1
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Stäter S, Woering EF, Lombeck F, Sommer M, Hildner R. Hexylation Stabilises Twisted Backbone Configurations in the Prototypical Low-Bandgap Copolymer PCDTBT. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300971. [PMID: 38372667 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated donor-acceptor copolymers hold great potential as materials for high-performance organic photovoltaics, organic transistors and organic thermoelectric devices. Their low optical bandgap is achieved by alternation of donor and acceptor moieties along the polymer chain, leading to a pronounced charge-transfer character of electronic excitations. However, the influence of appended side chains and of chemical defects of the backbone on their photophysical and conformational properties remains largely unexplored on the level of individual chains. Here, we employ room temperature single-molecule photoluminescence spectroscopy on four compounds based on the prototypical copolymer PCDTBT with systematically changed chemical structure. Our results show that an increasing density of statistically added hexyl chains to the TBT comonomer distorts the molecular conformation, likely through the increase of average dihedral angles along the backbone. We find that, although the conformation becomes more twisted with high hexyl density, the side chains appear to stabilize the backbone in this twisted conformation. In addition, we demonstrate that homocoupling defects along the backbone barely influence the PL spectra of single chains, and thus intra-chain electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stäter
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik F Woering
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, Universität Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Michael Sommer
- TU Chemnitz, Institute for Chemistry, Str. der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
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2
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Matt C, Lombeck F, Sommer M, Biskup T. Impact of Side Chains of Conjugated Polymers on Electronic Structure: A Case Study. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E870. [PMID: 31086059 PMCID: PMC6572471 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing from solution is a crucial aspect of organic semiconductors, as it is at the heart of the promise of easy and inexpensive manufacturing of devices. Introducing alkyl side chains is an approach often used to increase solubility and enhance miscibility in blends. The influence of these side chains on the electronic structure, although highly important for a detailed understanding of the structure-function relationship of these materials, is still barely understood. Here, we use time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy with its molecular resolution to investigate the role of alkyl side chains on the polymer PCDTBT and a series of its building blocks with increasing length. Comparing our results to the non-hexylated compounds allows us to distinguish four different factors determining exciton delocalization. Detailed quantum-chemical calculations (DFT) allows us to further interpret our spectroscopic data and to relate our findings to the molecular geometry. Alkylation generally leads to more localized excitons, most prominent only for the polymer. Furthermore, singlet excitons are more delocalized than the corresponding triplet excitons, despite the larger dihedral angles within the backbone found for the singlet-state geometries. Our results show TREPR spectroscopy of triplet excitons to be well suited for investigating crucial aspects of the structure-function relationship of conjugated polymers used as organic semiconductors on a molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Matt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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3
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Matt C, Meyer DL, Lombeck F, Sommer M, Biskup T. Different routes towards triplet states in organic semiconductors: direct S0→T excitation probed by time-resolved EPR spectroscopy. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1523479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Matt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Deborah L. Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl Polymerchemie, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Matt C, Meyer DL, Lombeck F, Sommer M, Biskup T. TBT Entirely Dominates the Electronic Structure of the Conjugated Copolymer PCDTBT: Insights from Time-Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Matt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Deborah L. Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institut für Makromolekulare Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Till Biskup
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Meyer DL, Lombeck F, Huettner S, Sommer M, Biskup T. Direct S 0→T Excitation of a Conjugated Polymer Repeat Unit: Unusual Spin-Forbidden Transitions Probed by Time-Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1677-1682. [PMID: 28345918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the electronic structure of semiconducting polymers and their building blocks is essential to develop efficient materials for organic electronics. (Time-resolved) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is particularly suited to address these questions, allowing one to directly detect paramagnetic states and to reveal their spin-multiplicity, besides its clearly superior resolution compared to optical methods. We present here evidence for a direct S0→T optical excitation of distinct triplet states in the repeat unit of a conjugated polymer used in organic photovoltaics. These states differ in their electronic structure from those populated via intersystem crossing from excited singlet states. This is an additional and so far unconsidered route to triplet states with potentially high impact on efficiency of organic electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Optoelectronics Group, University of Cambridge , Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Huettner
- Organic and Hybrid Electronics, Macromolecular Chemistry I, Universität Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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6
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Lombeck F, Marx F, Strassel K, Kunz S, Lienert C, Komber H, Friend R, Sommer M. To branch or not to branch: C–H selectivity of thiophene-based donor–acceptor–donor monomers in direct arylation polycondensation exemplified by PCDTBT. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The possibility for unselective C–H activation of a thiophene-based, donor–acceptor–donor monomer during direct arylation polycondensation is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Optoelectronics Group
| | - Franziska Marx
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Karen Strassel
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Susanna Kunz
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | | | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Richard Friend
- Optoelectronics Group
- Cavendish Laboratory
- J.J. Thomson Avenue
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB3 0HE
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
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7
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Lombeck F, Di D, Yang L, Meraldi L, Athanasopoulos S, Credgington D, Sommer M, Friend RH. PCDTBT: From Polymer Photovoltaics to Light-Emitting Diodes by Side-Chain-Controlled Luminescence. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dawei Di
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Le Yang
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Meraldi
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros Athanasopoulos
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Credgington
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT Freiburger Zentrum
für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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8
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Abstract
Compatibilization of an immiscible binary blend comprising a conjugated electron donor and a conjugated electron acceptor polymer with suitable electronic properties upon addition of a block copolymer (BCP) composed of the same building blocks is demonstrated. Efficient compatibilization during melt-annealing is feasible when the two polymers are immiscible in the melt, i.e. above the melting point of ∼250 °C of the semicrystalline donor polymer P3HT. To generate immiscibility at these high temperatures, the acceptor polymer PCDTBT is equipped with fluorinated side chains leading to an increased Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. Compatibilization in bulk and thin films is demonstrated, showing that the photovoltaic performance of pristine microphase separated and nanostructured BCPs can also be obtained for compatibilized blend films containing low contents of 10-20 wt % BCP. Thermodynamically stable domain sizes range between several tens of microns for pure blends and ∼10 nm for pure block copolymers. In addition to controlling domain size, the amount of block copolymer added dictates the ratio of edge-on and face-on P3HT crystals, with compatibilized films showing an increasing amount of face-on P3HT crystals with increasing amount of compatibilizer. This study demonstrates the prerequisites and benefits of compatibilizing all-conjugated semicrystalline polymer blends for organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sepe
- Adolphe Merkle Institute , Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard H Friend
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge , 19 J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Lombeck F, Komber H, Sepe A, Friend RH, Sommer M. Enhancing Phase Separation and Photovoltaic Performance of All-Conjugated Donor–Acceptor Block Copolymers with Semifluorinated Alkyl Side Chains. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson
Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alessandro Sepe
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Chemin
des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Richard H. Friend
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson
Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- FIT, Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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10
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Metzler L, Reichenbach T, Brügner O, Komber H, Lombeck F, Müllers S, Hanselmann R, Hillebrecht H, Walter M, Sommer M. High molecular weight mechanochromic spiropyran main chain copolymers via reproducible microwave-assisted Suzuki polycondensation. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochromic spiropyran main chain copolymers with high and reproducible molar mass can be made using microwave-assisted Suzuki–Miyaura polycondensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Metzler
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | | | - Oliver Brügner
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Stefan Müllers
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Ralf Hanselmann
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | | | - Michael Walter
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Werkstoffmechanik
- 79108 Freiburg
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie
- Universität Freiburg
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
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11
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Matsidik R, Martin J, Schmidt S, Obermayer J, Lombeck F, Nübling F, Komber H, Fazzi D, Sommer M. C–H Arylation of Unsubstituted Furan and Thiophene with Acceptor Bromides: Access to Donor–Acceptor–Donor-Type Building Blocks for Organic Electronics. J Org Chem 2014; 80:980-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502432e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rukiya Matsidik
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Martin
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmidt
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Obermayer
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Fritz Nübling
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (MPI-KOFO), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Universität Freiburg, Institut für Makromolekulare
Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum
(FMF), Stefan-Meier-Strasse
21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Lombeck F, Matsidik R, Komber H, Sommer M. Simple Synthesis of P(Cbz-alt-TBT) and PCDTBT by Combining Direct Arylation with Suzuki Polycondensation of Heteroaryl Chlorides. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 36:231-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Optoelectronics Group; Cavendish Laboratory; J J Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE UK
| | - Rukiya Matsidik
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare Chemie; Universität Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Straße 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum; Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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13
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Lombeck F, Komber H, Gorelsky SI, Sommer M. Identifying Homocouplings as Critical Side Reactions in Direct Arylation Polycondensation. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:819-823. [PMID: 35590707 DOI: 10.1021/mz5004147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Homocouplings are identified as major side reactions in direct arylation polycondensation (DAP) of 4,7-bis(4-hexyl-2-thienyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (TBT) and 2,7-dibromo-9-(1-octylnonyl)-9H-carbazole (CbzBr2). Using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrate that both TBT and Cbz homocouplings occur at a considerable extent. TBT homocoupling preferentially occurs under phosphine-free conditions but can be suppressed in the presence of a phosphine ligand. Cbz homocoupling is temperature-dependent and more prevalent at higher temperatures. By contrast, evidence for chain branching as a result of unselective C-H arylation is not found for this monomer combination. These results emphasize that particular attention has to be paid to homocouplings in direct arylation polycondensations as a major source of main-chain defects, especially under phosphine-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Optoelectronics
Group, Cavendish Laboratory, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Hartmut Komber
- Leibniz Institut
für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Serge I. Gorelsky
- Centre
for Catalysis Research and Innovation and Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael Sommer
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburger
Materialforschungszentrum, Stefan Meier-Straße
21, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Komber H, Müllers S, Lombeck F, Held A, Walter M, Sommer M. Soluble and stable alternating main-chain merocyanine copolymers through quantitative spiropyran–merocyanine conversion. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00853c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Martens SC, Hahn L, Lombeck F, Rybina A, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Annulated Heteroc yclic Derivatives of 1,3,6,8-Tetraazapyrene (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 24/2013). European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201390067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Martens SC, Hahn L, Lombeck F, Rybina A, Wadepohl H, Gade LH. Annulated Heterocyclic Derivatives of 1,3,6,8-Tetraazapyrene. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Geib S, Martens SC, Zschieschang U, Lombeck F, Wadepohl H, Klauk H, Gade LH. 1,3,6,8-Tetraazapyrenes: Synthesis, Solid-State Structures, and Properties as Redox-Active Materials. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6107-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300894p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Geib
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld
270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne C. Martens
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld
270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ute Zschieschang
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld
270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld
270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hagen Klauk
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz H. Gade
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld
270, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Sharma S, Lombeck F, Eriksson L, Johansson O. Resolution of Conformationally Chiralmer-[Ru(dqp)2]2+and Crystallographic Analysis of [δ,δ-Ru(dqp)2][Δ-TRISPHAT]2(dqp=2,6-Di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine; TRISPHAT=Tris(tetrachlorocatecholate)phosphate). Chemistry 2010; 16:7078-81. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jäger M, Smeigh A, Lombeck F, Görls H, Collin JP, Sauvage JP, Hammarström L, Johansson O. Cyclometalated RuII Complexes with Improved Octahedral Geometry: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2009; 49:374-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9020788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jäger
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- Departments of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
| | - Amanda Smeigh
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helmar Görls
- of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Collin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minerale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sauvage
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organo-Minerale, Institut de Chimie, LC3 UMR 7177 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Johansson
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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