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Fu Y, Jang MS, Liu C, Li Y, Lee JH, Yang HY. Oxygen-Generating Organic/Inorganic Self-Assembled Nanocolloids for Tumor-Activated Dual-Model Imaging-Guided Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37478563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Tumor phototheranostics is usually compromised by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and poor theranostic efficiency. The interplay between organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles in novel nanocomposites has proven to be advantageous, overcoming previous limitations and harnessing their full potential through activation via the tumor microenvironment. This study successfully fabricated hypoxia-activated nanocolloids called HOISNDs through a process of self-assembly involving superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and an organic polymer ligand called tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP)-engineered organic polymer ligand [methoxy poly(ethyleneglycol)-block-poly(dopamine-ethylenediamine-conjugated-4-nitrobenzyl chloroformate)-l-glutamate, mPEG-b-P(Dopa-EDA-co-NBCF)LG-TCPP)]. The SPIONs act as an oxygen generator to overcome the challenges posed by hypoxic tumors and enable the use of hypoxic-activatable MR/fluorescence dual-modal imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT). The colloid stability of these HOISNDs proved to be exceptional in diverse biomimetic environments. Furthermore, they not only augment T2-weighted contrast capability as an MRI contrast agent but also function as an oxygen-producing device to amplify the generation and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The HOISNDs can significantly target to tumor sites through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect with prolonged blood circulation time and subsequently are effectively endocytosed into a hypoxic intracellular environment that "turn on" the imaging function and photodynamic activity. Moreover, HOISNDs possess the ability to effectively decompose naturally occurring H2O2 into oxygen (O2) within the tumor utilizing the Fenton reaction. This method can mitigate the impact of hypoxia on oxygen-dependent PDT. The outcomes of in vivo diagnostic and therapeutic evaluations indicated that HOISNDs are a highly promising tool for dual-model imaging-guided cancer theranosis by ameliorating hypoxic conditions and augmenting PDT efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Moon-Sun Jang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, The Republic of Korea
| | - Changling Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Materials and Textile Engineering & Nanotechnology Research Institute (NRI), Jiaxing University, Jiaxing City 314001, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, The Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, Jilin Province, PR China
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Govindan B, Sabri MA, Hai A, Banat F, Haija MA. A Review of Advanced Multifunctional Magnetic Nanostructures for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy Integrated into an Artificial Intelligence Approach. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030868. [PMID: 36986729 PMCID: PMC10058002 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The new era of nanomedicine offers significant opportunities for cancer diagnostics and treatment. Magnetic nanoplatforms could be highly effective tools for cancer diagnosis and treatment in the future. Due to their tunable morphologies and superior properties, multifunctional magnetic nanomaterials and their hybrid nanostructures can be designed as specific carriers of drugs, imaging agents, and magnetic theranostics. Multifunctional magnetic nanostructures are promising theranostic agents due to their ability to diagnose and combine therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development of advanced multifunctional magnetic nanostructures combining magnetic and optical properties, providing photoresponsive magnetic platforms for promising medical applications. Moreover, this review discusses various innovative developments using multifunctional magnetic nanostructures, including drug delivery, cancer treatment, tumor-specific ligands that deliver chemotherapeutics or hormonal agents, magnetic resonance imaging, and tissue engineering. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to optimize material properties in cancer diagnosis and treatment, based on predicted interactions with drugs, cell membranes, vasculature, biological fluid, and the immune system to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. Furthermore, this review provides an overview of AI approaches used to assess the practical utility of multifunctional magnetic nanostructures for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, the review presents the current knowledge and perspectives on hybrid magnetic systems as cancer treatment tools with AI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Govindan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.G.); (M.A.H.); Tel.: +971-2-4150 (B.G.)
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Sabri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul Hai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Abu Haija
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Advanced Materials Chemistry Center (AMCC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (B.G.); (M.A.H.); Tel.: +971-2-4150 (B.G.)
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CRISPR/Cas9 in the era of nanomedicine and synthetic biology. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103375. [PMID: 36174966 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas system was first discovered as a defense mechanism in bacteria and is now used as a tool for precise gene-editing applications. Rapidly evolving, it is increasingly applied in therapeutics. However, concerns about safety, specificity, and delivery still limit its potential. In this context, we introduce the concept of nanogenetics and speculate how the rational engineering of the CRISPR/Cas machinery could advance the biomedical field. In nanogenetics, the advantages of traditional approaches of synthetic biology could be expanded by nanotechnology approaches, enabling the design of a new generation of intrinsically safe and specific genome-editing platforms.
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Study of Cytotoxicity and Internalization of Redox-Responsive Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on PC-3 and 4T1 Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010127. [PMID: 36678755 PMCID: PMC9864410 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox-responsive and magnetic nanomaterials are widely used in tumor treatment separately, and while the application of their combined functionalities is perspective, exactly how such synergistic effects can be implemented is still unclear. This report investigates the internalization dynamics of magnetic redox-responsive nanoparticles (MNP-SS) and their cytotoxicity toward PC-3 and 4T1 cell lines. It is shown that MNP-SS synthesized by covalent grafting of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) surface via SS-bonds lose their colloidal stability and aggregate fully in a solution containing DTT, and partially in conditioned media, whereas the PEGylated MNP (MNP-PEG) without S-S linker control remains stable under the same conditions. Internalized MNP-SS lose the PEG shell more quickly, causing enhanced magnetic core dissolution and thus increased toxicity. This was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy using MNP-SS dual-labeled by Cy3 via labile disulfide, and Cy5 via a rigid linker. The dyes demonstrated a significant difference in fluorescence dynamics and intensity. Additionally, MNP-SS demonstrate quicker cellular uptake compared to MNP-PEG, as confirmed by TEM analysis. The combination of disulfide bonds, leading to faster dissolution of the iron oxide core, and the high-oxidative potential Fe3+ ions can synergically enhance oxidative stress in comparison with more stable coating without SS-bonds in the case of MNP-PEG. It decreases the cancer cell viability, especially for the 4T1, which is known for being sensitive to ferroptosis-triggering factors. In this work, we have shown the effect of redox-responsive grafting of the MNP surface as a key factor affecting MNP-internalization rate and dissolution with the release of iron ions inside cancer cells. This kind of synergistic effect is described for the first time and can be used not only in combination with drug delivery, but also in treatment of tumors responsive to ferroptosis.
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Molina BG, Vasani RB, Jarvis KL, Armelin E, Voelcker NH, Alemán C. Dual pH- and electro-responsive antibiotic-loaded polymeric platforms for effective bacterial detection and elimination. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chen Z, Yue Z, Yang K, Li S. Nanomaterials: small particles show huge possibilities for cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:484. [DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWith the economy's globalization and the population's aging, cancer has become the leading cause of death in most countries. While imposing a considerable burden on society, the high morbidity and mortality rates have continuously prompted researchers to develop new oncology treatment options. Anti-tumor regimens have evolved from early single surgical treatment to combined (or not) chemoradiotherapy and then to the current stage of tumor immunotherapy. Tumor immunotherapy has undoubtedly pulled some patients back from the death. However, this strategy of activating or boosting the body's immune system hardly benefits most patients. It is limited by low bioavailability, low response rate and severe side effects. Thankfully, the rapid development of nanotechnology has broken through the bottleneck problem of anti-tumor immunotherapy. Multifunctional nanomaterials can not only kill tumors by combining anti-tumor drugs but also can be designed to enhance the body's immunity and thus achieve a multi-treatment effect. It is worth noting that the variety of nanomaterials, their modifiability, and the diversity of combinations allow them to shine in antitumor immunotherapy. In this paper, several nanobiotics commonly used in tumor immunotherapy at this stage are discussed, and they activate or enhance the body's immunity with their unique advantages. In conclusion, we reviewed recent advances in tumor immunotherapy based on nanomaterials, such as biological cell membrane modification, self-assembly, mesoporous, metal and hydrogels, to explore new directions and strategies for tumor immunotherapy.
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Aram E, Moeni M, Abedizadeh R, Sabour D, Sadeghi-Abandansari H, Gardy J, Hassanpour A. Smart and Multi-Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment Applications: Clinical Challenges and Future Prospects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12203567. [PMID: 36296756 PMCID: PMC9611246 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticle (IONPs) have become a subject of interest in various biomedical fields due to their magnetism and biocompatibility. They can be utilized as heat mediators in magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) or as contrast media in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). In addition, their high drug-loading capacity enabled them to be therapeutic agent transporters for malignancy treatment. Hence, smartening them allows for an intelligent controlled drug release (CDR) and targeted drug delivery (TDD). Smart magnetic nanoparticles (SMNPs) can overcome the impediments faced by classical chemo-treatment strategies, since they can be navigated and release drug via external or internal stimuli. Recently, they have been synchronized with other modalities, e.g., MRI, MHT, US, and for dual/multimodal theranostic applications in a single platform. Herein, we provide an overview of the attributes of MNPs for cancer theranostic application, fabrication procedures, surface coatings, targeting approaches, and recent advancement of SMNPs. Even though MNPs feature numerous privileges over chemotherapy agents, obstacles remain in clinical usage. This review in particular covers the clinical predicaments faced by SMNPs and future research scopes in the field of SMNPs for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Aram
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan 49188-88369, Iran
| | - Masome Moeni
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Roya Abedizadeh
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
| | - Davood Sabour
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghi-Abandansari
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Jabbar Gardy
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Ali Hassanpour
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (A.H.)
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8
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Development of fluorescence-xBased nucleic acid blot hybridization method using Cy5.5 labeled DNA probes. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 197:106479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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9
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Stimuli-controllable iron oxide nanoparticle assemblies: Design, manipulation and bio-applications. J Control Release 2022; 345:231-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Wu Z, Wu R, Li X, Wang X, Tang X, Tan K, Wan M, Mao C, Xu X, Jiang H, Li J, Zhou M, Shi D. Multi-Pathway Microenvironment Regulation for Atherosclerosis Therapy Based on Beta-Cyclodextrin/L-Arginine/Au Nanomotors with Dual-Mode Propulsion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104120. [PMID: 34918450 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most of the current non-pharmacological treatment strategies for atherosclerosis (AS) suffer from poor penetration into the plaque and only aim at a certain factor in its formation process, resulting in limited therapeutic effect. Herein, a kind of nanomotor with dual-mode propulsion is constructed, which is sensitive to higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the AS site and near-infrared (NIR) laser by the covalent binding and self-assembly of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and L-arginine (LA) with immobilization of Au nanoparticles. NIR laser irradiation can be used as a driving force and to ablate inflammatory macrophages through the photothermal effect. The nitric oxide (NO) released by the nanomotors can be used as another driving force and a therapeutic agent to promote endothelial repair in the plaque site. LA can eliminate ROS in the inflammatory site, and β-CD can promote the removal of cholesterol from foam cells. In particular, the two driving modes of nanomotors synergistically promote their aggregation and penetration in the plaque. This kind of nanomotor can regulate the microenvironment of AS in multiple ways, including combination therapy for endothelial repair, lipid clearance, and reducing ROS, which is expected to become a potential non-pharmacological strategy in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueting Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Kaiyuan Tan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Huiming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Dongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
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11
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Dowaidar M, Abdelhamid HN, Langel Ü. Improvement of Transfection with PepFects Using Organic and Inorganic Materials. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2383:555-567. [PMID: 34766313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1752-6_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are a promising non-viral vector for gene and drug delivery. CPPs exhibit high cell transfection, and are biocompatible. They can be also conjugated with organic and inorganic nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), graphene oxide (GO), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and chitosan. Nanomaterials offered a high specific surface area and provided relatively straightforward methods to be modified with biomolecules including CPPs and oligonucleotides (ONs). Novel nanomaterials conjugates with CPP/ONs complexes are therefore of interest for cell transfection with high efficiency. In this chapter, we described a summary of the non-viral vectors consisting of CPPs and nanomaterials. The book chapter also included a protocol to generate hybrid biomaterials consisting of CPPs and nanoparticles (NPs) for the delivery of oligonucleotides. The conjugation of NPs with CPPs serves as an effective platform for gene therapy with high cell transfection efficiency. The protocol is simple, offers high cell transfection compared to the CPPs-ONs complexes, and can be used for further improvements using external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Dowaidar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hani Nasser Abdelhamid
- Advanced Multifunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Ren S, Liu H, Wang X, Bi J, Lu S, Zhu C, Li H, Kong W, Chen R, Chen Z. Acupoint nanocomposite hydrogel for simulation of acupuncture and targeted delivery of triptolide against rheumatoid arthritis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:409. [PMID: 34876139 PMCID: PMC8650546 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Attenuating inflammatory response and relieving pain are two therapeutic therapeutical goals for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs are often associated with many adverse effects due to nonspecific distribution. New drug delivery systems with practical targeting ability and other complementary strategies urgently need to be explored. To achieve this goal, an acupoint drug delivery system that can target deliver anti-inflammatory drugs and simulate acupuncture in relieving pain was constructed, which can co-deliver triptolide (TP) and 2-chloro-N (6)-cyclopentyl adenosine (CCPA). Results We have successfully demonstrated that acupoint nanocomposite hydrogel composed of TP-Human serum album nanoparticles (TP@HSA NPs) and CCPA could effectively treat RA. The result shows that CCPA-Gel can enhance analgesic effects specifically at the acupoint, while the mechanical and thermal pain threshold was 4.9 and 1.6 times compared with non-acupoint, respectively, and the nanocomposite gel further enhanced. Otherwise, the combination of acupoint and nanocomposite hydrogel exerted synergetic improvement of inflammation, bone erosion, and reduction of systemic toxicity. Furthermore, it could regulate inflammatory factors and restore the balance of Th17/Treg cells, which provided a novel and effective treatment strategy for RA. Interestingly, acupoint administration could improve the accumulation of the designed nanomedicine in arthritic paws (13.5% higher than those in non-acupoint at 48 h), which may explain the better therapeutic efficiency and low toxicity. Conclusion This novel therapeutic approach-acupoint nanocomposite hydrogel, builds a bridge between acupuncture and drugs which sheds light on the combination of traditional and modern medicine. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01157-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Heng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali, 671000, China
| | - Xitong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiquan Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shengfeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenqi Zhu
- Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215002, China
| | - Huizhu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wenliang Kong
- Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, 214400, China
| | - Rui Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Yang HY, Meng Du J, Jang MS, Mo XW, Sun XS, Lee DS, Lee JH, Fu Y. CD44-Targeted and Enzyme-Responsive Photo-Cross-Linked Nanogels with Enhanced Stability for In Vivo Protein Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3590-3600. [PMID: 34286578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges of the protein delivery system is to realize stable and high protein encapsulation efficiency in blood circulation and rapid release of protein in the targeted tumor cells. To overcome these hurdles, we fabricated enzyme-responsive photo-cross-linked nanogels (EPNGs) through UV-triggered chemical cross-linking of cinnamyloxy groups in the side chain of PEGylation hyaluronic acid (HA) for CD44-targeted transport of cytochrome c (CC). The EPNGs showed high loading efficiency and excellent stability in different biological media. Notably, CC leakage effectively suppressed under physiological conditions but accelerated release in the presence of hyaluronidase, an overexpressed enzyme in tumor cells. Moreover, thiazolylblue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) results indicated that the vacant EPNGs showed excellent nontoxicity, while CC-loaded EPNGs exhibited higher killing efficiency to CD44-positive A549 cells than to CD44-negative HepG2 cells and free CC. Confocal images confirmed that CC-loaded EPNGs could effectively be internalized by CD44-mediated endocytosis pathway and rapidly escape from the endo/lysosomal compartment. Human lung tumor-bearing mice imaging assays further revealed that CC-loaded EPNGs actively target tumor locations. Remarkably, CC-loaded EPNGs also exhibited enhanced antitumor activity with negligible systemic toxicity. These results implied that these EPNGs have appeared as stable and promising nanocarriers for tumor-targeting protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
| | - Jia Meng Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
| | - Moon-Sun Jang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Wang Mo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
| | - Xin Shun Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, P. R. China
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Protein nanogels with enhanced pH-responsive dynamics triggered by remote NIR for systemic protein delivery and programmable controlled release. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120833. [PMID: 34175378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins represent promising treatments in medical applications; however, direct administration of native proteins frequently suffers from in vivo enzymatic degradation or denaturation in hostile environments. Engineering proteins into biocompatible formulations can be used to solve these problems. Despite years of effort, efficient systemic delivery followed by successful release from the formulation remains a challenge. Herein, we describe a pH-responsive nanogel (PI825@PDC/protein NGs) formed by host-guest recognition of 6-arm PEGylated crystalline β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and near-infrared IR825 dye, which affords highly efficient encapsulation of proteins during their self-assembly. PI825@PDC/protein NGs are robust enough to withstand hostile physiological conditions both in vitro and in vivo and could be slightly disassociated from protein release in acidic environments due to the anchored pH-responsive 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride (DMA) linker. Furthermore, the pH-responsive dynamics can be greatly enhanced by elevated temperature upon remote (Near-infrared spectroscopy) NIR irradiation of the IR825 within NGs, generating programmable release of loaded proteins for enhanced cancer treatment. This study describes a general method to load proteins with high efficiency for systemic delivery, followed by programmable protein release by remote NIR irradiation and offers new insights for protein engineering and potential medical applications.
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Stimuli responsive and receptor targeted iron oxide based nanoplatforms for multimodal therapy and imaging of cancer: Conjugation chemistry and alternative therapeutic strategies. J Control Release 2021; 333:188-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Lin Y, Zhang K, Zhang R, She Z, Tan R, Fan Y, Li X. Magnetic nanoparticles applied in targeted therapy and magnetic resonance imaging: crucial preparation parameters, indispensable pre-treatments, updated research advancements and future perspectives. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:5973-5991. [PMID: 32597454 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00552e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted much attention in cancer treatment as carriers for drug delivery and imaging contrast agents due to their distinctive performances based on their magnetic properties and nanoscale structure. In this review, we aim to comprehensively dissect how the applications of MNPs in targeted therapy and magnetic resonance imaging are achieved and their specificities by focusing on the following aspects: (1) several important preparation parameters (pH, temperature, ratio of the reactive substances, etc.) that have crucial effects on the properties of MNPs, (2) indispensable treatments to improve the biocompatibility, stability, and targeting ability of MNPs and prolong their circulation time for biomedical applications, (3) the mechanism for MNPs to deliver and release medicine to the desired sites and be applied in magnetic hyperthermia as well as related updated research advancements, (4) comparatively promising research directions of MNPs in magnetic resonance imaging, and (5) perspectives in the further optimization of their preparations, pre-treatments and applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Research and Teaching, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhending She
- Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Rongwei Tan
- Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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Majumder J, Minko T. Multifunctional and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for targeted therapeutic delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:205-227. [PMID: 32969740 PMCID: PMC7904578 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1828339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanocarrier-based delivery systems offer multiple benefits to overcome limitations of the traditional drug dosage forms, such as protection of the drug, enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery to disease site, etc. Nanocarriers have exhibited tremendous successes in targeted delivery of therapeutics to the desired tissues and cells with improved bioavailability, high drug loading capacity, enhanced intracellular delivery, and better therapeutic effect. A specific design of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers allows for changing their structural and physicochemical properties in response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. These nanocarriers show a promise in site specific controlled release of therapeutics under certain physiological conditions or external stimuli. AREAS COVERED This review highlights recent progresses on the multifunctional and stimuli-sensitive nanocarriers for targeted therapeutic drug delivery applications. EXPERT OPINION The progress from single functional to multifunctional nanocarriers has shown tremendous potential for targeted delivery of therapeutics. On our opinion, the future of targeted delivery of drugs, nucleic acids, and other substances belongs to the site-targeted multifunctional and stimuli-based nanoparticles with controlled release. Targeting of nanocarriers to the disease site enhance the efficacy of the treatment by delivering more therapeutics specifically to the affected cells and substantially limiting adverse side effects upon healthy organs, tissues, and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Majumder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Mao J, Qiu L, Ge L, Zhou J, Ji Q, Yang Y, Long M, Wang D, Teng L, Chen J. Overcoming multidrug resistance by intracellular drug release and inhibiting p-glycoprotein efflux in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111108. [PMID: 33341670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is limited to use in clinical practice because of poor targeting, serious side effects and multidrug resistance (MDR). Vitamin E and its derivatives are currently considered as hydrophobic material that can reverse tumor MDR by suppressing the action of p-glycoprotein (p-gp). Therefore, reduction-sensitive amphiphilic heparosan polysaccharide-cystamine-vitamin E succinate (KSV) copolymers were designed to reverse breast cancer MDR cells. The spherical micelles (DOX/KSV) micelles which had suitable particle size presented redox-sensitive release character. Simultaneously, DOX-loaded reduction insensitive heparosan-adipic dihydrazide-vitamin E succinate (KV) micellar system was designed as a control. DOX/KSV and DOX/KV micelles had the higher capability to overcome tumor MDR than that free DOX. However, DOX/KSV had the highest amount of cellular uptake which might be caused by the synergistic intracellular drug release and inhibition of p-gp expression. The mechanism experiments revealed that DOX/KSV could be fast disassembled to release DOX after internalization into tumor cells. Moreover, DOX/KSV produced more ROS than free DOX and DOX/KV resulting in enhanced anticancer effect. In vivo tumor-bearing mice study suggested that DOX/KSV micelles could efficiently enhance antitumor effect by overcoming tumor MDR and reduce toxicity of DOX. The DOX/KSV micelles could synergistically increase the therapeutic effect of chemotherapeutic drug on tumor MDR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lipeng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China; Sunhover Industry Group Company Limited, Linyi, 276000, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi, 214028, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Danhui Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Teng
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
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Zhao T, Fu Y, Jang MS, Sun XS, Wu T, Lee JH, Li Y, Lee DS, Yang HY. A pH-activated charge convertible quantum dot as a novel nanocarrier for targeted protein delivery and real-time cancer cell imaging. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111449. [PMID: 33255037 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rapid developments of nanocarriers based on quantum dots (QDs) have been confirmed to show substantial promise for drug delivery and bioimaging. However, optimal QDs-based nanocarriers still need to have their controlled behavior in vitro and in vivo and decrease heavy metal-associated cytotoxicity. Herein, a pH-activated charge convertible QD-based nanocarrier was fabricated by capping multifunctional polypeptide ligands (mPEG-block-poly(ethylenediamine-dihydrolipoic acid-2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride)-L-glutamate, PEG-P(ED-DLA-DMA)LG) onto the surface of core/multishell CdSe@ZnS/ZnS QD by means of a ligand exchange strategy, followed by uploading of cytochrome C (CC) (CC-loaded QD-PEG-P(ED-DLA-DMA)LG) via electrostatic interactions, in which QDs that were water-soluble and protein-loading were perfectly integrated. That is, the CC-loaded QD-PEG-P(ED-DLA-DMA)LG inherited excellent fluorescence properties from CdSe@ZnS/ZnS QD for real-time imaging, as well as tumor-microenvironment sensitivities from PEG-P(ED-DLA-DMA)LG for enhanced cellular uptake and CC release. Experimental results verified that the QD-PEG-P(ED-DLA-DMA)LG showed enhanced internalization, rapid endo/lysosomal escape, and supplied legible real-time imaging for lung carcinoma cells. Furthermore, pH-triggered charge-convertible ability enabled the QD-PEG-P(ED-DLA-DMA)LG-CC to effectively kill cancer cells better than did the control groups. Hence, constructing smart nanocomposites by facile ligand-exchange strategy is beneficial to QD-based nanocarrier for tumor-targeting cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun City 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, People's Republic of China
| | - Moon-Sun Jang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Shun Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tepeng Wu
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Li
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City 132022, People's Republic of China.
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Du Z, Cao G, Li K, Zhang R, Li X. Nanocomposites for the delivery of bioactive molecules in tissue repair: vital structural features, application mechanisms, updated progress and future perspectives. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10271-10289. [PMID: 33084730 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanocomposites have attracted great attention in tissue repair as carriers for bioactive molecule delivery due to their biochemical and nanostructural similarity to that of physiological tissues, and controlled delivery of bioactive molecules. In this review, we aim to comprehensively clarify how the applications of nanocomposites for bioactive molecule delivery in tissue repair are achieved by focusing on the following aspects: (1) vital structural features (size, shape, pore, etc.) of nanocomposites that have crucial effects on the biological properties and function of bioactive molecule-delivery systems, (2) delivery performance of bioactive molecules possessing high entrapment efficiency of bioactive molecules and good controlled- and sustained-release of bioactive molecules, (3) application mechanisms of nanocomposites to deliver and release bioactive molecules in tissue repair, (4) updated research progress of nanocomposites for bioactive molecule delivery in hard and soft tissue repair, and (5) future perspectives in the development of bioactive molecule-delivery systems based on nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipo Du
- Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, China
| | - Guangxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Research and Teaching, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, China.
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
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21
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Intracellular delivery of cytochrome C using hypoxia-responsive polypeptide micelles for efficient cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 114:111069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Qiao R, Huang X, Qin Y, Li Y, Davis TP, Hagemeyer CE, Gao M. Recent advances in molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:8040-8064. [PMID: 32239038 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As the complications of atherosclerosis such as myocardial infarction and stroke are still one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, the development of new diagnostic tools for the early detection of plaque instability and thrombosis is urgently needed. Advanced molecular imaging probes based on functional nanomaterials in combination with cutting edge imaging techniques are now paving the way for novel and unique approaches to monitor the inflammatory progress in atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the development of various molecular probes for the diagnosis of plaques and thrombosis in atherosclerosis, along with perspectives of their diagnostic applications in cardiovascular diseases. Specifically, we summarize the biological targets that can be used for atherosclerosis and thrombosis imaging. Then we describe the emerging molecular imaging techniques based on the utilization of engineered nanoprobes together with their challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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23
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Zhao Y, Simon C, Daoud Attieh M, Haupt K, Falcimaigne-Cordin A. Reduction-responsive molecularly imprinted nanogels for drug delivery applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5978-5987. [PMID: 35497405 PMCID: PMC9049337 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07512g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradable molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with affinity for S-propranolol were prepared by the copolymerization of methacrylic acid as functional monomer and a disulfide-containing cross-linker, bis(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)disulfide (DSDMA), using bulk polymerization or high dilution polymerization for nanogels synthesis. The specificity and the selectivity of DSDMA-based molecularly imprinted polymers toward S-propranolol were studied in batch binding experiments, and their binding properties were compared to a traditional ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA)-based MIP. Nanosized MIPs prepared with DSDMA as crosslinker could be degraded into lower molecular weight linear polymers by cleaving the disulfide bonds and thus reversing cross-linking using different reducing agents (NaBH4, DTT, GSH). Turbidity, viscosity, polymer size and IR-spectra were measured to study the polymer degradation. The loss of specific recognition and binding capacity of S-propranolol was also observed after MIP degradation. This phenomenon was applied to modulate the release properties of the MIP. In presence of GSH at its intracellular concentration, the S-propranolol release was higher, showing that these materials could potentially be applied as intracellular controlled drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhao
- Sorbonne Universités - Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory CS 60319 60203 Compiègne Cedex France
| | - C Simon
- Sorbonne Universités - Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory CS 60319 60203 Compiègne Cedex France
| | - M Daoud Attieh
- Sorbonne Universités - Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory CS 60319 60203 Compiègne Cedex France
| | - K Haupt
- Sorbonne Universités - Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory CS 60319 60203 Compiègne Cedex France
| | - A Falcimaigne-Cordin
- Sorbonne Universités - Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Enzyme and Cell Engineering Laboratory CS 60319 60203 Compiègne Cedex France
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Duong HTT, Yin Y, Thambi T, Kim BS, Jeong JH, Lee DS. Highly potent intradermal vaccination by an array of dissolving microneedle polypeptide cocktails for cancer immunotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:1171-1181. [PMID: 31957761 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in cancer therapy using vaccines, the efficacy of vaccine regimens remains to be improved. Cutaneous transportation of biomolecules, particularly DNA vaccines, has potentially improved the therapeutic efficacy and has been found to be an appealing approach in cancer immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of transdermal vaccination is limited by the lack of efficacious immune stimulation. Here, to elicit strong immunogenicity in target cells, we propose an array of dissolving microneedle cocktails for pain-free implantation and triggered release of vaccines and adjuvants at cutaneous tissues. The microneedle cocktails comprising a bioresorbable polypeptide matrix with a nanopolyplex, which include cationic amphiphilic conjugates with ovalbumin-expressing plasmid OVA (pOVA) and immunostimulant-polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), were prepared using a one-pot synthesis. The cationic nanopolyplex effectively transported pOVA and poly(I:C) into the intracellular compartments of dendritic cells and macrophages. Cutaneous implantation of microneedle cocktails on mice elicits a stronger antigen-specific antibody response than subcutaneous administration of the microneedle-free nanopolyplex. Compared with traditional vaccination, the dissolving microneedle cocktails enhanced the antibody recall memory after challenge; remarkably, the cocktail-based therapeutic vaccination also resulted in enhanced lung clearance of cancer cells. The dissolving microneedle cocktail therapy based on the triggered release of immunomodulators and adjuvants synergistically augmented the therapeutic effect in B16/OVA melanoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Thuy Trang Duong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yue Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials & Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Thavasyappan Thambi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bong Sup Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- School of Pharmacy, Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Qiu L, Ge L, Long M, Mao J, Ahmed KS, Shan X, Zhang H, Qin L, Lv G, Chen J. Redox-responsive biocompatible nanocarriers based on novel heparosan polysaccharides for intracellular anticancer drug delivery. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:83-94. [PMID: 32175020 PMCID: PMC7066043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparosan is a natural precursor of heparin biosynthesis in mammals. It is stable in blood circulation but can be degraded in lysosomes, showing good biocompatibility and long circulation features. So heparosan can be designed as anticancer drug carriers to increase tumor selectivity and improve the therapeutic effect. A novel redox-sensitive heparosan-cystamine-vitamin E succinate (KSV) micelle system was constructed for intracellular delivery of doxorubicin (DOX). Simultaneously, the redox-insensitive heparosan-adipic acid dihydrazide-vitamin E succinate copolymer (KV) was synthesized as control. DOX-loaded micelles (DOX/KSV) with an average particle size of 90-120 nm had good serum stability and redox-triggered depolymerization. In vitro drug release test showed that DOX/KSV micelles presented obvious redox-triggered release behavior compared with DOX/KV. Cytotoxicity and cell uptake were investigated using MGC80-3 tumor cells and COS7 fibroblast-like cells. The cell survival rate of blank micelles was more than 90%, and the cytotoxicity of DOX/KSV in MGC80-3 cells was higher than in COS7 cells, indicating that the carrier has better biocompatibility and less toxicity side effect. The cytotoxicity of DOX/KSV against MGC80-3 cells was significantly greater than that of free DOX and DOX/KV. Furthermore, compared with DOX/KV in MGC80-3 cells, DOX/KSV micelles uptook more anticancer drugs and then released DOX faster into the cell nucleus. The micelles were endocytosed by multiple pathways, but clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the main pathway. Therefore, heparosan polysaccharide could be a potential option as anticancer carrier for enhancing efficacy and mitigating toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lu Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Miaomiao Long
- Wuxi Higher Health Vocational Technology School, Wuxi 214028, China
| | - Jing Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Kamel S. Ahmed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaotian Shan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huijie Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guozhong Lv
- Wuxi Third Renmin Hospital, Wuxi 214041, China
| | - Jinghua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Dynamic supraparticles for the treatment of age-related diseases. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1850-1874. [PMID: 36659581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Age-related diseases (ARDs) are arising as a major threat to public health in our fast-aging society. Current development of nanomedicine has sparked much optimism toward ARDs management by improving drug delivery and controlled drug release. However, effective treatments for ARDs, such as cancer and Alzheimer's diseases (AD), are still lacking, due to the complicated pathological features of ARDs including multifactorial pathogenesis, intricate disease microenvironment, and dynamic symptom manifestation. Recently, dynamic supraparticles (DS), which are reversibly self-assembled functional nanoparticles, have provided a novel strategy for combating ARDs. Besides the intrinsic advantages of nanomedicine including multifunctional and multitarget, DS are capable of dynamic structural reconfiguration upon certain stimulation, creating another layer of maneuverability that allows programmed response to the spatiotemporal alterations of ARDs during progression and treatment. In this review, we will overview the challenges faced by ARDs management, and discuss the unique opportunities brought by DS. Then, we will summarize the designed synthesis of DS for ARDs treatment. Finally, we will dissect the therapeutic targets in ARDs that can be exploited by DS, and present the encouraging advances in this field. Hopefully, this review will bridge our knowledge of the design principle of DS and ARDs management, which may inspire the future development of potent theranostic agents to improve the healthcare.
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Yang HY, Li Y, Jang MS, Fu Y, Wu T, Lee JH, Lee DS. Green preparation of pH-responsive and dual targeting hyaluronic acid nanogels for efficient protein delivery. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Li Y, Wang N, Huang X, Li F, Davis TP, Qiao R, Ling D. Polymer-Assisted Magnetic Nanoparticle Assemblies for Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:121-142. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Xumin Huang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ruirui Qiao
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Qin X, Yu C, Wei J, Li L, Zhang C, Wu Q, Liu J, Yao SQ, Huang W. Rational Design of Nanocarriers for Intracellular Protein Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902791. [PMID: 31496027 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein/antibody therapeutics have exhibited the advantages of high specificity and activity even at an extremely low concentration compared to small molecule drugs. However, they are accompanied by unfavorable physicochemical properties such as fragile tertiary structure, large molecular size, and poor penetration of the membrane, and thus the clinical use of protein drugs is hindered by inefficient delivery of proteins into the host cells. To overcome the challenges associated with protein therapeutics and enhance their biopharmaceutical applications, various protein-loaded nanocarriers with desired functions, such as lipid nanocapsules, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and peptides, are developed. In this review, the different strategies for intracellular delivery of proteins are comprehensively summarized. Their designed routes, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutics in live cells or in vivo are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the perspective on the new generation of delivery systems toward the emerging area of protein-based therapeutics is presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Chengwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211800, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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Multifunctional hyaluronic acid-mediated quantum dots for targeted intracellular protein delivery and real-time fluorescence imaging. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 224:115174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Duong HTT, Thambi T, Yin Y, Lee JE, Seo YK, Jeong JH, Lee DS. Smart pH-Responsive Nanocube-Controlled Delivery of DNA Vaccine and Chemotherapeutic Drugs for Chemoimmunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13058-13068. [PMID: 30888149 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The combination of chemotherapeutic agents with immune stimulating agents for treating degenerative diseases, called chemoimmunotherapy, has emerged as a promising cancer treatment modality. Despite the tremendous potential, chemoimmunotherapy by the combination of drugs and immune stimulators often suffers because of the lack of controlled delivery nanostructures in the microenvironment. To this end, we show that by using pH-responsive smart nanocubes (NCs), cancer cells and tumor-associated immune cells can be precisely targeted with a chemotherapeutic agent (doxorubicin, DOX) and immune stimulating agent (plasmid ovalbumin, pOVA) for enhanced chemoimmunotherapy. The pH-responsive smart NCs protect payloads from nuclease degradation and avoid renal clearance and undergo supersensitive structural change at the extracellular tumor regions that mediate efficient release. Concurrent release of pOVA vaccines encoding tumor-specific antigen laden with polyplexes were loaded on tumor-associated immune cells and produce antigen-specific humoral immune response, whereas DOX enables effective infiltration into the cancer cells and is involved in the eradication of tumor tissues. The amount of anti-OVA IgG1 antibody produced by the intravenous administration of NC formulation was similar to that of free OVA formulation. Importantly, the combined delivery of pDNA and DOX using NCs showed significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy in B16/OVA melanoma tumor xenografts, which remarkably outperforms the monotherapy counterparts. These results suggest that pH-responsive smart NCs laden with pDNA and DOX provide a promising nanostructure for chemoimmunotherapy that simultaneously involves cancer cell killing and stimulates antigen-specific immune response to prevent cancer recurrence.
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Sou K, Le DL, Sato H. Nanocapsules for Programmed Neurotransmitter Release: Toward Artificial Extracellular Synaptic Vesicles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900132. [PMID: 30887709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanocapsules present a promising platform for delivering chemicals and biomolecules to a site of action in a living organism. Because the biological action of the encapsulated molecules is blocked until they are released from the nanocapsules, the encapsulation structure enables triggering of the topical and timely action of the molecules at the target site. A similar mechanism seems promising for the spatiotemporal control of signal transduction triggered by the release of signal molecules in neuronal, metabolic, and immune systems. From this perspective, nanocapsules can be regarded as practical tools to apply signal molecules such as neurotransmitters to intervene in signal transduction. However, spatiotemporal control of the payload release from nanocapsules persists as a key technical issue. Stimulus-responsive nanocapsules that release payloads in response to external input of physical stimuli are promising platforms to enable programmed payload release. These programmable nanocapsules encapsulating neurotransmitters are expected to lead to new insights and perspectives related to artificial extracellular synaptic vesicles that might provide an experimental and therapeutic strategy for neuromodulation and nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Sou
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Duc Long Le
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Abedin MR, Umapathi S, Mahendrakar H, Laemthong T, Coleman H, Muchangi D, Santra S, Nath M, Barua S. Polymer coated gold-ferric oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:80. [PMID: 30316298 PMCID: PMC6186064 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are essential components in the development of nanotechnologies. For applications in nanomedicine, particles need to be functionalized to ensure a good dispersibility in biological fluids. In many cases however, functionalization is not sufficient: the particles become either coated by a corona of serum proteins or precipitate out of the solvent. We show that by changing the coating of magnetic iron oxide NPs using poly-L-lysine (PLL) polymer the colloidal stability of the dispersion is improved in aqueous solutions including water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and cell culture medium, and the internalization of the NPs toward living mammalian cells is profoundly affected. METHODS A multifunctional magnetic NP is designed to perform a near-infrared (NIR)-responsive remote control photothermal ablation for the treatment of breast cancer. In contrast to the previously reported studies of gold (Au) magnetic (Fe3O4) core-shell NPs, a Janus-like nanostructure is synthesized with Fe3O4 NPs decorated with Au resulting in an approximate size of 60 nm mean diameter. The surface of trisoctahedral Au-Fe3O4 NPs was coated with a positively charged polymer, PLL to deliver the NPs inside cells. The PLL-Au-Fe3O4 NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XRD, FT-IR and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The unique properties of both Au surface plasmon resonance and superparamagnetic moment result in a multimodal platform for use as a nanothermal ablator and also as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, respectively. Taking advantage of the photothermal therapy, PLL-Au-Fe3O4 NPs were incubated with BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, investigated for the cytotoxicity and intracellular uptake, and remotely triggered by a NIR laser of ~ 808 nm (1 W/cm2 for 10 min). RESULTS The PLL coating increased the colloidal stability and robustness of Au-Fe3O4 NPs (PLL-Au-Fe3O4) in biological media including cell culture medium, PBS and PBS with 10% fetal bovine serum. It is revealed that no significant (< 10%) cytotoxicity was induced by PLL-Au-Fe3O4 NPs itself in BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 cells at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml. Brightfield microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and TEM showed significant uptake of PLL-Au-Fe3O4 NPs by BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The cells exhibited 40 and 60% inhibition in BT-474 and MDA-MB-231 cell growth, respectively following the internalized NPs were triggered by a photothermal laser using 100 μg/ml PLL-Au-Fe3O4 NPs. The control cells treated with NPs but without laser showed < 10% cell death compared to no laser treatment control CONCLUSION: Combined together, the results demonstrate a new polymer gold superparamagnetic nanostructure that integrates both diagnostics function and photothermal ablation of tumors into a single multimodal nanoplatform exhibiting a significant cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Raisul Abedin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 110 Bertelsmeyer Hall, 1101 N. State Street, Rolla, MO 65409-1230 USA
| | - Siddesh Umapathi
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA
| | - Harika Mahendrakar
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 110 Bertelsmeyer Hall, 1101 N. State Street, Rolla, MO 65409-1230 USA
| | - Tunyaboon Laemthong
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 110 Bertelsmeyer Hall, 1101 N. State Street, Rolla, MO 65409-1230 USA
| | - Holly Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA
| | - Denise Muchangi
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762 USA
| | - Santimukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762 USA
| | - Manashi Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409 USA
| | - Sutapa Barua
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, 110 Bertelsmeyer Hall, 1101 N. State Street, Rolla, MO 65409-1230 USA
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Cheng L, Yang L, Meng F, Zhong Z. Protein Nanotherapeutics as an Emerging Modality for Cancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800685. [PMID: 30240152 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein drugs are a unique and versatile class of biotherapeutics that have not only high biological activity but also superb specificity. This rapidly evolving biotechnology has rendered it possible to produce various proteins in a large scale and reproducible way. Many proteins have demonstrated striking anticancer activities and have emerged as advanced alternatives to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents for cancer therapy. The clinical translation of anticancer proteins with intracellular targets is, nevertheless, severely hindered by their fast degradation in vivo, poor cell penetration, and inefficient intracellular transportation. The past few years have witnessed tremendous effort and progress in developing polymeric protein delivery nanosystems, ranging from nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanogels, micelles, to polymersomes, for the treatment of different tumors such as lung tumors, breast tumors, ovarian cancers, and glioblastoma. These proof-of-concept studies point out that protein nanotherapeutics, with rationally designed nanovehicles, are able to overcome the extracellular barriers, cell membrane barriers, and intracellular barriers, and systemically deliver proteins into targeted cancer cells, resulting in effective cancer protein therapy. Protein nanotherapeutics appear to be a novel modality for safe and efficient cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Yu B, Song N, Hu H, Chen G, Shen Y, Cong H. A degradable triple temperature-, pH-, and redox-responsive drug system for cancer chemotherapy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:3203-3210. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
- Laboratory for New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Na Song
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Guihuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
- Laboratory for New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Qingdao University; Qingdao 266071 China
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Won JS, Nam H, Lee HW, Hwang JY, Noh YJ, Nam DH, Lee SH, Joo KM. In vivo distribution of U87MG cells injected into the lateral ventricle of rats with spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202307. [PMID: 30114270 PMCID: PMC6095526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells could be the next generation therapeutic option for neurodegenerative diseases including spinal cord injury (SCI). However, several critical factors such as delivery method should be determined before their clinical applications. Previously, we have demonstrated that lateral ventricle (LV) injection as preclinical simulation could be used for intrathecal administration in clinical trials using rodent animal models. In this study, we further analyzed in vivo distribution of cells that were injected into LVs of rats with SCI at thoracic level using in vivo imaging techniques. When 5 × 106 U87MG cells labelled with fluorescent magnetic nanoparticle (FMNP-labelled U87MG) were administrated into LVs at 7 days after SCI, FMNP-labelled U87MG cells were observed in all regions of the spinal cord at 24 hours after the injection. Compared to water-soluble Cy5.5 fluorescent dye or rats without SCI, in vivo distribution pattern of FMNP-labelled U87MG cells was not different, although migration to the spinal cord was significantly reduced in both Cy5.5 fluorescent dye and FMNP-labelled U87MG cells caused by the injury. The presence of FMNP-labelled U87MG cells in the spinal cord was confirmed by quantitative PCR for human specific sequence and immunohistochemistry staining using antibody against human specific antigen. These data indicate that LV injection could recapitulate intrathecal administration of stem cells for SCI patients. Results of this study might be applied further to the planning of optimal preclinical and clinical trials of stem cell therapeutics for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seob Won
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Nam
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Hwang
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Noh
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KMJ); (SHL)
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KMJ); (SHL)
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Liu M, Wang L, Zheng X, Liu S, Xie Z. Hypoxia-Triggered Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Anticancer Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24638-24647. [PMID: 29957930 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen-dependent feature of most photosensitizers (PSs) and the aggravated hypoxia tumor microenvironment seriously impede the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effectiveness. However, this undesirable impediment can be utilized to further trigger the activation of hypoxia-sensitive prodrugs. Moreover, a combined therapy can be used by associating PDT with hypoxia-activated chemotherapy. Herein, a multifunctional Hf-porphyrin nanoscale metal-organic framework (NMOF) platform [Hf/tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (TCPP)] has been synthesized, with a high porphyrin loading capacity and a well-ordered coordination array preventing porphyrin self-quenching, thus greatly improving the generation efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is helpful for PDT. As-synthesized Hf-TCPP nanoparticles possess more than 50 wt % of TCPP PS content, good crystallization, and a large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface for further loading the hypoxia-activated prodrug [tirapazamine (TPZ)] in a high-loading content. Additionally, subsequent surface modification with a dopamine-derived polymer (DOPA-PIMA-mPEG) significantly improves their dispersibility and structural stability, and the controlled release kinetics of TPZ. Such a nanoplatform can efficiently produce ROS for PDT upon irradiation, and also the depletion of the oxygen could further aggravate the hypoxic environment of tumors to induce the activation of TPZ for achieving an enhanced treatment efficacy. This work demonstrates the great advantages of an NMOF-based platform in antitumor therapies for combined PDT and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China
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Scaletti F, Hardie J, Lee YW, Luther DC, Ray M, Rotello VM. Protein delivery into cells using inorganic nanoparticle-protein supramolecular assemblies. Chem Soc Rev 2018. [PMID: 29537040 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00008e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of proteins into cells is a potential game changer for a wide array of therapeutic purposes, including cancer therapy, immunomodulation and treatment of inherited diseases. In this review, we present recently developed nanoassemblies for protein delivery that utilize strategies that range from direct assembly, encapsulation and composite formation. We will discuss factors that affect the efficacy of nanoassemblies for delivery from the perspective of both nanoparticles and proteins. Challenges in the field, particularly achieving effective cytosolar protein delivery through endosomal escape or evasion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scaletti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, USA.
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Yang HY, Li Y, Lee DS. Multifunctional and Stimuli-Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Delivery Systems for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology; Jilin City 132022 P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16419 South Korea
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering; Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon Gyeonggi-do 16419 South Korea
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40
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Lee KH, Nam H, Won JS, Hwang JY, Jang HW, Lee SH, Joo KM. In Vivo Spinal Distribution of Cy5.5 Fluorescent Dye after Injection via the Lateral Ventricle and Cisterna Magna in Rat Model. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2018; 61:434-440. [PMID: 29660974 PMCID: PMC6046575 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2017.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to find an optimal delivery route for clinical trials of intrathecal cell therapy for spinal cord injury in preclinical stage. Methods We compared in vivo distribution of Cy5.5 fluorescent dye in the spinal cord region at various time points utilizing in vivo optical imaging techniques, which was injected into the lateral ventricle (LV) or cisterna magna (CM) of rats. Results Although CM locates nearer to the spinal cord than the LV, significantly higher signal of Cy5.5 was detected in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord region at all time points tested when Cy5.5 was injected into the LV. In the LV injection Cy5.5 signal in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord was observed within 12 hours after injection, which was maintained until 72 hours after injection. In contrast, Cy5.5 signal was concentrated at the injection site in the CM injection at all time points. Conclusion These data suggested that the LV might be suitable for preclinical injection route of therapeutics targeting the spinal cord to test their treatment efficacy and biosafety for spinal cord diseases in small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Hang Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Nam
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Seob Won
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Hwang
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Won Jang
- Department of Medical Education, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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41
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Enhanced Tumor Diagnostic and Therapeutic Effect of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle-Mediated Pre-targeted Strategy. Pharm Res 2018; 35:63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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42
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Yang HY, Fu Y, Li Y, Jang MS, Lee JH, Lee DS. Polymer ligand-assisted fabrication of multifunctional and redox-responsive self-assembled magnetic nanoclusters for bimodal imaging and cancer treatment. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:5562-5569. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We designed multifunctional magnetic nanoclusters, which can serve as bimodal imaging probes for the detection of solid tumors and act as emerging PDT agents to suppress tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin City
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University
- Gyeonggi-do 16419
- Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Sun Jang
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute
- Seoul 06351
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute
- Seoul 06351
- Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University
- Gyeonggi-do 16419
- Republic of Korea
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