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Kempe F, Metzler L, Brügner O, Buchheit H, Walter M, Komber H, Sommer M. Substituent‐Controlled Energetics and Barriers of Mechanochromic Spiropyran‐Functionalized Poly(
ε
‐Caprolactone). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kempe
- Institute for Chemistry Chemnitz University of Technology Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Lukas Metzler
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of Freiburg Georges‐Koehler‐Allee 102 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Oliver Brügner
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC Wöhlerstrasse 11 79108 Freiburg Germany
| | - Hannah Buchheit
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 21 Universität Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum μTC Wöhlerstrasse 11 79108 Freiburg Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT − Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V. Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute for Chemistry Chemnitz University of Technology Straße der Nationen 62 09111 Chemnitz Germany
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Weber T, Metzler L, Fosso Tene PL, Brandstetter T, Rühe J. Single-Color Barcoding for Multiplexed Hydrogel Bead-Based Immunoassays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:25147-25154. [PMID: 35617151 PMCID: PMC9185679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Current developments in precision medicine require the simultaneous detection of an increasing number of biomarkers in heterogeneous, complex solutions, such as blood samples. To meet this need, immunoassays on barcoded hydrogel beads have been proposed, although the encoding and decoding of these barcodes is usually complex and/or resource-intensive. Herein, an efficient method for the fabrication of barcoded, functionalized hydrogel beads is presented. The hydrogel beads are generated using droplet-based microfluidics in combination with photochemically induced C-H insertion reactions, allowing photo-crosslinking, (bio-) functionalization, and barcode integration to be performed in a single step. The generated functionalized beads carry single-color barcodes consisting of green-fluorescent particles of different sizes and concentrations, allowing simple and simultaneous readout with a standard plate reader. As a test example, the performance of barcoded hydrogel beads (3 × 3 matrix) functionalized with capture molecules of interest (e.g., antigens) is investigated for the detection of Lyme-disease-specific antibodies in patient sera. The described barcoding strategy for hydrogel beads does not interfere with the bioanalytical process and captivates by its simplicity and versatility, making it an attractive candidate for multiplex bioanalytical processes.
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Koch S, Disch J, Kilian SK, Han Y, Metzler L, Tengattini A, Helfen L, Schulz M, Breitwieser M, Vierrath S. Water management in anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers under dry cathode operation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20778-20784. [PMID: 35919174 PMCID: PMC9297697 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03846c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry cathode operation is a desired operation mode in anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers to minimize contamination of the generated hydrogen. However, water management under such operation conditions makes it challenging to maintain reliable performance and durability. Here, we utilize high-resolution in situ neutron imaging (∼6 μm effective resolution) to analyze the water content inside the membrane-electrode-assembly of an anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer. The ion-exchange capacity (IEC) and thus hydrophilicity of the polymer binder in the cathode catalyst layer is varied to study the influence on water content in the anode (mid IEC, 1.8–2.2 meq. g−1 and high IEC, 2.3–2.6 meq. g−1). The neutron radiographies show that a higher ion-exchange capacity binder allows improved water retention, which reduces the drying-out of the cathode at high current densities. Electrochemical measurements confirm a generally better efficiency for a high IEC cell above 600 mA cm−2. At 1.5 A cm−2 the high IEC has a 100 mV lower overpotential (2.1 V vs. 2.2 V) and a lower high frequency resistance (210 mΩ cm−2vs. 255 mΩ cm−2), which is believed to be linked to the improved cathode water retention and membrane humidification. As a consequence, the performance stability of the high IEC cell at 1 A cm−2 is also significantly better than that of the mid IEC cell (45 mV h−1vs. 75 mV h−1). Dry cathode operation is a desired operation mode in anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers, but water management is crucial. This is visualized using high-resolution neutron radiography and the ion-exchange capacity of the cathode ionomer is varied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Koch
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joey Disch
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sophia K. Kilian
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yiyong Han
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Center, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Metzler
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Tengattini
- Grenoble INP, CNRS, 3SR, Univ.Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Lukas Helfen
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Schulz
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Center, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Breitwieser
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Severin Vierrath
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Electrochemical Energy Systems, IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Metzler L, Rehbein U, Schönberg JN, Brandstetter T, Thedieck K, Rühe J. Breaking the Interface: Efficient Extraction of Magnetic Beads from Nanoliter Droplets for Automated Sequential Immunoassays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10283-10290. [PMID: 32501674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic systems offer a high potential for miniaturization and automation. Therefore, they are becoming an increasingly important tool in analytical chemistry, biosciences, and medicine. Heterogeneous assays commonly utilize magnetic beads as a solid phase. However, the sensitivity of state of the art microfluidic systems is limited by the high bead concentrations required for efficient extraction across the water-oil interface. Furthermore, current systems suffer from a lack of technical solutions for sequential measurements of multiple samples, limiting their throughput and capacity for automation. Taking advantage of the different wetting properties of hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas in the channels, we improve the extraction efficiency of magnetic beads from aqueous nanoliter-sized droplets by 2 orders of magnitude to the low μg/mL range. Furthermore, the introduction of a switchable magnetic trap enables repetitive capture and release of magnetic particles for sequential analysis of multiple samples, enhancing the throughput. In comparison to conventional ELISA-based sandwich immunoassays on microtiter plates, our microfluidic setup offers a 25-50-fold reduction of sample and reagent consumption with up to 50 technical replicates per sample. The enhanced sensitivity and throughput of this system open avenues for the development of automated detection of biomolecules at the nanoliter scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Metzler
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Rehbein
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Niklas Schönberg
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brandstetter
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, Chemistry & Physics of Interfaces, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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Adamski M, Skalski TJG, Britton B, Peckham TJ, Metzler L, Holdcroft S. Highly Stable, Low Gas Crossover, Proton-Conducting Phenylated Polyphenylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9058-9061. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adamski
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Thomas J. G. Skalski
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Benjamin Britton
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Timothy J. Peckham
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Lukas Metzler
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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Adamski M, Skalski TJG, Britton B, Peckham TJ, Metzler L, Holdcroft S. Highly Stable, Low Gas Crossover, Proton-Conducting Phenylated Polyphenylenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Adamski
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Thomas J. G. Skalski
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Benjamin Britton
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Timothy J. Peckham
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Lukas Metzler
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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Metzler L, Reichenbach T, Brügner O, Komber H, Lombeck F, Müllers S, Hanselmann R, Hillebrecht H, Walter M, Sommer M. High molecular weight mechanochromic spiropyran main chain copolymers via reproducible microwave-assisted Suzuki polycondensation. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic spiropyran main chain copolymers with high and reproducible molar mass can be made using microwave-assisted Suzuki–Miyaura polycondensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Metzler
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | | | - Oliver Brügner
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Stefan Müllers
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Ralf Hanselmann
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | | | - Michael Walter
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoffmechanik
- 79108 Freiburg
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
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