1
|
Nguyen TD, Nguyen VH, Song J, An J, Truong NT, Dang CH, Im C. Molecular Weight-Dependent Physical and Photovoltaic Properties of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s with Butyl, Hexyl, and Octyl Side-Chains. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3440. [PMID: 34641255 PMCID: PMC8512356 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of poly-3-alkylthiophenes (P3ATs) with butyl (P3BT), hexyl (P3HT), and octyl (P3OT) side-chains and well-defined molecular weights (MWs) were synthesized using Grignard metathesis polymerization. The MWs of P3HTs and P3OTs obtained via gel permeation chromatography agreed well with the calculated MWs ranging from approximately 10 to 70 kDa. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the crystalline melting temperature increased with increasing MWs and decreasing alkyl side-chain length, whereas the crystallinity of the P3ATs increased with the growth of MWs. An MW-dependent red shift was observed in the UV-Vis and photoluminiscence spectra of the P3ATs in solution, which might be a strong evidence for the extended effective conjugation occurring in polymers with longer chain lengths. The photoluminescence quantum yields of pristine films in all polymers were lower than those of the diluted solutions, whereas they were higher than those of the phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester-blended films. The UV-Vis spectra of the films showed fine structures with pronounced red shifts, and the interchain interaction-induced features were weakly dependent on the MW but significantly dependent on the alkyl side-chain length. The photovoltaic device performances of the P3BT and P3HT samples significantly improved upon blending with a fullerene derivative and subsequent annealing, whereas those of P3OTs mostly degraded, particularly after annealing. The optimal power conversion efficiencies of P3BT, P3HT, and P3OT were 2.4%, 3.6%, and 1.5%, respectively, after annealing with MWs of ~11, ~39, and ~38 kDa, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Danh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-D.N.); (V.-H.N.); (J.S.); (J.A.); (N.-T.T.)
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1A TL29 Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Van-Hai Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-D.N.); (V.-H.N.); (J.S.); (J.A.); (N.-T.T.)
| | - Jongwoo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-D.N.); (V.-H.N.); (J.S.); (J.A.); (N.-T.T.)
| | - Jongdeok An
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-D.N.); (V.-H.N.); (J.S.); (J.A.); (N.-T.T.)
| | - Ngoc-Thuan Truong
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-D.N.); (V.-H.N.); (J.S.); (J.A.); (N.-T.T.)
| | - Chi-Hien Dang
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 1A TL29 Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam;
| | - Chan Im
- Department of Chemistry, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.-D.N.); (V.-H.N.); (J.S.); (J.A.); (N.-T.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Following isothermal and non-isothermal crystallization of poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin films by UV–vis spectroscopy. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
Seibers ZD, Collier GS, Hopkins BW, Boone ES, Le TP, Gomez ED, Kilbey SM. Tuning fullerene miscibility with porphyrin-terminated P3HTs in bulk heterojunction blends. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9769-9779. [PMID: 33000857 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and manipulating the miscibility of donor and acceptor components in the active layer morphology is important to optimize the longevity of organic photovoltaic devices and control power conversion efficiency. In pursuit of this goal, a "porphyrin-capped" poly(3-hexylthiophene) was synthesized to take advantage of strong porphyrin:fullerene intermolecular interactions that modify fullerene miscibility in the active layer. End-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) was synthesized via catalyst transfer polymerization and subsequently functionalized with a porphyrin moiety via post-polymerization modification. UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements show that the porphyrin-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) exhibits increased intermolecular interactions with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in the solid state compared to unfunctionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) without sacrificing microstructure ordering that facilitates optimal charge transport properties. Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry revealed porphyrin-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophene) crystallization decreased only slightly (1-6%) compared to unfunctionalized poly(3-hexylthiophenes) while increasing fullerene miscibility by 55%. Preliminary organic photovoltaic device results indicate device power conversion efficiency is sensitive to additive loading levels, as evident by a slight increase in power conversion efficiency at low additive loading levels but a continuous decrease with increased loading levels. While the increased fullerene miscibility is not balanced with significant increases in power conversion efficiency, this approach suggests that integrating non-bonded interaction potentials is a useful pathway for manipulating the morphology of the bulk heterojunction thin film, and porphyrin-functionalized poly(3-hexylthiophenes) may be useful additives in that regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zach D Seibers
- Department of Energy Science & Engineering, University of Tennessee - Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu T, Pfohl T, Chandran S, Sommer M, Reiter G. Formation of Needle-like Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystals from Metastable Solutions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Wu
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sivasurender Chandran
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute of Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Str. der Nationen 62, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rangel M, Güizado-Rodríguez M, Maldonado JL, Olayo-Valles R, Barba V, Reveles JU. Eco-friendly synthesis of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) by direct arylation polymerization: Analysis of the properties that determine its performance in BHJ solar cells. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Regioisomeric Polythiophene Derivatives: Synthesis and Structure-Property Relationships for Organic Electronic Devices. Macromol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-020-8097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
7
|
Xu L, Zhang H, Lu Y, An L, Shi T. The effects of solvent polarity on the crystallization behavior of thin π-conjugated polymer film in solvent mixtures investigated by grazing incident X-ray diffraction. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
8
|
Wang B, Chen J, Shen C, Reiter G, Zhang B. Relation Between Charge Transport and the Number of Interconnected Lamellar Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Crystals. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alizadehaghdam M, Heck B, Siegenführ S, Abbasi F, Reiter G. Thermodynamic Features of Perfectly Crystalline Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Revealed through Studies of Imperfect Crystals. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Heck
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Siegenführ
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Günter Reiter
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alizadehaghdam M, Siegenführ S, Abbasi F, Reiter G. Thermodynamic features of perfectly crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) based on Flory's relation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Alizadehaghdam
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Silvia Siegenführ
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials and Faculty of Polymer Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | - Günter Reiter
- Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg; Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104 Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Aivali S, Kakogianni S, Anastasopoulos C, Andreopoulou AK, Kallitsis JK. Copolymers and Hybrids Based on Carbazole Derivatives and Their Nanomorphology Investigation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E133. [PMID: 30678178 PMCID: PMC6409860 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oligomers of the low-band-gap PCDTBT polymer, based on either 3,6 or 2,7 carbazole units, were modified with vinyl ω-chain end functionalities. The vinyl-functionalized oligomers were used as comonomers in free radical polymerizations with quinoline-based monomers such as 6-vinylphenyl-(2-pyridinyl)-4-phenyl-quinoline (vinyl-QPy), and 6-vinylphenyl-(2-perfluorophenyl)-4-phenyl quinoline (vinyl-5FQ). The co-polymeric materials bearing the vinyl-QPy moiety were developed as potential compatibilizers in polymer electron donor⁻fullerene acceptor blends for non-covalent interactions with the fullerene part. The co-polymeric materials bearing the vinyl-5FQ moiety were developed for the covalent attachment of carbon nanostructures; specifically, PC61BM. Both copolymers and hybrids, after thorough purification, were characterized in terms of their spectroscopic and optical properties as well as their ability to form nanophased separated films as such, or as additives at various percentages into PCDTBT: PC71BM blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Aivali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio-Patras GR26504, Greece.
| | - Sofia Kakogianni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio-Patras GR26504, Greece.
| | | | - Aikaterini K Andreopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio-Patras GR26504, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Platani Str., Patras GR26504, Greece.
| | - Joannis K Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, University Campus, Rio-Patras GR26504, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT), Platani Str., Patras GR26504, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jarosz T, Gebka K, Kepska K, Lapkowski M, Ledwon P, Nitschke P, Stolarczyk A. Investigation of the Effects of Non-Conjugated Co-Grafts on the Spectroelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties of Novel Conjugated Graft Copolymers Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene). Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10101064. [PMID: 30960989 PMCID: PMC6403736 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of polysiloxane copolymers, with conjugated–regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and non-conjugated-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-grafts have been synthesised, and their properties have been studied alongside those of the parent conjugated polymer (P3HT). Spectroelectrochemical and conductometric analyses revealed an early rise of the conductance of the polymers. Once spectral changes begin taking place, the conductance is stable, implying a loss of mobility of charge carriers, even though standard doping/dedoping patterns are observed. Prototype bulk heterojunction solar cells have been fabricated, based on P3HT/[6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), as well as by substituting P3HT for each of the copolymers. The prototype solar cells achieved PCEs of up to 2.11%. This is one of the highest reported power conversion efficiency (PCE) for devices based on P3HT with low average molecular weight Mn = 12 kDa. Strong correlation between the structure of the copolymer and its photovoltaic performance was found. Elongation of PEG copolymer chain and the use of methyl group instead of terminal hydroxyl groups significantly improved photovoltaic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 6 Krzywoustego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Gebka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Kinga Kepska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Mieczyslaw Lapkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowskiej Street, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Pawel Nitschke
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowskiej Street, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang B, Zhang B, Shen C, Chen J, Reiter G. Generating Nanoscopic Patterns in Conductivity within a Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystal via Bias-Controlled Scanning Probe Nanolithography. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binghua Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|