1
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Chen Q, Zhao J, Zheng J, Xu C. Antifreezing and self-healing organohydrogels regulated by ethylene glycol towards customizable electrochromic displays. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Abstract
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With the rapid development of optoelectronic fields,
electrochromic
(EC) materials and devices have received remarkable attention and
have shown attractive potential for use in emerging wearable and portable
electronics, electronic papers/billboards, see-through displays, and
other new-generation displays, due to the advantages of low power
consumption, easy viewing, flexibility, stretchability, etc. Despite
continuous progress in related fields, determining how to make electrochromics
truly meet the requirements of mature displays (e.g., ideal overall
performance) has been a long-term problem. Therefore, the commercialization
of relevant high-quality products is still in its infancy. In this
review, we will focus on the progress in emerging EC materials and
devices for potential displays, including two mainstream EC display
prototypes (segmented displays and pixel displays) and their commercial
applications. Among these topics, the related materials/devices, EC
performance, construction approaches, and processing techniques are
comprehensively disscussed and reviewed. We also outline the current
barriers with possible solutions and discuss the future of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Bo Jia
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mo Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sean Xiao-An Zhang
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
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3
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Application of Tungsten-Oxide-Based Electrochromic Devices for Supercapacitors. APPLIED SYSTEM INNOVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/asi5040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For making full use of the discoloration function of electrochromic (EC) devices and better show the charge and discharge states of supercapacitors (SCs), electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) have attracted much attention and expectations in recent years. The research progress of tungsten-oxide-based electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSCs) in recent years is reviewed in this paper. Nanostructured tungsten oxide is widely used to facilitate ion implantation/extraction and increase the porosity of the electrode. The low-dimensional nanostructured tungsten oxide was compared in four respects: material scale, electrode life, coloring efficiency, and specific capacitance. Due to the mechanics and ductility of nano-tungsten oxide electrodes, they are very suitable for the preparation of flexible ECSCs. With the application of an organic protective layer and metal nanowire conductive electrode, the device has higher coloring efficiency and a lower activation voltage. Finally, this paper indicates that in the future, WO3-based ECSCs will develop in the direction of self-supporting power supply to meet the needs of use.
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4
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Huang Y, Xie X, Cui J, Zhou W, Chen J, Long J. Robust metallic micropatterns fabricated on quartz glass surfaces by femtosecond laser-induced selective metallization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:19544-19556. [PMID: 36221728 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quartz glass has a wide range of application and commercial value due to its high light transmittance and stable chemical and physical properties. However, due to the difference in the characteristics of the material itself, the adhesion between the metal micropattern and the glass material is limited. This is one of the main things that affect the application of glass surface metallization in the industry. In this paper, micropatterns on the surface of quartz glass are fabricated by a femtosecond laser-induced backside dry etching (fs-LIBDE) method to generate the layered composite structure and the simultaneous seed layer in a single-step. This is achieved by using fs-LIBDE technology with metal base materials (Stainless steel, Al, Cu, Zr-based amorphous alloys, and W) with different ablation thresholds, where atomically dispersed high threshold non-precious metals ions are gathered across the microgrooves. On account of the strong anchor effect caused by the layered composite structures and the solid catalytic effect that is down to the seed layer, copper micropatterns with high bonding strength and high quality, can be directly prepared in these areas through a chemical plating process. After 20-min of sonication in water, no peeling is observed under repeated 3M scotch tape tests and the surface was polished with sandpapers. The prepared copper micropatterns are 18 µm wide and have a resistivity of 1.96 µΩ·cm (1.67 µΩ·cm for pure copper). These copper micropatterns with low resistivity has been proven to be used for the glass heating device and the transparent atomizing device, which could be potential options for various microsystems.
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5
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Tang X, Jo Y, Kwon HJ, Wu K, Li Z, Kim S, Park CE, An TK, Lee J, Kim SH. Electrohydrodynamic-Jet-Printed Cinnamate-Fluorinated Cross-Linked Polymeric Dielectrics for Flexible and Electrically Stable Operating Organic Thin-Film Transistors and Integrated Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50149-50162. [PMID: 34636542 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, printable polymer series containing different portions of cinnamate and perfluorinated phenyl functionalities, namely, polyperfluorostyrene-co-poly(vinylbenzyl cinnamates) (PFS-co-PVBCi (x:y)) copolymers, were synthesized and applied as gate dielectrics for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). The polymeric dielectrics were successfully printed via electrostatic force-assisted dispensing mode of electrohydrodynamic jet printing. The dielectric characteristics of the printed polymers, such as surface energy, dielectric constant, leakage current, atomic depth profiles, and deposited semiconducting layer characteristics, were clearly identified. In particular, the difference in driving stability of OTFTs according to the type of polymer was analyzed in detail and a possible mechanism was proposed. Results suggested that PFS-co-PVBCi (3:7) led to optimized consequences, yielding an almost negligible Vth shift under continuous bias stress. Through this, we successfully implemented flexible OTFT and logic devices using printed PFS-co-PVBCi (3:7) dielectrics with stable operation properties. Therefore, we believe that this study will facilitate the printing and synthesis of polymer dielectrics to produce printed and flexible OTFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Tang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Jo
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kaibin Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhijun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghyeon Kim
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Eon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyu An
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Lee
- Department of IT Convergence, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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6
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Sagara T, Tahara H. Redox of Viologen for Powering and Coloring. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2375-2388. [PMID: 34036724 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viologen is among the most attractive and easiest-to-use organic redox active group in many functional molecular assemblies. It plays crucial roles as an electron transfer mediator in the artificial photo-energy conversion systems and electron-transfer protein assemblies and as a building block of supramolecules. Its features include electrochemically reversible redox activity and stability. Strong blue color and tendency to dimerization of the one-electron reduced form, viologen mono-radical mono-cation, are remarkable. In this Account, we describe the use of viologen to give a powered movement of small molecules and motion of millimetre-sized macroscopic soft-matters and the use of viologen ionic liquid as electrochromic materials. Attractivities of the use of viologen units for powering and coloring are demonstrated and discussed. In particular, we highlight driving of mechanical movements by π-π stacking dimerization, incorporation in a hydrogel to attain highly deformable material, induction of 2D phase transformation, and sharp color change of very thin ionic liquid layer in a compartment-less electrochromic display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Sagara
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hironobu Tahara
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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7
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Tang X, Kwon HJ, Li Z, Wang R, Kim SJ, Park CE, Jeong YJ, Kim SH. Strategy for Selective Printing of Gate Insulators Customized for Practical Application in Organic Integrated Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1043-1056. [PMID: 33356127 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Direct drawing techniques have contributed to the ease of patterning soft electronic materials, which are the building blocks of analog and digital integrated circuits. In parallel with the printing of semiconductors and electrodes, selective deposition of gate insulators (GI) is an equally important factor in simplifying the fabrication of integrated devices, such as NAND and NOR gates, and memory devices. This study demonstrates the fabrication of six types of printed GI layers (high/low-k polymer and organic-inorganic hybrid material), which are utilized as GIs in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), using the electrostatic-force-assisted dispensing printing technique. The selective printing of GIs on the gate electrodes enables us to develop practical integrated devices that go beyond unit OFET devices, exhibiting robust switching performances, non-destructive operations, and high gain values. Moreover, the flexible integrated devices fabricated using this technique exhibit excellent operational behavior. Therefore, this facile fabrication technique can pave a new path for the production of practical integrated device arrays for next-generation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Tang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhijun Li
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Rixuan Wang
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Kim
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Eon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Advanced Organic Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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8
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Kade JC, Dalton PD. Polymers for Melt Electrowriting. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001232. [PMID: 32940962 PMCID: PMC11469188 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melt electrowriting (MEW) is an emerging high-resolution additive manufacturing technique based on the electrohydrodynamic processing of polymers. MEW is predominantly used to fabricate scaffolds for biomedical applications, where the microscale fiber positioning has substantial implications in its macroscopic mechanical properties. This review gives an update on the increasing number of polymers processed via MEW and different commercial sources of the gold standard poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). A description of MEW-processed polymers beyond PCL is introduced, including blends and coated fibers to provide specific advantages in biomedical applications. Furthermore, a perspective on printer designs and developments is highlighted, to keep expanding the variety of processable polymers for MEW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane C. Kade
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and DentistryBavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity Clinic WürzburgPleicherwall 297070WürzburgGermany
| | - Paul D. Dalton
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and DentistryBavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity Clinic WürzburgPleicherwall 297070WürzburgGermany
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9
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Mechanically robust and thermally stable electrochemical devices based on star-shaped random copolymer gel-electrolytes. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Highly stable viologens-based electrochromic devices with low operational voltages utilizing polymeric ionic liquids. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Ling H, Su F, Tian Y, Luo D, Liu YJ, Sun XW. A Highly Stable and Tunable Visible‐Near‐IR Electrochromic All‐in‐One Gel Device. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ling
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Fengyu Su
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yan Jun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiao Wei Sun
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringSouthern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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12
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Li X, Yun TY, Kim KW, Kim SH, Moon HC. Voltage-Tunable Dual Image of Electrostatic Force-Assisted Dispensing Printed, Tungsten Trioxide-Based Electrochromic Devices with a Symmetric Configuration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:4022-4030. [PMID: 31880422 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic force-assisted dispensing (EFAD)-printed tungsten trioxide (WO3)-based electrochromic devices (ECDs) displaying a dual image depending on the applied voltage are demonstrated. We first print WO3 via EFAD printing, in which the width of the printed lines can be tuned by adjusting the printing speed. The performance of the ECDs is characterized while varying the thickness of the printed WO3 film. It is determined that ∼550 nm thick WO3 is the optimal film considering maximum transmittance contrast (ΔTmax), device dynamic responses, efficiency, and long-term coloration/bleaching cyclic stability. More significantly, the coloration of the devices in this work can alternatively appear due to the use of electrolyte-soluble anodic species (here, dimethyl ferrocene, dmFc), for which WO3 films should be deposited on both electrodes and a part of the electrodes should be exposed to the electrolyte for the oxidation of dmFc. To take advantage of such features of the devices, we successfully demonstrate EFAD-printed, flexible WO3 ECDs alternately displaying a dual image, which is expected to have high potential as a functional component of printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Li
- College of Electromechanical Engineering , Qingdao University , Qingdao 266071 , China
| | - Tae Yong Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , North Gyeongsang 38541 , Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , North Gyeongsang 38541 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim M, Kim YM, Moon HC. Asymmetric molecular modification of viologens for highly stable electrochromic devices. RSC Adv 2020; 10:394-401. [PMID: 35492563 PMCID: PMC9047417 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric viologens are proposed for highly stable electrochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
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14
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Oh H, Lee JK, Kim YM, Yun TY, Jeong U, Moon HC. User-Customized, Multicolor, Transparent Electrochemical Displays Based on Oxidatively Tuned Electrochromic Ion Gels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45959-45968. [PMID: 31724389 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Transparent displays have emerged as a class of cutting-edge electronics. Here, we propose user-customized, design-it-yourself (DIY) transparent displays based on electrochromic (EC) ion gels including viologens. To achieve multiple colors and enhance the functionality of EC displays (ECDs), the incorporation of several EC chromophores is inevitable. However, the issue related to the discrepancy of coloration voltages is inherent due to the different electrochemical characteristics of each material, causing unbalance of the color contrast. To overcome this problem without significantly affecting the performance of ECDs, we suggest a simple but effective strategy by adjusting the oxidation activity of electrolyte-soluble anodic species (i.e., ferrocene (Fc) derivatives) by modifying pendant groups. We systematically investigated the effects of the employed Fc derivatives on the EC behaviors of ECDs in terms of the coloration voltage, maximum transmittance contrast, device dynamics, coloration efficiency, and operational stability. We determine the conditions for implementing red-green-blue (RGB) colors with comparable intensities at similar voltages. Last, we draw images using RGB EC inks for conceptual demonstration of the DIY transparent displays. The fabricated ECDs exhibit transparent bleached states and user-customized images in the colored states. Overall, this result implies that the extremely simple DIY ECDs, which do not require conventional lithography or printing, have great potential as future transparent displays that can be easily customized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyeong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yong Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , 77 Cheongam-Ro , Nam-gu, Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
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15
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Li W, Luo F, Zhang L, Yan S, Zhao R, Ren N, Wu Y, Chen Y, Dong Y, Ouyang M, Zhang C. Synthesis, electrochemistry, and electrochromic properties of branched thiophene polymers with different conjugation lengths. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuanma Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyang Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ren
- Zhejiang Chaowei Chuangyuan Industrial Co. LTD South Rd. No. 18 XingChang 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yizhao Wu
- Zhejiang Chaowei Chuangyuan Industrial Co. LTD South Rd. No. 18 XingChang 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuliang Chen
- Zhejiang Chaowei Chuangyuan Industrial Co. LTD South Rd. No. 18 XingChang 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Dong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, International Technology Cooperation Base of Energy Material and ApplicationCollege of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
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16
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Kim YM, Li X, Kim KW, Kim SH, Moon HC. Tetrathiafulvalene: effective organic anodic materials for WO 3-based electrochromic devices. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19450-19456. [PMID: 35519376 PMCID: PMC9065372 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02840d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding a new, effective anodic species is a challenge for achieving simpler low-voltage tungsten trioxide (WO3)-based electrochromic devices (ECDs). In this work, we utilize tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and demonstrate its reversible redox behaviors as an electrolyte-soluble anodic species. The concentration of TTF in the electrolyte is varied to optimize device performance. When the TTF concentration is low (0.01 M), a smaller maximum transmittance difference (ΔTmax ∼ 34.2%) and coloration efficiency (η ∼ 59.6 cm2 C−1) are measured. Although a better performance of ΔTmax ∼ 93.7% and η ∼ 74.5 cm2 C−1 is achieved at 0.05 M TTF, the colored state could no longer return to its original form. We conclude that 0.03 M of TTF is the appropriate concentration for high-performance WO3 ECDs with high optical contrast and reversible EC behaviors. The irreversible EC transition at high concentrations of TTF is attributed to the agglomeration of TTF molecules. Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) is employed as an effective electrolyte-soluble anodic species for achieving low-voltage tungsten trioxide (WO3)-based electrochromic devices (ECDs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
| | - Xinlin Li
- College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Keon-Woo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan North Gyeongsang 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan North Gyeongsang 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul Seoul 02504 Republic of Korea
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17
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Najafi-Ashtiani H, Akhavan B, Jing F, Bilek MM. Transparent Conductive Dielectric-Metal-Dielectric Structures for Electrochromic Applications Fabricated by High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:14871-14881. [PMID: 30924631 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The growing applications of electrochromic (EC) devices have generated great interest in bifunctional materials that can serve as both transparent conductive (TC) and EC coatings. WO3/Ag/WO3 (WAW) heterostructures, in principle, facilitate this extension of EC technology without reliance on an indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate. However, these structures synthesized using traditional methods have shown significant performance deficiencies. Thermally evaporated WAW structures show weak adhesion to the substrate with rapid degradation of coloration efficiency. Improved EC durability can be obtained using magnetron sputtering deposition, but this requires the insertion of an extra tungsten (W) sacrificial layer beneath the external WO3 layer to prevent oxidation and associated loss of conductivity of the silver film. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that a new method, known as high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), can produce trilayer bifunctional EC and TC devices, eliminating the need for the additional protective layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data provided evidence that oxidation of the silver layer can be avoided, whilst stoichiometric WO3 structures are achieved. To achieve optimum WAW structures, we tuned the partial pressure of oxygen in the HiPIMS atmosphere applied for the deposition of WO3 layers. Our optimized WO3 (30 nm)/Ag (10 nm)/WO3 (50 nm) structure had a sheet resistance of 23.0 ± 0.4 Ω/□ and a luminous transmittance of 80.33 ± 0.07%. The HiPIMS coatings exhibited excellent long-term cycling stability for at least 2500 cycles, decent switching times (bleaching: 22.4 s, coloring: 15 s), and luminescence transmittance modulation (Δ T) of 34.5%. The HiPIMS strategy for the fabrication of ITO-free EC coatings for smart windows holds great promise to be extended to producing other metal-dielectric composite coatings for modern applications such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), liquid crystals, and wearable displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Najafi-Ashtiani
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science , Velayat University , Iranshahr 99111-31411 , Iran
| | | | - Fengjuan Jing
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
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Tian L, Wang M, Xiong L, Huang C, Guo H, Yao S, Zhang H, Chen X. Preparation and performance of p(OPal-MMA)/PVDF blend polymer membrane via phase-inversion process for lithium-ion batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Zhao S, Huang W, Guan Z, Jin B, Xiao D. A novel bis(dihydroxypropyl) viologen-based all-in-one electrochromic device with high cycling stability and coloration efficiency. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Hwang H, Park SY, Kim JK, Kim YM, Moon HC. Star-Shaped Block Copolymers: Effective Polymer Gelators of High-Performance Gel Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4399-4407. [PMID: 30624039 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ion gels composed of copolymers and ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted great interest as polymer gel electrolytes for various electrochemical applications. Here, we present highly robust ion gels based on a six-arm star-shaped block copolymer of (poly(methyl methacrylate)- b-polystyrene)6 ((MS)6) and an ionic liquid of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide ([EMI][TFSI]). Compared to typical ion gels based on linear polystyrene- b-poly(methyl methacrylate)- b-polystyrene (SMS), the (MS)6-based gels show mechanical moduli of more than twice under various strains (e.g., stretching, compression, and shear). In addition, the outstanding mechanical property is maintained even up to 180 °C without a gel-sol transition. To demonstrate that (MS)6-based ion gels can serve as effective gel electrolytes for electrochemical applications, tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+), a representative electrochemiluminescent (ECL) luminophore, is incorporated into the gels. In particular, flexible ECL devices based on (MS)6 gels exhibit high durability against bending deformation compared to devices with gels based on linear SMS having a similar molecular weight and a composition. This result implies that star-shaped block copolymers are effective gelators for achieving flexible/wearable electrochemical electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heedong Hwang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , Kyungbuk 790-784 , Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeong Park
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , Kyungbuk 790-784 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kon Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Smart Block Copolymers, Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang , Kyungbuk 790-784 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
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21
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Yun TY, Li X, Kim SH, Moon HC. Dual-Function Electrochromic Supercapacitors Displaying Real-Time Capacity in Color. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:43993-43999. [PMID: 30456943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dual-function electrochromic supercapacitors (ECSs) that indicate their real-time charge capacity in color are fabricated using tungsten trioxide (WO3) and Li-doped ion gels containing hydroquinone (HQ). The ECSs can simultaneously serve as either electrochromic devices or supercapacitors. The coloration/bleaching and charging/discharging characteristics are investigated between 0 and -1.5 V. At the optimal HQ concentration, large transmittance contrast (∼91%), high coloration efficiency (∼61.9 cm2/C), high areal capacitance (∼13.6 mF/cm2), and good charging/discharging cyclic stability are achieved. Flexible ECSs are fabricated on plastic substrates by exploiting the elastic characteristics of the gel electrolytes, and they exhibit good bending durability. Moreover, practical feasibility is evaluated by demonstrating the use of the ECSs as an energy storage device and a power source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yong Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Seoul , Seoul 02504 , Republic of Korea
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22
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Gonzalez L, Liu C, Dietrich B, Su H, Sproules S, Cui H, Honecker D, Adams DJ, Draper ER. Transparent-to-dark photo- and electrochromic gels. Commun Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-018-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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23
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De Keersmaecker M, Lang AW, Österholm AM, Reynolds JR. All Polymer Solution Processed Electrochromic Devices: A Future without Indium Tin Oxide? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31568-31579. [PMID: 30199228 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing range of applications for optoelectronic and electrochromic devices (ECDs) encourages the search for materials combining high electrical conductivity with optical transparency. Next generation transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are required to be inexpensive, lightweight, scalable, and compatible with flexible substrates to trigger innovations towards supporting sustainable living and reducing energy consumption. Here we show that PEDOT:PSS can be solution processed using blade coating and subsequently post-treated with nitric and acetic acid to raise its conductivity above 2000 S cm-1 with a film transparency of ∼95%. A combined grazing-incidence wide angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and thickness analysis of the film indicates that the removal of excess insulating PSS- inducing reordering is the critical parameter for the claimed conductivity increase. We then investigate the impact of replacing indium tin oxide electrodes with PEDOT:PSS in ECDs. While electrochromic contrast and optical memory are comparable for devices constructed with both electrode materials, differences in switching kinetics are explored by comparing internal resistances, ion diffusion, and charging effects in the polymer films extracted by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. While all these ideas are described based on a battery-type ECD configuration, these concepts are easily transferable to other types of redox-active devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel De Keersmaecker
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Augustus W Lang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Anna M Österholm
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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24
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Yang Y, Guan L, Gao G. Low-Cost, Rapidly Responsive, Controllable, and Reversible Photochromic Hydrogel for Display and Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:13975-13984. [PMID: 29608057 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Traditional optoelectronic devices without stretchable performance could be limited for substrates with irregular shape. Therefore, it is urgent to explore a new generation of flexible, stretchable, and low-cost intelligent vehicles as visual display and storage devices, such as hydrogels. In the investigation, a novel photochromic hydrogel was developed by introducing the negatively charged ammonium molybdate as a photochromic unit into polyacrylamide via ionic and covalent cross-linking. The hydrogel exhibited excellent properties of low cost, easy preparation, stretchable deformation, fatigue resistance, high transparency, and second-order response to external signals. Moreover, the photochromic and fading process of hydrogels could be precisely controlled and repeated under the irradiation of UV light and exposure of oxygen at different time and temperature. The photochromic hydrogel could be considered applied for artificial intelligence system, wearable healthcare device, and flexible memory device. Therefore, the strategy for designing a soft photochromic material would open a new direction to manufacture flexible and stretchable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqi Yang
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, and Advanced Institute of Materials Science , Changchun University of Technology , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Lin Guan
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, and Advanced Institute of Materials Science , Changchun University of Technology , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Gao
- Polymeric and Soft Materials Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, and Advanced Institute of Materials Science , Changchun University of Technology , Changchun 130012 , P. R. China
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25
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Berger F, Higgins TM, Rother M, Graf A, Zakharko Y, Allard S, Matthiesen M, Gotthardt JM, Scherf U, Zaumseil J. From Broadband to Electrochromic Notch Filters with Printed Monochiral Carbon Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11135-11142. [PMID: 29521086 PMCID: PMC5887085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dense layers of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) serve as electrochromic (EC) materials in the near-infrared with high optical density and high conductivity. EC cells with tunable notch filter properties instead of broadband absorption are created via highly selective dispersion of specific semiconducting SWNTs through polymer-wrapping followed by deposition of thick films by aerosol-jet printing. A simple planar geometry with spray-coated mixed SWNTs as the counter electrode renders transparent metal oxides redundant and facilitates complete bleaching within a few seconds through iongel electrolytes with high ionic conductivities. Monochiral (6,5) SWNT films as working electrodes exhibit a narrow absorption band at 997 nm (full width at half-maximum of 55-73 nm) with voltage-dependent optical densities between 0.2 and 4.5 and a modulation depth of up to 43 dB. These (6,5) SWNT notch filters can retain more than 95% of maximum bleaching for several hours under open-circuit conditions. In addition, different levels of transmission can be set by applying constant low voltage (1.5 V) pulses with modulated width or by a given number of fixed short pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix
J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Higgins
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Rother
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arko Graf
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sybille Allard
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maik Matthiesen
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan M. Gotthardt
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Chemistry
Department and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Li H, McRae L, Elezzabi AY. Solution-Processed Interfacial PEDOT:PSS Assembly into Porous Tungsten Molybdenum Oxide Nanocomposite Films for Electrochromic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10520-10527. [PMID: 29508986 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have received increased attention for applications including optoelectronics, smart windows, and low-emission displays. However, it has been recognized that the ECDs with transition-metal oxide (TMO) electrodes possess a high charge transport barrier because of their poor electrical conductivity, which limits their electrochromic performance. In this work, we addressed this limitation by utilizing a conjugated polymer to fabricate an organic-inorganic nanocomposite film that decreases the charge transport barrier of typical TMO electrodes. Using a conventional spray-layer-by-layer (spray-LbL) deposition technique, we demonstrate an electrochromic film composed of porous layers of tungsten molybdenum oxide (W0.71Mo0.29O3) nanorods permeated with an interconnected conductive layer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The introduction of PEDOT:PSS is shown to significantly reduce the charge transport barrier, allowing the nanocomposite W0.71Mo0.29O3/PEDOT:PSS electrode to exhibit significantly improved electrochromic switching kinetics compared with the deposited W0.71Mo0.29O3 films. Furthermore, the optical contrast of the nanocomposite electrode was observed to be superior to both pure PEDOT:PSS and W0.71Mo0.29O3 electrodes, with a performance that exceeded the linearly predicted contrast of combining the pure films by 23%. The enhanced performance of the PEDOT:PSS-intercalated porous W0.71Mo0.29O3 nanocomposite electrodes and the facile synthesis through a spray-LbL method demonstrate a viable strategy for preparing fast assembling high-performance nanocomposite electrodes for a wide variety of electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizeng Li
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2V4 , Canada
| | - Liam McRae
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2V4 , Canada
| | - Abdulhakem Y Elezzabi
- Ultrafast Optics and Nanophotonics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2V4 , Canada
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27
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Abstract
Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have aroused great interest because of their potential applicability in displays and smart systems, including windows, rearview mirrors, and helmet visors. In the last decades, different device structures and materials have been proposed to meet the requirements of commercial applications to boost market entry. To this end, employing simple device architectures and achieving a competitive electrolyte are crucial to accomplish easily implementable, high-performance ECDs. The present review outlines devices comprising gel electrolytes as a single electroactive layer ("all-in-one") ECD architecture, highlighting some advantages and opportunities they offer over other electrochromic systems. In this context, gel electrolytes not only overcome the drawbacks of liquid and solid electrolytes, such as liquid's low chemical stability and risk of leaking and soil's slow switching and lack of transparency, but also exhibit further strengths. These include easier processability, suitability for flexible substrates, and improved stabilization of the chemical species involved in redox processes, leading to better cyclability and opening wide possibilities to extend the electrochromic color palette, as discussed herein. Finally, conclusions and outlook are provided.
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28
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Pan M, Ke Y, Ma L, Zhao S, Wu N, Xiao D. Single-layer electrochromic device based on hydroxyalkyl viologens with large contrast and high coloration efficiency. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.01.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Wang R, Zhang S, Su Y, Liu J, Ying Y, Wang F, Cao X. Semi-solid state electrochromic device based on deep eutectic solvent gel electrolyte and transparent Au modified FTO electrode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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