1
|
Kim Y, Nam H, Ryu B, Son SY, Park SY, Park S, Youn SM, Yun C. Thermally Induced Phase Separation of the PEDOT:PSS Layer for Highly Efficient Laminated Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38690839 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Among various conductive polymers, the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) film has been studied as a promising material for use as a transparent electrode and a hole-injecting layer in organic optoelectronic devices. Due to the increasing demand for the low-cost fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), PEDOT:PSS has been employed as the top electrode by using the coating or lamination method. Herein, a facile method is reported for the fabrication of highly efficient polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on a laminated transparent electrode (LTE) consisting of successive PEDOT:PSS and silver-nanowire (AgNW) layers. In particular, thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) of the PEDOT:PSS film is found to depend on the annealing temperature (Tanneal) during preparation of the LTE. At Tanneal close to the glass transition temperature of the PSS chains, a PSS-rich phase with a large number of PSS- molecules enhances the work function of the PEDOT:PSS on the glass-side surface relative to the air side. By using the optimized LTEs, bidirectional laminated PLEDs are obtained with a total external quantum efficiency of 2.9% and a turn-on voltage of 2.6 V, giving a comparable performance to that of the reference bottom-emitting PLED based on a costly evaporated metal electrode. In addition, an analysis of the angular characteristics, including the variation in the electroluminescence spectra and the change in luminance according to the emission angle, indicates that the laminated PLED with the LTE provides a more uniform angular distribution regardless of the direction of emission. Detailed optical and electrical analyses are also performed to evaluate the suitability of LTEs for the low-cost fabrication of efficient PLEDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Kim
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuckjin Nam
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Boeun Ryu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeong Son
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Yeon Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejung Park
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Youn
- Energy & Nano Technology Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Gwangju 61012, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhun Yun
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Milos F, Tullii G, Gobbo F, Lodola F, Galeotti F, Verpelli C, Mayer D, Maybeck V, Offenhäusser A, Antognazza MR. High Aspect Ratio and Light-Sensitive Micropillars Based on a Semiconducting Polymer Optically Regulate Neuronal Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:23438-23451. [PMID: 33983012 PMCID: PMC8161421 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Many nano- and microstructured devices capable of promoting neuronal growth and network formation have been previously investigated. In certain cases, topographical cues have been successfully complemented with external bias, by employing electrically conducting scaffolds. However, the use of optical stimulation with topographical cues was rarely addressed in this context, and the development of light-addressable platforms for modulating and guiding cellular growth and proliferation remains almost completely unexplored. Here, we develop high aspect ratio micropillars based on a prototype semiconducting polymer, regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT), as an optically active, three-dimensional platform for embryonic cortical neurons. P3HT micropillars provide a mechanically compliant environment and allow a close contact with neuronal cells. The combined action of nano/microtopography and visible light excitation leads to effective optical modulation of neuronal growth and orientation. Embryonic neurons cultured on polymer pillars show a clear polarization effect and, upon exposure to optical excitation, a significant increase in both neurite and axon length. The biocompatible, microstructured, and light-sensitive platform developed here opens up the opportunity to optically regulate neuronal growth in a wireless, repeatable, and spatio-temporally controlled manner without genetic modification. This approach may be extended to other cell models, thus uncovering interesting applications of photonic devices in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frano Milos
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH
University Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Tullii
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Gobbo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Lodola
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Galeotti
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche G. Natta (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Verpelli
- Istituto
di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Maybeck
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute
of Biological Information Processing IBI-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- RWTH
University Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Squeo BM, Ganzer L, Virgili T, Pasini M. BODIPY-Based Molecules, a Platform for Photonic and Solar Cells. Molecules 2020; 26:E153. [PMID: 33396319 PMCID: PMC7794854 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY)-based molecules have emerged as interesting material for optoelectronic applications. The facile structural modification of BODIPY core provides an opportunity to fine-tune its photophysical and optoelectronic properties thanks to the presence of eight reactive sites which allows for the developing of a large number of functionalized derivatives for various applications. This review will focus on BODIPY application as solid-state active material in solar cells and in photonic devices. It has been divided into two sections dedicated to the two different applications. This review provides a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation as well as the conclusions that can be drawn. The main current research outcomes are summarized to guide the readers towards the full exploitation of the use of this material in optoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Maria Squeo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Tersilla Virgili
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Mariacecilia Pasini
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yun C, Han JW, Kang MH, Kim YH, Kim B, Yoo S. Effect of Laser-Induced Direct Micropatterning on Polymer Optoelectronic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47143-47152. [PMID: 31749364 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed polymer devices have been studied as a low-cost alternative to the conventional vacuum-processed organic devices. However, forming a specific pattern on polymer semiconductor films without costly lithography is still challenging. Herein, we report a low-cost direct patterning method for polymer optoelectronic devices, which can successfully engrave designated patterns on the polymer semiconductor layer regardless of its size and even after device encapsulation. Irradiation of a 100 ns pulse laser forms high-resolution patterns on devices such as polymer light-emitting diodes and polymer memory devices. The biggest advantage of the proposed patterning method is that it does not produce any physical damage in the device, such as leakage current or degraded light-emitting efficiency. Analysis confirms that the laser-induced heat alters the solid or crystal structure of the polymer semiconducting layers so that the designated areas of the polymer devices can be selectively and deliberately deactivated. We demonstrate the usability of the developed laser-induced direct-patterning method on the polymer devices by engraving a digital image onto "ON-state" light-emitting devices and by generating multiple states onto a 4 × 4 matrix polymer nonvolatile memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhun Yun
- Center for Nano-Photonics Convergence Technology , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) , Gwangju 61012 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Won Han
- Department of Display Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan 48513 , Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Hee Kang
- Center for Nano-Photonics Convergence Technology , Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH) , Gwangju 61012 , Republic of Korea
- School of Electronics Engineering , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 28644 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyun Kim
- Department of Display Engineering , Pukyong National University , Busan 48513 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjun Kim
- Department of Electronics Engineering , Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul 04312 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyup Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tullii G, Giona F, Lodola F, Bonfadini S, Bossio C, Varo S, Desii A, Criante L, Sala C, Pasini M, Verpelli C, Galeotti F, Antognazza MR. High-Aspect-Ratio Semiconducting Polymer Pillars for 3D Cell Cultures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:28125-28137. [PMID: 31356041 PMCID: PMC6943816 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid interfaces between living cells and nano/microstructured scaffolds have huge application potential in biotechnology, spanning from regenerative medicine and stem cell therapies to localized drug delivery and from biosensing and tissue engineering to neural computing. However, 3D architectures based on semiconducting polymers, endowed with responsivity to visible light, have never been considered. Here, we apply for the first time a push-coating technique to realize high aspect ratio polymeric pillars, based on polythiophene, showing optimal biocompatibility and allowing for the realization of soft, 3D cell cultures of both primary neurons and cell line models. HEK-293 cells cultured on top of polymer pillars display a remarkable change in the cell morphology and a sizable enhancement of the membrane capacitance due to the cell membrane thinning in correspondence to the pillars' top surface, without negatively affecting cell proliferation. Electrophysiology properties and synapse number of primary neurons are also very well preserved. In perspective, high aspect ratio semiconducting polymer pillars may find interesting applications as soft, photoactive elements for cell activity sensing and modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Tullii
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Lodola
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvio Bonfadini
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. Da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Caterina Bossio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Varo
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Desii
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigino Criante
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Sala
- CNR Neuroscience
Institute, Milan 20129, Italy
| | - Mariacecilia Pasini
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAC-CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Galeotti
- Istituto
per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAC-CNR), Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo S, Lu Y, Wang B, Shen C, Chen J, Reiter G, Zhang B. Controlling the pore size in conjugated polymer films via crystallization-driven phase separation. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2981-2989. [PMID: 30912567 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of possible applications in sensors and optoelectronic devices have focused considerable attention on porous membranes made of semi-conducting polymers. In this study, porous films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were conveniently constructed through spin-coating of solutions of a blend of P3HT and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Pores were formed by phase separation driven simultaneously by incompatibility and crystallization. The influence of the polymer concentration (c), molecular weight (Mn) and spin-coating temperature (Tsp) on the pore size and structure was investigated. With increasing c from 0.5 to 5.0 wt%, the pore diameter (d) varied from ≈1.3 μm to ≈38 μm. Similarly, we observed a substantial increase of d with increasing Mn of PEG, while changing Mn of P3HT did not affect d. Micron- and nano-scale pores coexisted in porous P3HT films. While incompatibility of P3HT and PEG caused the formation of nano-pores, micron-scale pores resulted from crystallization in the PEG-rich domains by forcing PEG molecules to diffuse from the surrounding PEG-P3HT blend region to the crystal growth front.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Henan Province Industrial Technology Research Institute of Resources and Materials, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Inaba S, Arai R, Mihai G, Lazar O, Moise C, Enachescu M, Takeoka Y, Vohra V. Eco-Friendly Push-Coated Polymer Solar Cells with No Active Material Wastes Yield Power Conversion Efficiencies over 5.5. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10785-10793. [PMID: 30788961 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Push-coating is a simple process that can be employed for extremely low-cost polymer electronic device production. Here, we demonstrate its application to the fabrication of poly(2,7-carbazole- alt-dithienylbenzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT):[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) active layers processed in air, yielding similar photovoltaic performances as thermally annealed spin-coated thin films when used in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs). During push-coating, the polydimethylsiloxane layer temporarily traps the deposition solvent, resulting in simultaneous film formation and solvent annealing effect. This removes the necessity for a postdeposition thermal annealing step which is required for spin-coated PSCs to produce high photovoltaic performances. Optimized PSC active layers are produced with a push-coating time of 5 min at room temperature with 20 times less hazardous solvent and 40 times less active material than spin-coating. Annealed spin-coated active layers and active layers push-coated for 5 min both produce average power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 5.77%, while those push-coated for a shorter time of 1 min yield a slightly lower value of 5.59%. We demonstrate that, despite differences in their donor:acceptor vertical concentration gradients, unencapsulated PCDTBT:PC71BM active layers push-coated for 1 min produce PSCs with similar operational stability and upscaling capacity as thermally annealed spin-coated ones. As fast device fabrication can be achieved with short-time push-coating, we further demonstrate the potential of this deposition technique by manufacturing push-coated PSC-based semitransparent photovoltaic devices with a PCE of 4.23%, relatively neutral colors and an average visible transparency of 40.2%. Our work thus confirms that push-coating is not limited to the widely employed poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) but can also be used with low band gap copolymers and opens the path to low-cost and eco-friendly, yet efficient and stable PSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Inaba
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka , Chofu City , 182-8585 Tokyo , Japan
| | - Ryosuke Arai
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences , Sophia University , 7-1 Kioicho , Chiyoda Ward , 102-8554 Tokyo , Japan
| | - Geanina Mihai
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology , University Politehnica of Bucharest , Splaiul Independentei nr. 313 , 060042 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Oana Lazar
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology , University Politehnica of Bucharest , Splaiul Independentei nr. 313 , 060042 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Calin Moise
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology , University Politehnica of Bucharest , Splaiul Independentei nr. 313 , 060042 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Marius Enachescu
- Center for Surface Science and Nanotechnology , University Politehnica of Bucharest , Splaiul Independentei nr. 313 , 060042 Bucharest , Romania
| | - Yuko Takeoka
- Department of Materials & Life Sciences , Sophia University , 7-1 Kioicho , Chiyoda Ward , 102-8554 Tokyo , Japan
| | - Varun Vohra
- Department of Engineering Science , University of Electro-Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka , Chofu City , 182-8585 Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Galeotti F, Pisco M, Cusano A. Self-assembly on optical fibers: a powerful nanofabrication tool for next generation "lab-on-fiber" optrodes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22673-22700. [PMID: 30500026 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly offers a unique resource for the preparation of discrete structures at the nano- and microscale, which are either not accessible by other fabrication techniques or require highly expensive and technologically demanding processes. The possibility of obtaining spontaneous organization of separated components, whether they are molecules, polymers, nano- or micro-objects, into a larger functional unit, enables the development of ready-to-use plug and play devices and components at lower costs. Expanding the applicability of self-assembly approaches at the nanoscale to non-conventional substrates would open up new avenues towards multifunctional platforms customized for specific applications. Recently, the combination of the amazing morphological and optical features of self-assembled patterns with the intrinsic properties of optical fibers to conduct light to a remote location has demonstrated the potentiality to open up new intriguing scenarios featuring unprecedented functionalities and performances. The integration of advanced materials and structures at the nanoscale with optical fiber substrates is the idea behind the so-called lab-on-fiber technology, which is an emerging technology at the forefront of nanophotonics and nanotechnology research. Self-assembly processes can have a key role in implementing cost-effective solutions suitable for the mass production of technologically advanced platforms based on optical fibers towards their real market exploitation. Novel lab-on-fiber optrodes would arise from the sustainable integration of functional materials at the nano- and microscale onto optical fiber substrates. Such devices are able to be easily integrated in hypodermic needles and catheters for in vivo theranostics and point-of-care diagnostics, opening up new frontiers in multidisciplinary technological development to be exploited in life science applications. This work is conceived to provide an overview of the latest strategies, based on self-assembly processes, which have been implemented for the realization of lab-on-fiber optrodes with particular emphasis on the perspectives and challenges that lie ahead. We discuss the main fabrication techniques and strategies aimed at developing new multifunctional optical fiber nanoprobes and their application in real scenarios. Finally, we highlight some of the other self-assembly processes that have not yet been applied to optical fiber sensors, but have the potentiality to be exploited in the fabrication of future lab-on-fiber devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Galeotti
- Istituto per lo Studio delle Macromolecole, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISMAC-CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - M Pisco
- Divisione di Optoelettronica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - A Cusano
- Divisione di Optoelettronica, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università del Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vohra V. Can Polymer Solar Cells Open the Path to Sustainable and Efficient Photovoltaic Windows Fabrication? CHEM REC 2018; 19:1166-1178. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Vohra
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of Electro-communications 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu City Tokyo 182-8585 Japan
| |
Collapse
|