1
|
Zinggeler M, Schär S, Kurth F. Printed Antifouling Electrodes for Biosensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56578-56584. [PMID: 36513371 PMCID: PMC9802209 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors based on miniaturized, functional electrodes are of high potential for various biosensing applications, especially at the point-of-care setting among others. However, the sensor performance of such electrochemical devices is still strongly limited, especially due to surface fouling in complex sample fluids, such as blood serum. Electrode coatings based on conductive nanomaterials embedded in antifouling matrices offer a promising strategy to overcome this limitation. However, known composite coatings require long (typically >24 h) and complex fabrication processes, which pose a strong barrier for cost-effective mass manufacturing and successful commercialization. Here, we describe a novel polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite coating that can be produced from an ink containing a photoreactive and antifouling copolymer as well as conductive CNTs using fast and highly scalable printing processes. Coatings were prepared on screen-printed electrodes and characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and protein fouling experiments. The coatings offered an electroactive surface area (EASA) comparable to uncoated screen-printed electrodes and retained >90% of initial EASA after 1 h of exposure to concentrated bovine serum albumin solution, while uncoated electrodes decreased to <20% of initial EASA after the same treatment. Utilizing the universal crosslinking reaction of the polymer coating, antibodies against the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) were photochemically immobilized on the electrodes. Functionalized electrodes were fabricated in <2 h and were successfully used to quantify nanogram-range concentrations of CRP spiked in undiluted human blood serum using a sandwich-immunoassay with electrochemical read-out, demonstrating the high potential of the platform for biosensing applications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fischer T, Tenbusch J, Möller M, Singh S. A facile method for grafting functional hydrogel films on PTFE, PVDF, and TPX polymers. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4315-4324. [PMID: 35621021 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of polymeric materials in biomedical applications requires a judicious control of surface properties as they are directly related to cellular interactions and biocompatibility. The most desired chemical surface properties include hydrophilicity and the presence of functional groups for surface modification. In this work, we describe a method to graft a highly stable, ultra-thin, amine-functional hydrogel layer onto highly inert surfaces of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) (PMP or TPX). Covalent grafting is realized with hydrophilic poly(vinylamine-co-acetamide)s by C-H insertion crosslinking (CHic) chemistry initiated by UV light. These polyvinylamides carry tetrafluorophenyl azide groups as photo or thermo activated binding sites and contain further free amine groups, which can be used to bind peptides such as biological ligands, polysaccharides, or other hydrogel layers. The covalently bound surface layers resist intensive Soxhlet extraction confirming the stability of the coating. Fluorescent staining verified the accessibility of free primary amine groups, which can be used for the functionalization of the surface with bioactive molecules. The coating demonstrates hydrophobic wetting behavior when conditioned in air and hydrophilic wetting behavior when conditioned in water showing the presence of loosely crosslinked polymer chains that can re-orient. We believe that the reported application of CHic for the surface modification of fluorinated polymers like PTFE and PVDF as well as TPX can form the basis for advanced biocompatible and biofunctional surface engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Fischer
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Tenbusch
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Möller
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Weber T, Metzler L, Fosso Tene PL, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Single-Color Barcoding for Multiplexed Hydrogel Bead-Based Immunoassays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25147-25154. [PMID: 35617151 PMCID: PMC9185679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Current developments in precision medicine require the simultaneous detection of an increasing number of biomarkers in heterogeneous, complex solutions, such as blood samples. To meet this need, immunoassays on barcoded hydrogel beads have been proposed, although the encoding and decoding of these barcodes is usually complex and/or resource-intensive. Herein, an efficient method for the fabrication of barcoded, functionalized hydrogel beads is presented. The hydrogel beads are generated using droplet-based microfluidics in combination with photochemically induced C-H insertion reactions, allowing photo-crosslinking, (bio-) functionalization, and barcode integration to be performed in a single step. The generated functionalized beads carry single-color barcodes consisting of green-fluorescent particles of different sizes and concentrations, allowing simple and simultaneous readout with a standard plate reader. As a test example, the performance of barcoded hydrogel beads (3 × 3 matrix) functionalized with capture molecules of interest (e.g., antigens) is investigated for the detection of Lyme-disease-specific antibodies in patient sera. The described barcoding strategy for hydrogel beads does not interfere with the bioanalytical process and captivates by its simplicity and versatility, making it an attractive candidate for multiplex bioanalytical processes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fosso Tene PL, Weltin A, Tritz F, Defeu Soufo HJ, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Cryogel Monoliths for Analyte Enrichment by Capture and Release. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11041-11048. [PMID: 34506153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A platform based on cryogel monoliths in small capillaries, which allows very strong enrichment of an analyte through a capture and release process, is described. For their preparation, a photoreactive copolymer solution containing capture molecules of interest is filled into a capillary, frozen in, and then photochemically transformed into cryogel monoliths through C,H-insertion cross-linking reactions. As a test example, the platform is used for the preconcentration of dopamine from bovine serum albumin and urine samples through capture and release processes. During capture from a large volume and release into a smaller volume, the platform shows recovery rates up to 97% and allows up to a roughly 630-fold enrichment of the concentration of the analyte. The presented platform could be used as a disposable device for the purification and enrichment of a variety of cis-diol-containing samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Fosso Tene
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Tritz
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Herve J Defeu Soufo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fosso Tene PL, Stumpf A, Zinggeler M, Reuck V, Malik A, Weigel W, Müller M, Kneusel R, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Linear Cryogel Arrays: On the Fast Track for Borreliosis Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12426-12433. [PMID: 34470214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detection of IgG/IgM antibodies is a crucial tool for the diagnosis of infectious diseases as they give specific information such as the stage of infection or when it approximately occurred. In this work, a linear cryogel array (LCA) technology is described for the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies, indicative of a borreliosis infection in human sera. The LCA consists of a transparent capillary filled with functionalized cryogel compartments. For the generation of these cryogel arrays, solutions containing a photo-copolymer and the appropriate antigens are sucked into a surface-modified glass capillary. The solution compartments are separated from each other through air pockets. After freezing the solutions, a photo-induced cross-linking process is performed, through which the solutions are transformed into cryogel compartments, covalently attached to the capillary walls. We show that the LCA technology allows the simultaneous detection of IgG and IgM antibodies via a sandwich immunoassay in sera from Borrelia-infected patients within 1 h for sample sizes of only 12 μL. A study with sera from 42 patients conducted with the LCAs and referenced - depending on the source of the sera - to a commercial line immunoassay and a chemiluminescent immunoassay, which are currently widely used for Lyme disease screening, demonstrates the diagnostic potential of the approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Fosso Tene
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Stumpf
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marc Zinggeler
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Arif Malik
- MicroDiscovery GmbH, 10405 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kost J, Bleiziffer A, Rusitov D, Rühe J. Thermally Induced Cross-Linking of Polymers via C,H Insertion Cross-Linking (CHic) under Mild Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10108-10119. [PMID: 34132532 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The focus of studies performed so far on the formation of surface-attached polymer networks by C,H insertion cross-linking (CHic) reaction has been largely on photochemical activation. This study describes the thermal activation of the formation of (surface-attached) polymer networks under comparably mild conditions. A novel cross-linker, based on a diazo phenyl ester group, is incorporated into various copolymers, which are subsequently deposited on solid substrates. Upon activation, the cross-linker moieties generate carbene intermediates, which lead to rapid, complete cross-linking of the whole film and simultaneous surface attachment to various organic materials via CHic. Although this system requires only comparably mild conditions (i.e., below 100 °C) to become activated, a long shelf life at room temperature is observed. The presented system might be useful in a wide range of applications, from coatings to rather complex geometries. We demonstrate the covalent binding of protein-repellent thin films to the inner surface of (rubber) tubes and the generation of patterned structures by a "branding iron" approach. For this a hot structure is pressed onto a diazo polymer coated surface, leading in the contact zone to fast cross-linking while in all other areas the polymer remains soluble and is washed off during subsequent extraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kost
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bleiziffer
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Rusitov
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Laboratory for Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Straub AJ, Scherag FD, Kim HI, Steiner MS, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. "CHicable" and "Clickable" Copolymers for Network Formation and Surface Modification. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6510-6520. [PMID: 34003660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present the generation of novel, multifunctional polymer networks through a combination of C,H-insertion cross-linking (CHic) and click chemistry. To this, copolymers consisting of hydrophilic N,N-dimethylacrylamide as matrix component and repeat units containing azide moieties, as well as benzophenone or anthraquinone groups, are generated. The benzophenone or anthraquinone groups allow photo-cross-linking, surface attachment or covalent immobilization of adjacent (bio)molecules through CHic reactions. The azide moieties either can react with available alkynes through conventional click reactions or can be activated to form nitrenes, which can also undergo CHic reactions. By choosing appropriate reaction conditions, the same polymer can be used to follow very different reaction paths, opening up a plethora of choices for the generation of functional polymer networks. In the exemplary presented case ("CHic-Click"), irradiation of the copolymers with UV-A light (λirr = 365 nm) leads to cross-linking (network formation) and surface attachment simultaneously. The azide units remain intact during this cross-linking step, and alkyne-modified (bio)molecules can be bound through click reactions. Biofunctionalization of the polymer network with alkynylated streptavidin, followed by application of biotin-conjugated antibody and a model analyte, highlights the potential of these surface architectures as a toolbox which can be adapted for diverse bioanalytical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Straub
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank D Scherag
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hye In Kim
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark-Steven Steiner
- Microcoat Biotechnologie GmbH, Am Neuland 3, 82347 Bernried am Starnberger See, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Hydrogels are polymeric networks highly swollen with water. Because of their versatility and properties mimicking biological tissues, they are very interesting for biomedical applications. In this aim, the control of porosity is of crucial importance since it governs the transport properties and influences the fate of cells cultured onto or into the hydrogels. Among the techniques allowing for the elaboration of hydrogels, photopolymerization or photo-cross-linking are probably the most powerful and versatile synthetic routes. This Review aims at giving an overview of the literature dealing with photopolymerized hydrogels for which the generation or characterization of porosity is studied. First, the materials (polymers and photoinitiating systems) used for synthesizing hydrogels are presented. The different ways for generating porosity in the photopolymerized hydrogels are explained, and the characterization techniques allowing adequate study of the porosity are presented. Finally, some applications in the field of controlled release and tissue engineering are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Nicol
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Cedex 9 Le Mans, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Perfluoropolyether-benzophenone as a highly durable, broadband anti-reflection, and anti-contamination coating. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15121. [PMID: 32934316 PMCID: PMC7493949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72229-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-reflection and anti-contamination coatings prepared from fluorinated polymers have widespread and important applications, ranging from protective films for corrosion resistance to high-tech microelectronics and medical devices due to their transparency, low refractive index, stain resistance, and antifouling properties. However, the application of existing coatings is hindered by low surface adhesion to the target substrate and weakness when exposed to mechanical stress or damage, resulting in significant limitations to their practical applications. Herein, we incorporate perfluoropolyether (PFPE) with benzophenone (BP) to develop an efficient coating material (PFPE-BP) possessing broadband anti-reflectivity, anti-contamination properties, excellent abrasion resistance, and stability under elevated temperatures and relative humidity. The presence of BP allows the coating materials to be homogeneously mixed with a commercial hard coating solution to uniformly coat the target substrate. Furthermore, UV light irradiation on the coating surface results in excellent adhesion between BP groups of PFPE-BP and the hard coating matrix.
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Surface-attached dual-functional hydrogel for controlled cell adhesion based on poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1728-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
12
|
Yuan L, Qu B, Chen J, Lv H, Yang X. Engineering modifiers bearing benzophenone with enhanced reactivity to construct surface microstructures. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00764d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy is proposed to construct a patterned surface with controllable thickness by designing the chain backbone of BP-capped modifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liguang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Baoliu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Jiayue Chen
- Wego Holding Company Limited
- Weihai 264210
- P.R. China
| | - Hongying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schönberg JN, Zinggeler M, Fosso P, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. One-Step Photochemical Generation of Biofunctionalized Hydrogel Particles via Two-Phase Flow. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39411-39416. [PMID: 30375846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofunctional hydrogel particles have become increasingly popular in medical diagnostics; however, their generation is time-consuming and typically requires several process steps. We report on a new method for the simple, fast, and reproducible one-step generation of monodisperse hydrogel particles equipped with biofunctional molecules such as proteins or DNA. Key to the approach is the simultaneous photo cross-linking of the polymer chains and covalent binding of proteins or DNA through a C,H insertion reaction inside aqueous plug compartments that are produced via microfluidics. The strong performance in biological binding assays of the functionalized particles is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Niklas Schönberg
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Marc Zinggeler
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Patrick Fosso
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering , University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 , Freiburg 79110 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Surface-attached hydrogel coatings via C,H-insertion crosslinking for biomedical and bioanalytical applications (Review). Biointerphases 2018; 13:010801. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4999786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
15
|
Zinggeler M, Fosso PL, Hao Y, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Preparation of Linear Cryogel Arrays as a Microfluidic Platform for Immunochromatographic Assays. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5697-5701. [PMID: 28530809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new microfluidic platform to perform immunochromatographic assays. The platform consists of a linear assembly of small, porous cryogel monoliths functionalized with various biomolecules. The cryogels are anchored in an optically transparent capillary, which serves as the microfluidic carrier. This assembly enables fluid flow by capillary action and simple optical detection. Using an in situ preparation method, individual compartments are generated from small plugs of polymer solutions that are transformed into small individually functionalized cryogel monoliths through a photoinduced cross-linking reaction. In the same reaction step, the monoliths are firmly anchored to the surface of the capillary. As proof-of-concept, a prototype platform is successfully used for the detection of the inflammatory marker interleukin 6 via a sandwich immunoassay. We observe excellent assay performance metrics that include high sensitivity, good linearity, and low variation. We also demonstrate fluid transport solely by passive means, which is a critical attribute for point-of-care diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zinggeler
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick L Fosso
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yan Hao
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg , Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|