1
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Rahimi A, Dahlgren J, Faiyaz K, Stafslien SJ, VanderWal L, Bahr J, Safaripour M, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Webster DC. Amphiphilic Balance: Effect of the Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Ratio on Fouling-Release Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1117-1129. [PMID: 38115197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrated the importance of identifying the optimal balance of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in amphiphilic coatings to achieve fouling-release (FR) performance that surpasses that of traditional hydrophobic marine coatings. While there have been many reports on fouling-release properties of amphiphilic surfaces, the offered understanding is often limited. Hence, this work is focused on further understanding of the amphiphilic surfaces. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were used to create a series of noncross-linked amphiphilic additives that were then added to a hydrophobic-designed siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) FR system. After being characterized by ATR-FTIR, XPS, contact angle analysis, and AFM, the FR performance was evaluated by using different marine organisms. The assessments showed that the closer the hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties in a system reached a relatively equalized level, the more desirable the FR performance of the coating system became. A balanced ratio of hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity in the system at around 10-15 wt % of each component had the best FR performance and was comparable to or better than commercial FR coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- AliReza Rahimi
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Joseph Dahlgren
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Kinza Faiyaz
- Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Lyndsi VanderWal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - James Bahr
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Maryam Safaripour
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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2
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Kil J, Rahman RT, Wang W, Choi S, Nam YS, Li S. Dual functionalized brush copolymers as versatile antifouling coatings. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:2904-2915. [PMID: 36892061 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02522a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymer coatings containing both fouling-resistant and fouling-release components have been reported to show synergistic antifouling properties. However, it remains unclear how the polymer composition influences the antifouling performance, particularly regarding foulants of different sizes and biological natures. Herein, we prepare dual functionalized brush copolymers containing fouling-resistant poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and fouling-release polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and examine their antifouling performances against different biofoulants. We utilize poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (PPFPA) as a reactive precursor polymer and graft amine-functionalized PEG and PDMS side chains to create PPFPA-g-PEG-g-PDMS brush copolymers of systematically varying compositions. The copolymer films spin-coated on silicon wafers exhibit surface heterogeneity that can be correlated well with the bulk composition of the copolymer. When the copolymer-coated surfaces are examined against protein (human serum albumin and bovine serum albumin) adsorption and cell (lung cancer cells and microalgae) adhesion, they are found to perform better than the homopolymers. The enhanced antifouling properties are attributed to the copolymers having a PEG-rich top layer and a PEG/PDMS mixed bottom layer that work synergistically to resist biofoulant attachment. Furthermore, the composition of the best-performing copolymer is different for different foulants, with PPFPA-g-PEG39-g-PDMS46 exhibiting the best antifouling properties against proteins and PPFPA-g-PEG54-g-PDMS30 exhibiting the best antifouling properties against cells. We explain this difference by considering the changes in the length scale of the surface heterogeneity in relation to the foulant sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyo Kil
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rafia Tasnim Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Saehan Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Medhi R, Cintora A, Guazzelli E, Narayan N, Leonardi AK, Galli G, Oliva M, Pretti C, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Martinelli E, Ober CK. Nitroxide-Containing Amphiphilic Random Terpolymers for Marine Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11150-11162. [PMID: 36802475 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two types of amphiphilic random terpolymers, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-ran-poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate)-ran-poly(polydimethyl siloxane methacrylate) (PEGMEMA-r-PTMA-r-PDMSMA), were synthesized and evaluated for antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) properties using diverse marine fouling organisms. In the first stage of production, the two respective precursor amine terpolymers containing (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate) units (PEGMEMA-r-PTMPM-r-PDMSMA) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using various comonomer ratios and two initiators: alkyl halide and fluoroalkyl halide. In the second stage, these were selectively oxidized to introduce nitroxide radical functionalities. Finally, the terpolymers were incorporated into a PDMS host matrix to create coatings. AF and FR properties were examined using the alga Ulva linza, the barnacle Balanus improvisus, and the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus. The effects of comonomer ratios on surface properties and fouling assay results for each set of coatings are discussed in detail. There were marked differences in the effectiveness of these systems against the different fouling organisms. The terpolymers had distinct advantages over monopolymeric systems across the different organisms, and the nonfluorinated PEG and nitroxide combination was identified as the most effective formulation against B. improvisus and F. enigmaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhiman Medhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alicia Cintora
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Nila Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Amanda K Leonardi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Benda J, Narikiyo H, Stafslien SJ, VanderWal LJ, Finlay JA, Aldred N, Clare AS, Webster DC. Studying the Effect of Pre-Polymer Composition and Incorporation of Surface-Modifying Amphiphilic Additives on the Fouling-Release Performance of Amphiphilic Siloxane-Polyurethane Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37229-37247. [PMID: 35939765 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Combining amphiphilic fouling-release (FR) coatings with the surface-active nature of amphiphilic additives can improve the antifouling/fouling-release (AF/FR) properties needed to offer broad-spectrum resistance to marine biofoulants. This work is focused on further tuning the amphiphilic character of a previously developed amphiphilic siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) coating by varying the amount of PDMS and PEG in the base system. Furthermore, surface-modifying amphiphilic additives (SMAAs) were incorporated into these amphiphilic FR SiPU coatings in varying amounts. ATR-FTIR, contact angle and surface energy measurements, and AFM were performed to assess changes in surface composition, wettability, and morphology. AF/FR properties were evaluated using laboratory biological assays involving Cellulophaga lytica, Navicula incerta, Ulva linza, Amphibalanus amphitrite, and Geukensia demissa. The surfaces of these coatings varied significantly upon changes in PDMS and PEG content in the coating matrix, as well as with changes in SMAA incorporation. AF/FR properties were also significantly changed, with formulations containing the highest amounts of SMAA showing very high removal properties compared to other experimental formulations, in some cases better than that of commercial standard FR coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Benda
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Hayato Narikiyo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Lyndsi J VanderWal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Dean C Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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5
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Leonardi AK, Medhi R, Zhang A, Düzen N, Finlay JA, Clarke JL, Clare AS, Ober CK. Investigation of N-Substituted Morpholine Structures in an Amphiphilic PDMS-Based Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coating. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2697-2712. [PMID: 35486708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biofouling is a major disruptive process affecting the fuel efficiency and durability of maritime vessel coatings. Previous research has shown that amphiphilic coatings consisting of a siloxane backbone functionalized with hydrophilic moieties are effective marine antifouling and fouling-release materials. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) has been the primary hydrophilic component used in such systems. Recently, the morpholine group has emerged as a promising compact alternative in antifouling membranes but is yet to be studied against marine foulants. In this work, the use of morpholine moieties to generate amphiphilicity in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based antifouling and fouling-release coating was explored. Two separate coating sets were investigated. The first set examined the incorporation of an N-substituted morpholine amine, and while these coatings showed promising fouling-release properties for Ulva linza, they had unusually high settlement of spores compared to controls. Based on those results, a second set of materials was synthesized using an N-substituted morpholine amide to probe the source of the high settlement and was found to significantly improve antifouling performance. Both coating sets included PEG controls with varying lengths to compare the viability of the morpholine structures as alternative hydrophilic groups. Surfaces were evaluated through a combination of bubble contact angle goniometry, profilometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and marine bioassays against two soft fouling species, U. linza and Navicula incerta, known to have different adhesion characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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6
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Guazzelli E, Lusiani N, Monni G, Oliva M, Pelosi C, Wurm FR, Pretti C, Martinelli E. Amphiphilic Polyphosphonate Copolymers as New Additives for PDMS-Based Antifouling Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3414. [PMID: 34641229 PMCID: PMC8512855 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based methacrylic copolymers containing polysiloxane methacrylate (SiMA) co-units are proposed as surface-active additives as alternative solutions to the more investigated polyzwitterionic and polyethylene glycol counterparts for the fabrication of novel PDMS-based coatings for marine antifouling applications. In particular, the same hydrophobic SiMA macromonomer was copolymerized with a methacrylate carrying a poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) (PEtEPMA), a phosphorylcholine (MPC), and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) side chain to obtain non-water soluble copolymers with similar mole content of the different hydrophilic units. The hydrolysis of poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based polymers was also studied in conditions similar to those of the marine environment to investigate their potential as erodible films. Copolymers of the three classes were blended into a condensation cure PDMS matrix in two different loadings (10 and 20 wt%) to prepare the top-coat of three-layer films to be subjected to wettability analysis and bioassays with marine model organisms. Water contact angle measurements showed that all of the films underwent surface reconstruction upon prolonged immersion in water, becoming much more hydrophilic. Interestingly, the extent of surface modification appeared to be affected by the type of hydrophilic units, showing a tendency to increase according to the order PEGMA < MPC < PEtEPMA. Biological tests showed that Ficopomatus enigmaticus release was maximized on the most hydrophilic film containing 10 wt% of the PEtEP-based copolymer. Moreover, coatings with a 10 wt% loading of the copolymer performed better than those containing 20 wt% for the removal of both Ficopomatus and Navicula, independent from the copolymer nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Niccolò Lusiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata ‘‘G. Bacci’’, 57128 Livorno, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
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7
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Hu P, Zeng H, Zhou H, Zhang C, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. Silicone Elastomer with Self-Generating Zwitterions for Antifouling Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8253-8260. [PMID: 34190560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicone elastomer-based fouling release coatings have been gaining increased attention in marine antibiofouling. However, the lack of fouling resistance limits their application. Introducing a zwitterionic polymer into silicone enhances its fouling resistance, but their incompatibility makes this challenging. In this work, a silicone elastomer with zwitterionic pendant chains has been prepared by grafting a telomer of tertiary carboxybetaine dodecafluoroheptyl ester ethyl acrylate (TCBF) and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane to the bis-silanol-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). The fluorocarbon groups drive the telomer onto the surface in the film formation process, while the TCBF groups hydrolyze and generate zwitterions on the surface, which is confirmed by attenuated total reflection infrared spectra analysis and water contact angle measurements. Bioassays using marine bacteria (Pseudomonas sp.) and diatoms (Navicula incerta) demonstrate that the antifouling efficacy is improved as the telomer content increases. The bacteria and diatom adhesion decreases by 95 and 81%, respectively, for the PDMS with 30 wt % telomer compared with the unmodified PDMS control. Meanwhile, the fouling release performance of PDMS is maintained with a pseudobarnacle removal strength of ∼0.1 MPa. This work provides a facile way to fabricate efficient silicone-based antifouling coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Haohang Zeng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhou
- China Ship Development and Design Center, Wuhan 430064, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- China Ship Development and Design Center, Wuhan 430064, P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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8
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Leonardi A, Zhang AC, Düzen N, Aldred N, Finlay JA, Clarke JL, Clare AS, Segalman RA, Ober CK. Amphiphilic Nitroxide-Bearing Siloxane-Based Block Copolymer Coatings for Enhanced Marine Fouling Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:28790-28801. [PMID: 34105932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The buildup of organic matter and organisms on surfaces exposed to marine environments, known as biofouling, is a disruptive and costly process affecting maritime operations. Previous research has identified some of the surface characteristics particularly suited to the creation of antifouling and fouling-release surfaces, but there remains room for improvement against both macrofouling and microfouling organisms. Characterization of their adhesives has shown that many rely on oxidative chemistries. In this work, we explore the incorporation of the stable radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpipiderin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) as a component in an amphiphilic block copolymer system to act as an inhibitor for marine cements, disrupting adhesion of macrofouling organisms. Using polystyrene-b-poly(dimethylsiloxane-r-vinylmethysiloxane) block copolymers, pendent vinyl groups were functionalized with TEMPO and poly(ethylene glycol) to construct an amphiphilic material with redox active character. The antifouling and fouling-release performance of these materials was investigated through settlement and removal assays of three model fouling organisms and correlated to surface structure and chemistry. Surfaces showed significant antifouling character and fouling-release performance was increased substantially toward barnacles by the incorporation of stable radicals, indicating their potential for marine antifouling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aria C Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nilay Düzen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93110, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Guo H, Chen P, Tian S, Ma Y, Li Q, Wen C, Yang J, Zhang L. Amphiphilic Marine Antifouling Coatings Based on a Hydrophilic Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Hydrophobic Fluorine-Silicon-Containing Block Copolymer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14573-14581. [PMID: 33206529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of environmentally friendly and highly efficient antifouling coatings is vastly desirable in the marine industry. Herein, we prepared a novel amphiphilic block copolymer that combined hydrophilic polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with hydrophobic poly(1-(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyloxy)-3-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxy)-propan-2-yl acrylate) (PFA) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The amphiphilic copolymer (PVP-PFA-PDMS) was blended into a cross-linked PDMS matrix to form a set of controlled surface composition and surface-renewal coatings with efficient antifouling and fouling-release properties. These coatings incorporated the biofouling settlement resistance ability attributed to the hydrophilic PVP segments and the reduced adhesion strength attributed to the low surface energy of fluorine-silicon-containing segments. As expected, the coatings showed an excellent antifouling performance against bacteria and marine unicellular Navicula parva diatoms (98.1 and 98.5% of reduction, respectively) and fouling-release performance against pseudobarnacle adhesion (84.3% of reduction) compared to the pristine PDMS coating. Moreover, a higher-content PVP-based coatings presented higher ability to resist biofouling adhesion. The nontoxic antifouling coating developed in this paper hold the potential to be applied in a variety of marine industrial facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuang Guo
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Pengguang Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Shu Tian
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Qingsi Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Chiyu Wen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Qingdao Institute for Marine Technology of Tianjin University, Qingdao 266235, P. R. China
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10
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Guazzelli E, Perondi F, Criscitiello F, Pretti C, Oliva M, Casu V, Maniero F, Gazzera L, Galli G, Martinelli E. New amphiphilic copolymers for PDMS-based nanocomposite films with long-term marine antifouling performance. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:9764-9776. [PMID: 33021610 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01905d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic methacrylate copolymers (Si-co-EF) containing polysiloxane (Si) and mixed poly(oxyethylene)-perfluorohexyl (EF) side chains were synthesized with different compositions and used together with polysiloxane-functionalized nanoparticles as additives of condensation cured nanocomposite poly(siloxane) films. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films were consistent with the elastomeric behavior of the poly(siloxane) matrix without significant detriment from either the copolymer or the nanoparticles. Films were found to be markedly hydrophobic and liphophobic, with both properties being maximized at an intermediate content of EF units. The high enrichment in fluorine at the film surface was proven by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS). Long-term marine antifouling performance was evaluated in field immersion trials of test panels for up to 10 months of immersion. Both nanoparticles and amphiphilic copolymer were found to be highly effective in reducing the colonization of foulants, especially hard macrofoulants, when compared with control panels. Lowest percentage of surface coverage was 20% after 10 months of immersion (films with 4 wt% copolymer and 0.5 wt% nanoparticles), which was further decreased to less than 10% after exposure to a water jet for 10 s. The enhanced antifouling properties of coatings containing both nanoparticles and copolymer were confirmed by laboratory assays against the polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus and the diatom Navicula salinicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Federico Perondi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy and Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Valentina Casu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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Guazzelli E, Galli G, Martinelli E. The Effect of Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) Length on the Wettability and Surface Chemistry of PEG-Fluoroalkyl-Modified Polystyrene Diblock Copolymers and Their Two-Layer Films with Elastomer Matrix. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1236. [PMID: 32485870 PMCID: PMC7361959 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diblock copolymers composed of a polystyrene first block and a PEG-fluoroalkyl chain-modified polystyrene second block were synthesized by controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), starting from the same polystyrene macroinitiator. The wettability of the polymer film surfaces was investigated by measurements of static and dynamic contact angles. An increase in advancing water contact angle was evident for all the films after immersion in water for short times (10 and 1000 s), consistent with an unusual contraphilic switch of the PEG-fluoroalkyl side chains. Such a contraphilic response also accounted for the retained wettability of the polymer films upon prolonged contact with water, without an anticipated increase in the hydrophilic character. The copolymers were then used as surface-active modifiers of elastomer poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS)-based two-layer films. The elastomeric behavior of the films was varied by using SEBS matrices with different amounts of polystyrene. Whereas the mechanical properties strictly resembled those of the nature of the SEBS matrix, the surface properties were imposed by the additive. The contraphilic switch of the PEG-fluoroalkyl side chains resulted in an exceptionally high enrichment in fluorine of the film surface after immersion in water for seven days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale and UdR Pisa INSTM, Università di Pisa, via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (G.G.)
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12
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Guazzelli E, Martinelli E, Pelloquet L, Briand JF, Margaillan A, Bunet R, Galli G, Bressy C. Amphiphilic hydrolyzable polydimethylsiloxane- b-poly(ethyleneglycol methacrylate- co-trialkylsilyl methacrylate) block copolymers for marine coatings. II. Antifouling laboratory tests and field trials. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:378-388. [PMID: 32425065 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1762868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomer coatings containing an amphiphilic hydrolyzable diblock copolymer additive were prepared and their potential as marine antifouling and antiadhesion materials was tested. The block copolymer additive consisted of a PDMS first block and a random poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate (TRSiMA, R = butyl, isopropyl)-co-poly(ethyleneglycol) methacrylate (PEGMA) copolymer second block. PDMS-b-TRSiMA block copolymer additives without PEGMA units were also used as additives. The amphiphilic character of the coating surface was assessed in water using the captive air bubble technique for measurements of static and dynamic contact angles. The attachment of macro- and microorganisms on the coatings was evaluated by field tests and by performing adhesion tests to the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite and the green alga Ulva rigida. All the additive-based PDMS coatings showed better antiadhesion properties to A. amphitrite larvae than to U. rigida spores. Field tests provided meaningful information on the antifouling and fouling release activity of coatings over an immersion period of 23 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucile Pelloquet
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.A.4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-François Briand
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.A.4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - André Margaillan
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.A.4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, Toulon Cedex 9, France
| | - Robert Bunet
- Institut Océanographique Paul Ricard, Six-Fours-les-Plages, France
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Christine Bressy
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, E.A.4323, SeaTech Ecole d'Ingénieur, Université de Toulon, Toulon Cedex 9, France
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Hu P, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. Silicone-Based Fouling-Release Coatings for Marine Antifouling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2170-2183. [PMID: 32013443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling profoundly influences marine industries and activities. It slows the speed and increases the fuel consumption of ships, corrodes offshore platforms, and blocks seawater pipelines. The most effective and economical antifouling approach uses coatings. Fouling-release coatings (FRCs) with low surface free energy and high elasticity weakly adhere to marine organisms, so they can be readily removed by the water shear force. FRCs have attracted increasing interest because they are biocide-free and hence ecofriendly. However, traditional silicone-based FRCs have weak adhesion to substrates, low mechanical strength, and low fouling resistance, limiting their applications. In recent years, many attempts have been made to improve their mechanical properties and fouling resistance. This review deals with the progress in the construction of high-performance silicone-based fouling-release surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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Sun W, Liu W, Wu Z, Chen H. Chemical Surface Modification of Polymeric Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900430. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Wenying Liu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqiang Wu
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceCollaborative Innovation Center for New Type Urbanization and Social Governance of Jiangsu ProvinceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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Fluorinated vs. Zwitterionic-Polymer Grafted Surfaces for Adhesion Prevention of the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020398. [PMID: 32050664 PMCID: PMC7077729 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated (F6) and zwitterionic, as well as phosphorylcholine (MPC) and sulfobetaine (MSA), copolymers containing a low amount (1 and 5 mol%) of 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (PTMSi) were prepared and covalently grafted to glass slides by using the trimethoxysilyl groups as anchorage points. Glass-surface functionalization and polymer-film stability upon immersion in water were proven by contact angle and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS) measurements. Antifouling performance of the grafted films was assayed against the yeast Candida albicans, the most common Candida species, which causes over 80% of candidiasis. Results revealed that the F6 fluorinated, hydrophobic copolymers performed much better in reducing the adhesion of C. albicans, with respect to both corresponding zwitterionic, hydrophilic MPC and MSA counterparts, and were similar to the glass negative control, which is well-known to inhibit the adhesion of C. albicans. A composition-dependent activity was also found, with the films of copolymer with 99 mol% F6 fluorinated co-units performing best.
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Wang F, He M, Su Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Xue J, Cao J, Shen J, Zhang R, Jiang Z. In situ construction of chemically heterogeneous hydrogel surfaces toward near-zero-flux-decline membranes for oil-water separation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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17
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Leonardi AK, Ober CK. Polymer-Based Marine Antifouling and Fouling Release Surfaces: Strategies for Synthesis and Modification. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2019; 10:241-264. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In marine industries, the accumulation of organic matter and marine organisms on ship hulls and instruments limits performance, requiring frequent maintenance and increasing fuel costs. Current coatings technology to combat this biofouling relies heavily on the use of toxic, biocide-containing paints. These pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems, affecting both target and nontarget organisms. Innovation in the design of polymers offers an excellent platform for the development of alternatives, but the creation of a broad-spectrum, nontoxic material still poses quite a hurdle for researchers. Surface chemistry, physical properties, durability, and attachment scheme have been shown to play a vital role in the construction of a successful coating. This review explores why these characteristics are important and how recent research accounts for them in the design and synthesis of new environmentally benign antifouling and fouling release materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Surface Segregation of Amphiphilic PDMS-Based Films Containing Terpolymers with Siloxane, Fluorinated and Ethoxylated Side Chains. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
(Meth)acrylic terpolymers carrying siloxane (Si), fluoroalkyl (F) and ethoxylated (EG) side chains were synthesized with comparable molar compositions and different lengths of the Si and EG side chains, while the length of the fluorinated side chain was kept constant. Such terpolymers were used as surface-active modifiers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based films with a loading of 4 wt%. The surface chemical compositions of both the films and the pristine terpolymers were determined by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS) at different photoemission angles. The terpolymer was effectively segregated to the polymer−air interface of the films independent of the length of the constituent side chains. However, the specific details of the film surface modification depended upon the chemical structure of the terpolymer itself. The exceptionally high enrichment in F chains at the surface caused the accumulation of EG chains at the surface as well. The response of the films to the water environment was also proven to strictly depend on the type of terpolymer contained. While terpolymers with shorter EG chains appeared not to be affected by immersion in water for seven days, those containing longer EG chains underwent a massive surface reconstruction.
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Martinelli E, Pretti C, Oliva M, Glisenti A, Galli G. Sol-gel polysiloxane films containing different surface-active trialkoxysilanes for the release of the marine foulant Ficopomatus enigmaticus. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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