Self-Etch Adhesive as a Carrier for ACP Nanoprecursors to Deliver Biomimetic Remineralization

Reversion of ACP Nanoparticles into Prenucleation Clusters via Surfactant for Promoting Biomimetic Mineralization: A Physicochemical Understanding of Biosurfactant Role in Biomineralization Process

Amphiphilic biomolecules are abundant in mineralization front of biological hard tissues, which play a vital role in osteogenesis and dental hard tissue formation. Amphiphilic biomolecules function as biosurfactants, however, their biosurfactant role in biomineralization process has never been investigated. This study, for the first time, demonstrates that aggregated amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles can be reversed into dispersed ultrasmall prenucleation clusters (PNCs) via breakdown and dispersion of the ACP nanoparticles by a surfactant. The reduced surface energy of ACP@TPGS and the electrostatic interaction between calcium ions and the pair electrons on oxygen atoms of C-O-C of D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) provide driving force for breakdown and dispersion of ACP nanoparticles into ultrasmall PNCs which promote in vitro and in vivo biomimetic mineralization. The ACP@TPGS possesses excellent biocompatibility without any irritations to oral mucosa and dental pulp. This study not only introduces surfactant into biomimetic mineralization field, but also excites attention to the neglected biosurfactant role during biomineralization process.

Evaluating the effect of poly (amidoamine) treated bioactive glass nanoparticle incorporated in universal adhesive on bonding to artificially induced caries affected dentin

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to evaluate remineralisation and its effect on microtensile bond-strength of artificially induced caries affected dentin (CAD) when treated with a commercial universal adhesive modified with poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM) loaded mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (A-PMBG).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBG) were synthesised using sol-gel process, where PAMAM was loaded (P-MBG) and added to commercial adhesive at different weight percentages (0.2, 0.5, 1 and 2 wt%). First, rheological properties of commercial and modified adhesives were evaluated. The effect of remineralization/hardness and microtensile bond-strength (MTBs) of those samples that mimicked the rheological properties of commercial adhesives were evaluated using Vickers hardness tester and universal testing machine respectively. Scanning-Electron microscope was used to visualize failed samples of MTBs and remineralization samples. Both evaluations were carried out at 1-,3 and 6-month intervals, samples being stored in stimulated salivary fluid during each time interval.

RESULTS

Addition of nanoparticles altered the rheological properties. With increase in the weight percentage of nanoparticles in commercial adhesive, there was significant increase in degree of conversion, viscosity and sedimentation rate (p < 0.05). The 0.2 and 0.5 wgt% groups closely mimicked the properties of commercial adhesive and were evaluated for remineralization and MTBs. After 6 months, 0.2wgt% group showed increased MTBs (p < 0.05) and 0.5wgt% group increased remineralization/hardness (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The complex of PAMAM-MBG-Universal adhesive can remineralize the demineralised CAD thereby improving its bond-strength when evaluated for up to 6-months.

Synergistic effect of ion-releasing fillers on the remineralization and mechanical properties of resin-dentin bonding interfaces

In modern restorative dentistry, adhesive resin materials are vital for achieving minimally invasive, esthetic, and tooth-preserving restorations. However, exposed collagen fibers are found in the hybrid layer of the resin-dentin bonding interface due to incomplete resin penetration. As a result, the hybrid layer is susceptible to attack by internal and external factors such as hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation, and the durability of dentin bonding remains limited. Therefore, efforts have been made to improve the stability of the resin-dentin interface and achieve long-term clinical success. New ion-releasing adhesive resin materials are synthesized by introducing remineralizing ions such as calcium and phosphorus, which continuously release mineral ions into the bonding interface in resin-bonded restorations to achieve dentin biomimetic remineralization and improve bond durability. As an adhesive resin material capable of biomimetic mineralization, maintaining excellent bond strength and restoring the mechanical properties of demineralized dentin is the key to its function. This paper reviews whether ion-releasing dental adhesive materials can maintain the mechanical properties of the resin-dentin bonding interface by supplementing the various active ingredients required for dentin remineralization from three aspects: phosphate, silicate, and bioactive glass.

Current status and future prospects of stomatology research

Research in stomatology (dental medicine) continues to expand globally and is oriented towards solving clinical issues, focusing on clarifying the clinical relevance and potential mechanisms of oral‍-‍systemic connections via clinical epidemiology, oral microecological characterization, and the establishment of animal models. Interdisciplinary integration of materials science and tissue engineering with stomatology is expected to lead to the creation of innovative materials and technologies to better resolve the most prevalent and challenging clinical issues such as peri-implantitis, soft and hard tissue defects, and dentin hypersensitivity. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), 5th generation mobile communication technology (5G), and big data applications, "intelligent stomatology" is emerging to build models for better clinical diagnosis and management, accelerate the reform of education, and support the growth and advancement of scientific research. Here, we summarized the current research status, and listed the future prospects and limitations of these three aspects, aiming to provide a basis for more accurate etiological exploration, novel treatment methods, and abundant big data analysis in stomatology to promote the translation of research achievements into practical applications for both clinicians and the public.

Calcium Phosphate Delivery Systems for Regeneration and Biomineralization of Mineralized Tissues of the Craniofacial Complex

Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based materials have been extensively used for mineralized tissues in the craniofacial complex. Owing to their excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and inherent osteoconductive nature, their use as delivery systems for drugs and bioactive factors has several advantages. Of the three mineralized tissues in the craniofacial complex (bone, dentin, and enamel), only bone and dentin have some regenerative properties that can diminish due to disease and severe injuries. Therefore, targeting these regenerative tissues with CaP delivery systems carrying relevant drugs, morphogenic factors, and ions is imperative to improve tissue health in the mineralized tissue engineering field. In this review, the use of CaP-based microparticles, nanoparticles, and polymer-induced liquid precursor (PILPs) amorphous CaP nanodroplets for delivery to craniofacial bone and dentin are discussed. The use of these various form factors to obtain either a high local concentration of cargo at the macroscale and/or to deliver cargos precisely to nanoscale structures is also described. Finally, perspectives on the field using these CaP materials and next steps for the future delivery to the craniofacial complex are presented.

Effects of an orthodontic primer containing amorphous fluorinated calcium phosphate nanoparticles on enamel white spot lesions

OBJECTIVES

The study investigated the effects of an orthodontic primer containing amorphous fluorinated calcium phosphate (AFCP) nanoparticles on enamel white spot lesions (WSLs).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The AFCP nanoparticles were prepared and incorporated into Transbond XT Primer. Thirty-two human enamel slices were highly polished and randomly divided into four groups: no part covered (control), half covered with a primer containing 0 wt%, 25 wt%, and 35 wt% AFCP. Subsequently, samples were challenged by a modified pH-cycling and characterized by color measurement, micro-computed tomography, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The bonding properties of the primers containing AFCP were assessed using shear bond strength test, and the mouse fibroblasts (L929) were employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity.

RESULTS

When the enamel was challenged by pH cycling, 25 wt% and 35 wt% AFCP groups exhibited less color change (ΔE) and less mineral loss than the control and 0 wt% AFCP groups. The SEM images showed that the original microstructural integrity and mineral deposition rate of the enamel surface were better in the 25 wt% and 35 wt% AFCP groups. In particular, the 35 wt% AFCP group exhibited the best performance after 3 weeks of pH cycling. The shear bond strength and cell viability revealed no significant difference among the tested groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Using the primer containing 35 wt% AFCP might be a promising strategy for preventing the occurrence and development of WSLs during orthodontic treatment.

Dental Adhesives-Surface Modifications of Dentin Structure for Stable Bonding

The latest advancements in dentin bonding have focused on strategies to impair degradation mechanisms in order to extend the longevity of bonded interfaces. Protease inhibitors can reduce collagen degradation within the hybrid layer (HL). Collagen cross-linkers allow better adhesive infiltration and also inhibit proteases activity. Particles added to adhesive can promote mineral precipitation within the HL, reducing nanoleakage and micropermeability, besides possible antimicrobial and enzymatic inhibition effects. Most of these approaches are still experimental, and aspects of the adhesive under the clinician's control are still determinant for the long-term stability of adhesive restorations.

Dual Functions of MDP Monomer with De- and Remineralizing Ability

Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) has been speculated to induce mineralization, but there has been no convincing evidence of its ability to induce intrafibrillar mineralization. Polymers play a critical role in biomimetic mineralization as stabilizers/inducers of amorphous precursors. Hence, MDP-induced biomimetic mineralization without polymer additives has not been fully verified or elucidated. By combining 3-dimensional stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, surface zeta potentials, contact angle measurements, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with circular dichroism, we show that amphiphilic MDP can not only demineralize dentin by releasing protons as an acidic functional monomer but also infiltrate collagen fibrils (including dentin collagen), unwind the triple helical structure by breaking hydrogen bonds, and finally immobilize within collagen. MDP-bound collagen functions as a huge collagenous phosphoprotein (HCPP), in contrast to chemical phosphorylation modifications. HCPP can induce biomimetic mineralization itself without polymer additives by alternatively attracting calcium and phosphate through electrostatic attraction. Therefore, we herein propose the dual functions of amphiphilic MDP monomer with de- and remineralizing ability. MDP in the free state can demineralize dentin substrates by releasing protons, whereas MDP in the collagen-bound state as HCPP can induce intrafibrillar mineralization. The dual functions of MDP monomer with de- and remineralization properties might create a new epoch in adhesive dentistry and preventive dentistry.

Chlorhexidine-loaded poly (amido amine) dendrimer and a dental adhesive containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanofillers for enhancing bonding durability

OBJECTIVE

A novel method of combining chlorhexidine (CHX) loaded poly (amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with a dental adhesive containing amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanofillers are proposed for etch-and-rinse bonding system to enhance resin-dentin bonding durability.

METHODS

The CHX-loaded PAMAM and ACP nanofillers were synthesized and characterized. Their effects on the cytotoxicity were tested by MTT assay. Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) before and after thermomechanical challenges were used to evaluate the bonding durability. Anti-matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) property was examined using in-situ zymography. A double-fluorescence technique was used to examine interfacial permeability after bonding. Dentin remineralization in Ca/P lacking solution was observed under scanning electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Compared with a 0.2 wt% CHX solution, the PAMAM loaded CHX had less cytotoxicity, while the in situ zymography showed it could still inhibit MMPs activity within the hybrid layer after released from PAMAM. The application of the novel method maintained the μTBS better than the control group after thermomechanical challenges, and it did not negatively affect water permeability of the bonding interfaces. CHX-loaded PAMAM regulated the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) ions provided by the ACP-containing adhesives to remineralize the demineralized dentin surfaces without initial Ca/P in the environment.

SIGNIFICANCE

The novel method can reduce the cytotoxicity of CHX, inhibit MMPs activities, maintain μTBS, and induce dentin remineralization, which are crucial factors for enhancing bonding durability.

Advances in biomineralization-inspired materials for hard tissue repair

Biomineralization is the process by which organisms form mineralized tissues with hierarchical structures and excellent properties, including the bones and teeth in vertebrates. The underlying mechanisms and pathways of biomineralization provide inspiration for designing and constructing materials to repair hard tissues. In particular, the formation processes of minerals can be partly replicated by utilizing bioinspired artificial materials to mimic the functions of biomolecules or stabilize intermediate mineral phases involved in biomineralization. Here, we review recent advances in biomineralization-inspired materials developed for hard tissue repair. Biomineralization-inspired materials are categorized into different types based on their specific applications, which include bone repair, dentin remineralization, and enamel remineralization. Finally, the advantages and limitations of these materials are summarized, and several perspectives on future directions are discussed.

A Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Film Loaded with AFCP Nanoparticles for Inhibiting Formation of Enamel White Spot Lesions

Objective

This study investigated the effects of mineralizing film consisting of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and amorphous fluorinated calcium phosphate (AFCP) nanoparticles on enamel white spot lesions (WSLs).

Material and Methods

The AFCP nanoparticles and mineralizing film were prepared via nanoprecipitation and solvent evaporation, respectively. They were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and fluoride ion selective electrode. Thirty-two human enamel slices (4 mm × 4 mm × 1.5 mm) were highly polished and randomly assigned to four groups: negative control (no treatment); pure HPMC film; mineralizing film; GC Tooth Mousse Plus^® (contains 10% CPP-ACP and 0.2% NaF). Subsequently, samples were challenged by a modified pH-cycling and characterized by color measurement, Micro-CT, SEM/EDX, and nanoindentation.

Results

The mineralizing film could sustain release of Ca, P and F ions over 24 h and maintain AFCP nanoparticles in metastable state over 8~12 h. During 4 weeks of pH cycling, the mineralizing film group exhibited least color change (∆E), mineral loss and lesion depth (120 ± 10 µm) among four groups (p < 0.05). SEM findings revealed that the porosities among enamel crystals increased in negative control and pure HPMC film groups after pH cycling, whereas in mineralizing film group, the original microstructure of enamel was well conserved and mineral deposits were detected between enamel prisms. Mineralizing film group demonstrated a least reduction of nanomechanical properties such as elastic modulus of 77.02 ± 6.84 GPa and hardness of 3.62 ± 0.57 GPa (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The mineralizing film might be a promising strategy for prevention and management of WSLs via inhibiting enamel demineralization and promoting enamel remineralization.

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as a film and hydrogel carrier for ACP nanoprecursors to deliver biomimetic mineralization

Demineralization of hard tooth tissues leads to dental caries, which cause health problems and economic burdens throughout the world. A biomimetic mineralization strategy is expected to reverse early dental caries. Commercially available anti-carious mineralizing products lead to inconclusive clinical results because they cannot continuously replenish the required calcium and phosphate resources. Herein, we prepared a mineralizing film consisting of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and polyaspartic acid-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (PAsp-ACP) nanoparticles. HPMC which contains multiple hydroxyl groups is a film-forming material that can be desiccated to form a dry film. In a moist environment, this film gradually changes into a gel. HPMC was used as the carrier of PAsp-ACP nanoparticles to deliver biomimetic mineralization. Our results indicated that the hydroxyl and methoxyl groups of HPMC could assist the stability of PAsp-ACP nanoparticles and maintain their biomimetic mineralization activity. The results further demonstrated that the bioinspired mineralizing film induced the early mineralization of demineralized dentin after 24 h with increasing mineralization of the whole demineralized dentin (3-4 µm) after 72-96 h. Furthermore, these results were achieved without any cytotoxicity or mucosa irritation. Therefore, this mineralizing film shows promise for use in preventive dentistry due to its efficient mineralization capability.

Biomimetic fabrication and application of fibrous-like nanotubes

AIMS

To investigate the biomimetic fabrication of fibrous-like organic-inorganic hybrid structures via a simple bottom-up approach, viz. self-assembly of simple molecules, and apply fibrous-like composites as a novel primer to improve dentin bond strengths of self-etch adhesives.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The resultants of commercial amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles and 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) ethanol-aqueous solution were analyzed by TEM, SEM, XRD, DLS and AFM. The acid and alkali resistance of abovementioned self-assembled composites were analyzed with TEM. Micro-tensile bond strengths (MTBS) tests were performed after polished dentin surfaces were pretreated with self-assembled composites. The pretreated dentin surfaces and dentin-resin interfaces were characterized by SEM/TEM.

KEY FINDINGS

ACP nanoparticles in MDP solution could self-assemble into fibrous-like nanotube structures in 8 nm diameter. Self-assembly and self-proliferation process went from ACP nanoparticles, dissolved ACP nanoparticles (less than 50 nm), twig-like structures and fibrous-like nanotubes to cellular networks. The fibrous-like nanotubes were only detected when the amount of ACP in reaction system were more than 0.01 g. The more ACP interacted with MDP, the more fibrous-like nanotubes were formed. After the dentin surfaces were treated with fibrous-like nanotube composites, MTBS could be significantly improved. Moreover, the fibrous-like nanotube structures could be resistant to acidic challenge, and were stable at least for 3 months.

SIGNIFICANCE

The fibrous-like nanotube structures could be self-assembled via a bottom-up approach at certain ratio of MDP and commercial ACP nanoparticles. The application of fibrous-like nanotube composites as a novel primer prior to self-etch adhesives greatly improved dentin bond strengths.

Effects of a biomimetic analog-based experimental bonding system on caries-affected and sound dentin

This study compared the ultrastructure, chemical composition, and proteases activity (PA) of sound (SD) and caries-affected dentin (CAD) in the dentin hybrid layer after using an experimental bonding system containing pyromellitic dianhydride glycerol methacrylate and biomimetic analogs. The bonding system used a three step and a total-etch procedure. Polyacrylic acid (5%) and sodium trimetaphosphate (5%) were added to the primer and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (9%), beta-tricalcium phosphate (10.5%), and calcium hydroxide (0.5%) were added to the adhesive. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to evaluate the resultant structure, particularly the adhesive-dentin and the demineralized-SD interfaces. The chemical composition was evaluated through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The PA was measured with the Coomassie Blue-G250 coloring test, and the PA data were analyzed by ANOVA. EDS identified the presence of isolated calcium phosphate nanoparticles in the demineralized region; however, the SAED analysis did not show any evidences of hydroxyapatite (HA) neoformation in SD and CAD. The biomimetic analog-based adhesive system inhibited the activities of dentin proteases immediately after treatment. Additionally, the proteolytic activity on the affected dentin resembled that of the SD. In conclusion, no HA formed in the demineralized SD and CAD although there were calcium and phosphate deposits. The experimental adhesive system inhibited dentin proteases. The present study uses a new approach to investigate the hybrid layer behavior in dentin. The experimental adhesive system was synthesized and used on sound and affected-caries dentin as the substrate to reproduce real clinical conditions.

Chemistry of novel and contemporary resin-based dental adhesives

The chemistry of resin-based dental adhesives is critical for its interaction with dental tissues and long-term bonding stability. Changes in dental adhesives composition influences the materials' key physical-chemical properties, such as rate and degree of conversion, water sorption, solubility, flexural strength and modulus, and cohesive strength and improves the biocompatibility to dental tissues. Maintaining a suitable reactivity between photoinitiators and monomers is important for optimal properties of adhesive systems, in order to enable adequate polymerisation and improved chemical, physical and biological properties. The aim of this article is to review the current state-of-the-art of dental adhesives, and their chemical composition and characteristics that influences the polymerisation reaction and subsequent materials properties and performance.

Therapeutic Management of Demineralized Dentin Surfaces Using a Mineralizing Adhesive To Seal and Mineralize Dentin, Dentinal Tubules, and Odontoblast Processes

Dentin hypersensitivity is attributable to the exposed dentin and its patent tubules. We proposed the therapeutic management of demineralized dentin surfaces using a mineralizing adhesive to seal and remineralize dentin, dentinal tubules, and odontoblast processes. An experimental self-etch adhesive and a mineralizing adhesive consisting of the self-etch adhesive and 20 wt % poly-aspartic acid-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (PAsp-ACP) nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy. After 60 acid-etched midcoronal dentin disks were treated with distilled water (control), a desensitizing agent (Gluma), the experimental self-etch adhesive, and the mineralizing adhesive, dentin permeability was measured and mineralization was evaluated by Raman, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and selected-area electron diffraction, irrespective of abrasive and acidic challenges. In vitro cytotoxicity of the adhesive and the mineralizing adhesive was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8. The mineralizing adhesive possessed excellent biocompatibility. We proposed a hybrid mineralization layer composed of the light-cured mineralizing adhesive and the mineralized dentin surfaces, as well as interiorly mineralized resin tags and odontoblast processes inside of the dentinal tubules. This hybrid mineralization not only reduced dentin permeability but also resisted abrasive and acidic attacks.

Fluoride-doped amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles as a promising biomimetic material for dental remineralization

Demineralization of dental hard tissue is a widespread problem and the main responsible for dental caries and dentin hypersensitivity. The most promising strategies to induce the precipitation of new mineral phase are the application of materials releasing gradually Ca2+ and PO43- ions or mimicking the mineral phase of the host tissue. However, the design of formulations covering both processes is so far a challenge in preventive dentistry. In this work, we have synthesized innovative biomimetic amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which has been, for the first time, doped with fluoride ions (FACP) to obtain materials with enhanced anti-caries and remineralizing properties. Significantly, the doping with fluoride (F) did not vary the physico-chemical features of ACP but resulted in a faster conversion to the crystalline apatite phase in water, as observed by in-situ time-dependent Raman experiments. The efficacy of the as synthesized ACP and FACP samples to occlude dentinal tubules and induce enamel remineralization has been tested in vitro in human molar teeth. The samples showed good ability to partially occlude the tubules of acid-etched dentin and to restore demineralized enamel into its native structure. Results demonstrate that ACP and FACP are promising biomimetic materials in preventive dentistry to hinder demineralization of dental hard tissues.

Biomineralization-Inspired Material Design for Bone Regeneration

Synthetic substitutes of bone grafts, such as calcium phosphate-based ceramics, have shown some good clinical successes in the regeneration of large bone defects and are currently extensively used. In the past decade, the field of biomineralization has delivered important new fundamental knowledge and techniques to better understand this fascinating phenomenon. This knowledge is also applied in the field of biomaterials, with the aim of bringing the composition and structure, and hence the performance, of synthetic bone graft substitutes even closer to those of the extracellular matrix of bone. The purpose of this progress report is to critically review advances in mimicking the extracellular matrix of bone as a strategy for development of new materials for bone regeneration. Lab-made biomimicking or bioinspired materials are discussed against the background of the natural extracellular matrix, starting from basic organic and inorganic components, and progressing into the building block of bone, the mineralized collagen fibril, and finally larger, 2D and 3D constructs. Moreover, bioactivity studies on state-of-the-art biomimicking materials are discussed. By addressing these different topics, an overview is given of how far the field has advanced toward a true bone-mimicking material, and some suggestions are offered for bridging current knowledge and technical gaps.

A novel fluorescent adhesive-assisted biomimetic mineralization

We propose a novel fluorescent adhesive-assisted biomimetic mineralization strategy, based on which 1 wt% of sodium fluorescein and 25 wt% of polyacrylic acid stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (PAA-ACP) nanoparticles were incorporated into a mild self-etch adhesive (Clearfil S3 Bond) as a fluorescent mineralizing adhesive. The characterization of the PAA-ACP nanoparticles indicates that they were spherical particles clustered together, each particle with a diameter of approximately 20-50 nm, in a metastable phase with two characteristic absorption peaks (1050 cm-1 and 580 cm-1). Our results suggest that the fluorescent mineralizing adhesive was non-cytotoxic with minimal esthetic interference and its fluorescence intensity did not significantly decrease within 6 months. Our data reveal that the fluorescent mineralizing adhesive could induce the extra- and intra-fibrillar remineralization of the reconstituted type I collagen, the demineralized enamel and dentin substrate. Our data demonstrate that a novel fluorescent adhesive-assisted biomimetic mineralization strategy will pave the way to design and produce anti-carious materials for the prevention of dental caries.