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Zhou S, Zhang L, Zou L, Ayubi BI, Wang Y. Mechanism Analysis and Potential Applications of Atomic Oxygen Erosion Protection for Kapton-Type Polyimide Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1687. [PMID: 38932037 PMCID: PMC11207231 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyimide (PI) is widely used in aerospace applications due to its excellent properties. However, the high concentration of atomic oxygen (AO) in low-earth orbit (LEO) significantly degrades its performance. This study employs reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze the AO erosion resistance of fluorinated polyimide (FPI) and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) composite polyimide models. The 35 ps simulation results indicate that the PI/POSS composite exhibits the best protective performance. The protection mechanism involves the formation of an SiO2 carbonized layer that prevents the transmission of AO and heat to the polyimide matrix, resulting in a normalized mass of 84.1% after erosion. The FPI model shows the second-best protective effect, where the introduction of -CF3 groups enhances the thermal stability of the polyimide matrix, resulting in a normalized mass of 80.7% after erosion. This study explores the protective effects and mechanisms of different polyimide protection methods at the molecular level, providing new insights for the design of AO erosion protection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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2
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Wei D, Zeng F, Cui J. Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study of the Mechanism and Effect of Various Protective Coatings on the Protection of Polyimide Antierosion from Atomic Oxygen. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:378-391. [PMID: 38171542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Polyimide (PI), due to its exceptional performance, is commonly utilized in spacecraft. However, when such polymers are used in spacecraft navigating low Earth orbit, they are exposed to atomic oxygen (AO) that can cause the polymer to decompose. A protective coating method is a more effective way to safeguard the polymer from erosion caused by AO. This study employs the molecular dynamics simulation based on the reaction force field to investigate the protective effects of various coatings, including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), graphene (Gr), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and the (0 0 1), (0 1 1), and (1 1 1) surfaces of SiO2. The results indicate that the protective performance of the (0 1 1) surface is superior to that of the (0 0 1) and (1 1 1) surfaces. Moreover, protective coatings are classified into three categories based on different protective mechanisms: rebound, absorption, and sacrificial. The protective effectiveness of coatings depends on their anti-AO performance and ability to combine with the substrate. Gr displays exceptional anti-AO properties and can effectively shield the substrate from AO erosion. Silicone-based coatings have a superior ability to adhere to PI substrates, and PDMS is an excellent choice for protective coatings. This paper offers guidance for the protective coating method of PIs against AO erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Wei
- Department of Astronautic Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanlin Zeng
- Department of Astronautic Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzheng Cui
- Department of Astronautic Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, People's Republic of China
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3
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Nguyen VP, Jeon I, Yang S, Choi ST. Mesoscale Simulation of Polymer Pyrolysis by Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics: A Parametric Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37307299 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Full comprehension of the pyrolysis of polymer materials is crucial for the design and application of thermal protection systems; however, it involves complex phenomena at different spatial and temporal scales. To bridge the gap between the abundant atomistic simulations and continuum modeling in the literature, we perform a novel mesoscale study of the pyrolysis process using coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG MD) simulations. Polyethylene (PE) consisting of united atoms including implicit hydrogen is considered a model polymer, and the configurational change of PE in thermal degradation is modeled by applying the bond-breaking phenomenon based on bond energy or bond length criteria. A cook-off simulation is implemented to optimize the heuristic protocol of bond dissociation by comparing the reaction products with a ReaxFF simulation. The aerobic hyperthermal pyrolysis under oxygen bombardment is simulated at a large scale of hundreds of nanometers to observe the intricate phenomena occurring from the surface to the depth inside the material. The intrinsic thermal durability of the model polymer at extreme conditions with and without oxygen environment can be effectively simulated from the proposed mesoscale simulation to predict important thermal degradation properties required for continuum-scale pyrolysis and ablation simulations. This work serves as an initial investigation of polymer pyrolysis at the mesoscale and helps understand the concept at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Phu Nguyen
- Functional Materials and Applied Mechanics Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseok Jeon
- Mechanical Energy Engineering Division, School of Energy Systems Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Yang
- Mechanical Energy Engineering Division, School of Energy Systems Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Choi
- Functional Materials and Applied Mechanics Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-Ro, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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4
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Weerasinghe J, Prasad K, Mathew J, Trifoni E, Baranov O, Levchenko I, Bazaka K. Carbon Nanocomposites in Aerospace Technology: A Way to Protect Low-Orbit Satellites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111763. [PMID: 37299666 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in space technology and reduced launching cost led companies, defence and government organisations to turn their attention to low Earth orbit (LEO) and very low Earth orbit (VLEO) satellites, for they offer significant advantages over other types of spacecraft and present an attractive solution for observation, communication and other tasks. However, keeping satellites in LEO and VLEO presents a unique set of challenges, in addition to those typically associated with exposure to space environment such as damage from space debris, thermal fluctuations, radiation and thermal management in vacuum. The structural and functional elements of LEO and especially VLEO satellites are significantly affected by residual atmosphere and, in particular, atomic oxygen (AO). At VLEO, the remaining atmosphere is dense enough to create significant drag and quicky de-orbit satellites; thus, thrusters are needed to keep them on a stable orbit. Atomic oxygen-induced material erosion is another key challenge to overcome during the design phase of LEO and VLEO spacecraft. This review covered the corrosion interactions between the satellites and the low orbit environment, and how it can be minimised through the use of carbon-based nanomaterials and their composites. The review also discussed key mechanisms and challenges underpinning material design and fabrication, and it outlined the current research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janith Weerasinghe
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Karthika Prasad
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Joice Mathew
- Advanced Instrumentation and Technology Centre, Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Eduardo Trifoni
- Advanced Instrumentation and Technology Centre, Research School of Astronomy & Astrophysics, ANU College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Oleg Baranov
- Department of Theoretical Mechanics, Engineering and Robomechanical Systems, National Aerospace University, 61070 Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Department of Gaseous Electronics, Jozef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Levchenko
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Plasma Sources and Application Centre, NIE, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Kateryna Bazaka
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering, Computing and Cybernetics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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A Reactive Molecular Dynamics Study on Crosslinked Epoxy Resin Decomposition under High Electric Field and Thermal Aging Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030765. [PMID: 36772066 PMCID: PMC9919976 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To reveal the microscopic mechanism of synergetic thermal-electrical degradation during a partial discharge process in epoxy insulation materials, the decomposition of crosslinked epoxy resin is investigated using reactive molecular dynamics simulations under high electric field and thermal degradation conditions. Bond-boost acceleration method is employed in reactive molecular dynamics simulations to successfully establish epoxy polymer models with a crosslink degree of 93%. Active molecular species derived from electrical partial discharges are considered in the current work. Small molecule products and decomposition temperature in the degradation process under an electric field are calculated to elucidate the effect of nitric acid and ozone molecules, being the active products generated by electrical partial discharges, on the synergetic thermal-electrical degradation of epoxy resin. Both nitric acid and ozone exacerbate thermal impact decomposition of crosslinked epoxy polymer by decreasing initial decomposition temperature from 1050 K to 940 K and 820 K, respectively. It is found that these active products can oxidize hydroxyl groups and carbon-nitrogen bridge bonds in epoxy molecular chains, leading to the aggravation of epoxy resin decomposition, as manifested by the significant increase in the decomposed molecular products. In contrast, thermal degradation of the epoxy resin without the active species is not expedited by increasing electric field. These strongly oxidative molecules are easily reduced to negative ions and able to obtain kinetic energies from electric field, which result in chemical corrosion and local temperature increase to accelerate decomposition of epoxy insulation materials.
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Zhao W, Wei Q, Huang C, Zhu Y, Hu N. Dependence of Incidence Angle and Flux Density in the Damage Effect of Atomic Oxygen on Kapton Film. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245444. [PMID: 36559810 PMCID: PMC9781240 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kapton film is a polymeric material widely used on low-Earth-orbit (LEO) spacecraft surfaces. In the LEO environment, atomic oxygen (AO) is spaceflight materials' most destructive environmental factor. The erosion mechanism of AO on Kapton films has long been an important issue, where the parameter dependence of the AO effect has received increasing attention. Studies of AO energy and cumulative flux have been extensively carried out, while the influence mechanism of the incidence angle and flux density is not fully understood. The AO incidence angle and flux density in space are diverse, which may cause different damage effects on aerospace materials. In this paper, the dependence of the incidence angle and flux density in the damaging effect of AO on Kapton films was investigated using ground-based AO test technology and the reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulation technique. Firstly, the ground-based experiment obtained the mass loss data of Kapton films under the action of AO with a variable incidence angle and flux density. Then, the mass loss, temperature rise, product, and erosion yield of Kapton during AO impact with different incidence angles and dose rates were calculated using the ReaxFF MD method. The influences of the incidence angle and flux density on the damage mechanism of the AO effect were discussed by comparing the simulation and test results. The results show that the AO effect in the lower incidence angle range (0-60°) is independent of the incidence angle and depends only on the amount of impacted atomic oxygen. AO in the higher incidence angle range (60-90°) has a surface stripping effect, which causes more significant mass loss and a temperature rise while stripping raised macromolecules from rough surfaces, and the erosion effect increases with the increasing incidence angle and amount of impacted atomic oxygen. There is a critical value for the influence of flux density on the AO effect. Above this critical value, AO has a reduced erosive capacity due to a lower chance of participating in the reaction. The amount of each main product from the AO effect varies with the incidence angle and flux density. Nonetheless, the total content of the main products is essentially constant, around 70%. This work will contribute to our understanding of the incidence angle and flux density dependence of the AO effect and provide valuable information for the development of standards for ground simulation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province on Scale-Span Intelligent Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province on Scale-Span Intelligent Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Chuanjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province on Scale-Span Intelligent Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yaoshun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province on Scale-Span Intelligent Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province on Scale-Span Intelligent Equipment Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
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7
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The effects of atomic oxygen and ion irradiation degradation on multi-polymers: A combined ground-based exposure and ReaxFF-MD simulation. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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8
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Chin CDW, Ringgold MA, Redline EM, Bregman AG, Hattar K, Peretti AS, Treadwell LJ. Fabrication, thermal analysis, and heavy ion irradiation resistance of epoxy matrix nanocomposites loaded with silane-functionalized ceria nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6552-6569. [PMID: 35262100 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05033h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a detailed understanding of how nanofillers function as radiation barriers within the polymer matrix, and how their effectiveness is impacted by factors such as composition, size, loading, surface chemistry, and dispersion. We designed a comprehensive investigation of heavy ion irradiation resistance in epoxy matrix composites loaded with surface-modified ceria nanofillers, utilizing tandem computational and experimental methods to elucidate radiolytic damage processes and relate them to chemical and structural changes observed through thermal analysis, vibrational spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. A detailed mechanistic examination supported by FTIR spectroscopy data identified the bisphenol A moiety as a primary target for degradation reactions. Results of computational modeling by the Stopping Range of Ions in Matter (SRIM) Monte Carlo simulation were in good agreement with damage analysis from surface and cross-sectional SEM imaging. All metrics indicated that ceria nanofillers reduce the damage area in polymer nanocomposites, and that nanofiller loading and homogeneity of dispersion are key to effective damage prevention. The results of this study represent a significant pathway for engineered irradiation tolerance in a diverse array of polymer nanocomposite materials. Numerous areas of materials science can benefit from utilizing this facile and effective method to extend the reliability of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Davis-Wheeler Chin
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd. SE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
| | - Marissa A Ringgold
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd. SE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
| | - Erica M Redline
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Avi G Bregman
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd. SE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Amanda S Peretti
- Sandia National Laboratories, P.O. Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - LaRico J Treadwell
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, 1001 University Blvd. SE, Suite 100, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA.
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Xu Q, Zhang J, Li X, van Duin DM, Hu Y, van Duin ACT, Ma T. How Polytetrafluoroethylene Lubricates Iron: An Atomistic View by Reactive Molecular Dynamics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6239-6250. [PMID: 35049265 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The tribochemistry and transfer film formation at the metal/polymer interface plays an essential role in surface protection, wear reduction, and lubrication. Although the topic has been studied for decades, challenges persist in clarifying the nanoscale mechanism and dynamic evolution of tribochemical reactions. To investigate the tribochemistry between iron and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in ambient and cryogenic environments, we have trained and expanded a ReaxFF reactive force field to describe iron-oxygen-water-PTFE systems (C/H/O/F/Fe). Using ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations, we find that mechanical shearing of single asperity induced the degradation of PTFE molecules and radicals, showing subsequent oxidation and hydroxylation reactions of the radicals initiated by C-C bond cleavage, in agreement with previous experimental observations. Furthermore, we studied mechanisms of interfacial tribochemical reactions and formation of transfer films. We found that tribochemical wear and Fe-C and Fe-F bonding networks are important mechanisms for anchoring molecular chains to form a transfer film on the iron countersurface. Hydroxyl groups can dehydrogenate to form short and strong chelation bonds with the Fe2O3 countersurface. A friction-induced oriented molecular layer plays a key role in reducing friction, which is responsible for the excellent lubrication property. By varying temperatures in the range of 10-300 K, we found a nonmonotonic change in friction with a maxima at 100 K. At cryogenic temperatures, the molecular mobility was obviously suppressed, while the chain rigidity was enhanced, resulting in the less oriented interface and brittle-like shear interface, which is responsible for nonmonotonic friction. This work elucidates mechanisms of tribochemical reactions and transfer film formation between iron and PTFE at the atomistic level, facilitating design and development of self-lubricating materials, especially under harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Diana M van Duin
- RxFF_Consulting LLC, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Yuanzhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- RxFF_Consulting LLC, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tianbao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Xing Y, Chen Y, Chi J, Zheng J, Zhu W, Wang X. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Cracking Process of Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin under High-Energy Particle Impact. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244339. [PMID: 34960890 PMCID: PMC8705859 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lead insulation of high-temperature superconductivity equipment is under the combined action of large temperature gradient field and strong electric field. Compared with a uniform temperature field, its electric field distortion is more serious, and it is easy to induce surface discharge to generate high-energy particles, destroy the insulation surface structure and accelerate insulation degradation. In this paper, the degradation reaction process of bisphenol F epoxy resin under the impact of high-energy particles, such as O3−, HO–, H3O+ and NO+, is calculated based on ReaxFF simulation. According to the different types of high-energy particles under different voltage polarities, the micro-degradation mechanism, pyrolysis degree and pyrolysis products of epoxy resin are analyzed. The results show that in addition to the chemical reaction of high-energy particles with epoxy resin, their kinetic energy will also destroy the molecular structure of the material, causing the cross-linked epoxy resin to pyrolyze, and the impact of positive particles has a more obvious impact on the pyrolysis of epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Jiakai Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Jingquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- China Southern Power Grid Research Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (Y.X.); (Y.C.); (J.C.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Field and Electrical Apparatus Reliability of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1382-192-9690
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11
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Ekeocha J, Ellingford C, Pan M, Wemyss AM, Bowen C, Wan C. Challenges and Opportunities of Self-Healing Polymers and Devices for Extreme and Hostile Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008052. [PMID: 34165832 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineering materials and devices can be damaged during their service life as a result of mechanical fatigue, punctures, electrical breakdown, and electrochemical corrosion. This damage can lead to unexpected failure during operation, which requires regular inspection, repair, and replacement of the products, resulting in additional energy consumption and cost. During operation in challenging, extreme, or harsh environments, such as those encountered in high or low temperature, nuclear, offshore, space, and deep mining environments, the robustness and stability of materials and devices are extremely important. Over recent decades, significant effort has been invested into improving the robustness and stability of materials through either structural design, the introduction of new chemistry, or improved manufacturing processes. Inspired by natural systems, the creation of self-healing materials has the potential to overcome these challenges and provide a route to achieve dynamic repair during service. Current research on self-healing polymers remains in its infancy, and self-healing behavior under harsh and extreme conditions is a particularly untapped area of research. Here, the self-healing mechanisms and performance of materials under a variety of harsh environments are discussed. An overview of polymer-based devices developed for a range of challenging environments is provided, along with areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ekeocha
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Ellingford
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Min Pan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Alan M Wemyss
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Christopher Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Chaoying Wan
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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12
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Liu F, Guo H, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Gao L, Zhang Y. Atomic oxygen-resistant polyimide composite fibers based on wet spinning of polyamic acid-POSS ammonium salts. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Zhu Y, Cao K, Chen M, Wu L. Synthesis of UV-Responsive Self-Healing Microcapsules and Their Potential Application in Aerospace Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:33314-33322. [PMID: 31411462 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced polymer composite coatings in the spacecraft are threatened by harsh space environment factors, such as strong UV radiation, atomic oxygen, thermal cycles, space debris, etc. Their service life can be drastically shortened by the unavoidable formation of cracks caused by these factors (especially strong and abundant UV radiation) during long-term flight. Herein, a UV-responsive microcapsule-based coating is developed for in-orbit damage repairing. UV-responsive microcapsules of which the inner polymeric shell can be degraded rapidly by the outer pure TiO2 shell under UV radiation are produced by UV-initiated polymerization of Pickering emulsions and subsequently embedded into silicon resin matrices. When damaged, some microcapsules will be ruptured under the stimulus of external force, afterward the unbroken ones around the scratched areas will be degraded by UV radiation, as a result, encapsulated healing agents can be released and finally repair cracks. In this system, UV-responsive microcapsules can release more agents more effectively due to the dual release mode, compared with the traditional crack-repairing system. Moreover, the damage of UV radiation in space can be transferred into the favorable ones, which makes it have a potential application in aerospace coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Kangli Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Spacecraft Equipment , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Limin Wu
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
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14
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Gouzman I, Grossman E, Verker R, Atar N, Bolker A, Eliaz N. Advances in Polyimide-Based Materials for Space Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807738. [PMID: 30803081 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The space environment raises many challenges for new materials development and ground characterization. These environmental hazards in space include solar radiation, energetic particles, vacuum, micrometeoroids and debris, and space plasma. In low Earth orbits, there is also a significant concentration of highly reactive atomic oxygen (AO). This Progress Report focuses on the development of space-durable polyimide (PI)-based materials and nanocomposites and their testing under simulated space environment. Commercial PIs suffer from AO-induced erosion and surface electric charging. Modified PIs and PI-based nanocomposites are developed and tested to resist degradation in space. The durability of PIs in AO is successfully increased by addition of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Conductive materials are prepared based on composites of PI and either carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets or 3D-graphene structures. 3D PI structures, which can expand PI space applications, made by either additive manufacturing (AM) or thermoforming, are presented. The selection of AM-processable engineering polymers in general, and PIs in particular, is relatively limited. Here, innovative preliminary results of a PI-based material processed by the PolyJet technology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Gouzman
- Space Environment Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Center (NRC), Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Eitan Grossman
- Space Environment Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Center (NRC), Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Ronen Verker
- Space Environment Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Center (NRC), Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Nurit Atar
- Space Environment Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Center (NRC), Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Asaf Bolker
- Space Environment Department, Soreq Nuclear Research Center (NRC), Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Noam Eliaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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Dong F, Lu L, Ha C. Silsesquioxane‐Containing Hybrid Nanomaterials: Fascinating Platforms for Advanced Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuping Dong
- Department of Polymer Materials and EngineeringCollege of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Liangyu Lu
- Department of Polymer Materials and EngineeringCollege of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Chang‐Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringPusan National University Busan 46241 Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu F, Guo H, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Gao L. Enhanced resistance to the atomic oxygen exposure of POSS/polyimide composite fibers with surface enrichment through wet spinning. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Wang X, Li Y, Qian Y, Qi H, Li J, Sun J. Mechanically Robust Atomic Oxygen-Resistant Coatings Capable of Autonomously Healing Damage in Low Earth Orbit Space Environment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1803854. [PMID: 30022535 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric materials used in spacecraft require to be protected with an atomic oxygen (AO)-resistant layer because AO can degrade these polymers when spacecraft serves in low earth orbit (LEO) environment. However, mechanical damage on AO-resistant coatings can expose the underlying polymers to AO erosion, shortening their service life. In this study, the fabrication of durable AO-resistant coatings that are capable of autonomously healing mechanical damage under LEO environment is presented. The self-healing AO-resistant coatings are comprised of 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy)-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) (denoted as UPy-POSS) that forms hydrogen-bonded three-dimensional supramolecular polymers. The UPy-POSS supramolecular polymers can be conveniently deposited on polyimides by a hot pressing process. The UPy-POSS polymeric coatings are mechanically robust, thermally stable, and transparent and have a strong adhesion toward polyimides to endure repeated bending/unbending treatments and thermal cycling. The UPy-POSS polymeric coatings exhibit excellent AO attack resistance because of the formation of epidermal SiO2 layer after AO exposure. Due to the reversibility of the quadruple hydrogen bonds between UPy motifs, the UPy-POSS polymeric coatings can rapidly heal mechanical damage such as cracks at 80 °C or under LEO environment to restore their original AO-resistant function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yixuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuhai Qian
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Hong Qi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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18
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Qin S, Qiu S, Cui M, Dai Z, Zhao H, Wang L. Synthesis and properties of polyimide nanocomposite containing dopamine-modified graphene oxide. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008318768857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyimide (PI)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites with different loads of polydopamine-modified graphene oxide (PI/PDA-GO) were prepared. Meanwhile, the as-prepared PI/PDA-GO nanocomposites were compared with pure PI in terms of their morphologies, thermal and mechanical properties. Only a minor mass fraction of PDA-GO was required to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of PI. The tensile strength of 1 wt% PDA-GO/PI was increased by 12% and the tensile modulus of 1 wt% PDA-GO/PI nanocomposites was increased by 25% compared to those of pure PI. Vickers hardness of the PI hybrid films increased with PDA-GO load and the maximum enhancement in Vickers hardness was observed at 2 wt% PDA-GO loading. On the other hand, the storage modulus of 1 wt% PDA-GO/PI was increased by 54% than that of neat PI. In consideration of the facile preparation of PDA-coated GO, superior physical properties over neat PI, PI/PDA-GO nanocomposites showed promising applications as functional films or composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlv Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Mingjun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhendong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
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Qin S, Cui M, Qiu S, Zhao H, Wang L, Zhang A. Dopamine@Nanodiamond as novel reinforcing nanofillers for polyimide with enhanced thermal, mechanical and wear resistance performance. RSC Adv 2018; 8:3694-3704. [PMID: 35542956 PMCID: PMC9077701 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10688b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, to achieve a homogeneous dispersion of nanodiamond (ND) in a polyimide (PI) matrix and a strong interfacial adhesion between ND and the PI matrix, a biomimetic nondestructive dopamine chemistry was employed for surface modification of ND. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy studies revealed that self-polymerization of dopamine could produce thinner polydopamine (PDA) layers on the ND surface via spontaneous oxidation and the intermolecular cross-linking reaction of PDA molecules. The structure and morphology of PDA-ND were studied by FTIR, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy, which verified the π-π interactions between PDA and ND. The facile dispersion of PDA-ND in a polyamic acid prepolymer made it possible to obtain PI/ND composites with no obvious ND aggregation. The effect of PDA-ND nanoparticles on the thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of the resulting PI/PDA-ND composites were evaluated, and the results showed that the incorporation of PDA-ND could increase the hardness, tensile strength, storage modulus, as well as the wear resistance properties. PI/PDA-ND composites prepared in this study showed that PDA-ND is a promising nanoreinforcing filler for PI composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlv Qin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University Nanchen Road 333 Shanghai 200444 China +86-057-486325713
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China 315201
| | - Mingjun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China 315201
| | - Shihui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China 315201
| | - Haichao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China 315201
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China 315201
| | - Afang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University Nanchen Road 333 Shanghai 200444 China +86-057-486325713
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20
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Substantially enhanced durability of polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane-polyimide nanocomposites against atomic oxygen erosion. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Rahmani F, Mahdavi M, Nouranian S, Al-Ostaz A. Confinement effects on the thermal stability of poly(ethylene oxide)/graphene nanocomposites: A reactive molecular dynamics simulation study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Rahmani
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Mississippi, University; Mississippi 38677 United States
| | - Mina Mahdavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Mississippi, University; Mississippi 38677 United States
| | - Sasan Nouranian
- Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Mississippi, University; Mississippi 38677 United States
| | - Ahmed Al-Ostaz
- Department of Civil Engineering; University of Mississippi, University; Mississippi 38677 United States
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