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Daniel J, Satheesh AP, Kartha Kalathil K. Self-Assembly of Discrete Multi-Chromophoric Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401278. [PMID: 38803092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of chromophoric systems is a prerequisite to create well-ordered, processable nanomaterials with multiple functionalities. In the past two decades, the field of functional organic materials has primarily focused on systems featuring only one type of dye/π-conjugated unit. Consequently, many reports with mechanistic insights on the self-assembly of the dyes featuring different molecular packing have been reported. Subsequently, we have witnessed several attempts to organize the multi-chromophoric systems in solution and solid-state via different approaches using self-assembly as a tool. Incorporation of more than one dye is important in creating materials with tuneable optoelectronic properties. Consequently, self-assembly of more than one chromophoric systems have been investigated to some extent. This review aims to discuss the self-assembled materials derived from discrete π-conjugated systems comprising more than one dye units connected through covalent bonding (multi-chromophoric systems). Molecular design of various multi-chromophoric systems leading to the formation of crystals, liquid crystals and supramolecular polymers have been correlated with corresponding properties. We envisage that classification of self-assembled multi-chromophoric systems, with a note on tuneable optoelectronic properties, can provide a deeper understanding on the molecular design strategies, which is important in the fabrication of functional organic materials with optimum performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomol Daniel
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Ashwin P Satheesh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Krishnan Kartha Kalathil
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, 686560, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Li X, Anderson R, Fry HC, Pratik SM, Xu W, Goswami S, Allen TG, Yu J, Rajasree SS, Cramer CJ, Rumbles G, Gómez-Gualdrón DA, Deria P. Metal-Carbodithioate-Based 3D Semiconducting Metal-Organic Framework: Porous Optoelectronic Material for Energy Conversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37256818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy conversion requires the working compositions to generate photoinduced charges with high potential and the ability to deliver charges to the catalytic sites and/or external electrode. These two properties are typically at odds with each other and call for new molecular materials with sufficient conjugation to improve charge conductivity but not as much conjugation as to overly compromise the optical band gap. In this work, we developed a semiconducting metal-organic framework (MOF) prepared explicitly through metal-carbodithioate "(-CS2)nM" linkage chemistry, entailing augmented metal-linker electronic communication. The stronger ligand field and higher covalent character of metal-carbodithioate linkages─when combined with spirofluorene-derived organic struts and nickel(II) ion-based nodes─provided a stable, semiconducting 3D-porous MOF, Spiro-CS2Ni. This MOF lacks long-range ordering and is defined by a flexible structure with non-aggregated building units, as suggested by reverse Monte Carlo simulations of the pair distribution function obtained from total scattering experiments. The solvent-removed "closed pore" material recorded a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller area of ∼400 m2/g, where the "open pore" form possesses 90 wt % solvent-accessible porosity. Electrochemical measurements suggest that Spiro-CS2Ni possesses a band gap of 1.57 eV (σ = 10-7 S/cm at -1.3 V bias potential), which can be further improved by manipulating the d-electron configuration through an axial coordination (ligand/substrate), the latter of which indicates usefulness as an electrocatalyst and/or a photoelectrocatalyst (upon substrate binding). Transient-absorption spectroscopy reveals a long-lived photo-generated charge-transfer state (τCR = 6.5 μs) capable of chemical transformation under a biased voltage. Spiro-CS2Ni can endure a compelling range of pH (1-12 for weeks) and hours of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical conditions in the presence of water and organic acids. We believe this work provides crucial design principles for low-density, porous, light-energy-conversion materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Ryther Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1601 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - H Christopher Fry
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Saied Md Pratik
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Taylor G Allen
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Jierui Yu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Sreehari Surendran Rajasree
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, and Chemical Theory Center, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Garry Rumbles
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Diego A Gómez-Gualdrón
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, 1601 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Pravas Deria
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Science, Southern Illinois University, 1245 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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Di YM, Liu JY, Li MH, Zhang SQ, You MH, Lin MJ. Donor-Acceptor Hybrid Heterostructures: An Emerging Class of Photoactive Materials with Inorganic and Organic Semiconductive Components. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201159. [PMID: 35589558 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Just as the heterojunctions in physics, donor-acceptor (D-A) heterostructures are an emerging class of photoactive materials fabricated from two semiconductive components at the molecular level. Among them, D-A hybrid heterostructures from organic and inorganic semiconductive components have attracted extensive attention in the past decades due to their combined advantages of high stability for the inorganic semiconductors and modifiability for the organic semiconductors, which are particularly beneficial to efficiently achieve photoinduced charge separation and transfer upon irradiations. In this review, by analogy with the heterojunctions in physics, a definition of the D-A heterostructures and their general design and synthetic strategies are given. Meanwhile, the D-A hybrid heterostructures are focused on and their recent advances in potential applications of photochromism, photomodulated luminescence, and photocatalysis summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Di
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Oxygenated Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jing-Yan Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Oxygenated Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Meng-Hua Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Oxygenated Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Shu-Quan Zhang
- College of Zhicheng, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ming-Hua You
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, China
| | - Mei-Jin Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Inorganic Oxygenated Materials, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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Zeb J, Ran G, Denis PA, Ghani U, Liu J, Yuan Q, Ullah R, Zhu H, Zhang W. Ultrafast dynamics of the liquid deposited blend film of porphyrin donor and perylene diimide acceptor. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Madhu M, Ramakrishnan R, Vijay V, Hariharan M. Free Charge Carriers in Homo-Sorted π-Stacks of Donor-Acceptor Conjugates. Chem Rev 2021; 121:8234-8284. [PMID: 34133137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the high photoconversion efficiency observed in natural light-harvesting systems, the hierarchical organization of molecular building blocks has gained impetus in the past few decades. Particularly, the molecular arrangement and packing in the active layer of organic solar cells (OSCs) have garnered significant attention due to the decisive role of the nature of donor/acceptor (D/A) heterojunctions in charge carrier generation and ultimately the power conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the recent developments in emergent optoelectronic properties exhibited by self-sorted donor-on-donor/acceptor-on-acceptor arrangement of covalently linked D-A systems, highlighting the ultrafast excited state dynamics of charge transfer and transport. Segregated organization of donors and acceptors promotes the delocalization of photoinduced charges among the stacks, engendering an enhanced charge separation lifetime and percolation pathways with ambipolar conductivity and charge carrier yield. Covalently linking donors and acceptors ensure a sufficient D-A interface and interchromophoric electronic coupling as required for faster charge separation while providing better control over their supramolecular assemblies. The design strategies to attain D-A conjugate assemblies with optimal charge carrier generation efficiency, the scope of their application compared to state-of-the-art OSCs, current challenges, and future opportunities are discussed in the review. An integrated overview of rational design approaches derived from the comprehension of underlying photoinduced processes can pave the way toward superior optoelectronic devices and bring in new possibilities to the avenue of functional supramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Madhu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Remya Ramakrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Vishnu Vijay
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
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Tian T, Wei D, Ge L, Wang Z, Chen C, Guo R. Hierarchical self-assemblies of carnosine asymmetrically functioned perylene diimide with high optoelectronic response. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:746-757. [PMID: 34098449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Taking advantage of photoinduced electron transfer, one dimensional organic nanomaterials with tunable donor-acceptor (D-A) interface provide a promising avenue to get high optoelectric properties. However, strong charge transfer interaction between D and A segments impedes the formation of long-range ordered structure, which limits the charge transport through efficient π electronic delocalization. Incorporation of chiral peptide offering various hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) along with asymmetric molecular structure enables substantially controllable D-A interface and tunable organization of the π-conjugates. EXPERIMENTS A new amphiphilic perylene diimide (CUPDI) with PDI as an acceptor is designed and synthesized. A polar chiral dipeptide composed of β-alanine and l-histidine with the imidazole ring as the donor i.e., l-carnosine, is incorporated at one of imides. Transition of various supramolecular assemblies of CUPDI is realized by changing CUPDI concentration and solvents. The photoelectronic properties of the assemblies are investigated as well as their association with the microstructure of the nanomaterials. FINDINGS Delicately tuned hydrogen bonds between the peptides and π-π interaction between PDI cores in different solvents enable the formation of assemblies with multifarious microstructures such as small spherical aggregates, nanowires with uniform diameter, nanobelts, and irregular aggregates. The maximum amount of photocurrent enhancement is up to 1.08 µA observed for the nanobelt, four times higher than that of irregular aggregates. However, the nanowires show the best performance of 7.1-fold in response to ammonia. Thus, the photoelectric performances are strongly dependent on the the molecular arrangement within the nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Duo Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Lingling Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhifeng Wang
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chong Chen
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Alzola JM, Powers-Riggs NE, La Porte NT, Young RM, Marks TJ, Wasielewski MR. Photoinduced electron transfer from zinc meso-tetraphenylporphyrin to a one-dimensional perylenediimide aggregate: Probing anion delocalization effects. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619500858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics incorporating non-fullerene acceptors based on perylenediimide (PDI) now rival fullerene acceptor-based devices in performance, although the mechanisms of charge generation in PDI-based devices are not yet fully understood. Fullerene-based systems are proposed to undergo electron transfer directly from the photoexcited donor into a band of delocalized acceptor states, thus increasing charge generation efficiency. Similarly, anion delocalization has been shown to enhance the rate of electron transfer from a photoexcited donor to two electronically coupled PDI acceptors. Here we investigate how additional electron acceptors may further increase the rate of electron transfer from the donor zinc meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) to an aggregate of PDI acceptors (PDI[Formula: see text]. Femtosecond transient visible and mid-infrared absorption spectroscopies show that the rate of electron transfer from 1*ZnTPP to the PDI assembly ZnTPP2-PDI3 is statistically identical to that of the previously examined ZnTPP-PDI2. A Marcus theory analysis indicates that the parameters governing electron transfer are nearly identical for the two molecules, suggesting that the maximum electron transfer rate enhancement has been achieved in a cofacial PDI dimer because the ZnTPP directly couples to the first two PDI acceptors whereas the coupling to the third PDI is too weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin M. Alzola
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP), and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Natalia E. Powers-Riggs
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP), and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Nathan T. La Porte
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP), and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP), and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP), and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208-3113, USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Light Energy Activated Redox Processes (LEAP), and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208-3113, USA
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8
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Kaake LG. Towards the Organic Double Heterojunction Solar Cell. CHEM REC 2019; 19:1131-1141. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Loren G. Kaake
- Department of ChemistrySimon Fraser University 8888 University Dr. Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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You MH, Li MH, Li HH, Chen Y, Lin MJ. The impact of metal cations on the photochemical properties of hybrid heterostructures with infinite alkaline-earth metal oxide clusters. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:17381-17387. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04104d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two hybrid heterostructures with infinite alkaline-earth metal oxide clusters exhibited diametrically opposite photochromic sensitivities and photocatalytic activities, which are mainly related to the HOMO levels of inorganic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua You
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- and Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Meng-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- and Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Hao-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- and Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- and Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Mei-Jin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- and Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- China
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Cann JR, Cabanetos C, Welch GC. Synthesis of Molecular Dyads and Triads Based Upon N-Annulated Perylene Diimide Monomers and Dimers. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Cann
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. T2N 1N4 Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Clement Cabanetos
- CNRS UMR 6200, MOLTECH-Anjou; University of Angers; 2 Bd Lavoisier 49045 Angers France
| | - Gregory C. Welch
- Department of Chemistry; University of Calgary; 2500 University Drive N.W. T2N 1N4 Calgary Alberta Canada
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