough fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate surface. Effective removal of organic binders by UV light is shown for the mesoporous scaffold. Entirely low-temperature-processed PSCs with TiO2 scaffold reach encouraging stabilized efficiencies of up to 18.2%. This process fulfills all requirements for monolithic tandem devices with high-efficiency silicon heterojunction solar cells as the bottom cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S C Schulze
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander J Bett
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Winkler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hinsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Mastroianni
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura E Mundt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Markus Mundus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uli Würfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan W Glunz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hermle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems , Heidenhofstrasse 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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