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Wiltshire BD, Alijani M, Sopha H, Pavliňák D, Hromadko L, Zazpe R, Thalluri SM, Kolibalova E, Macak JM, Zarifi MH. Gigahertz-Based Visible Light Detection Enabled via CdS-Coated TiO 2 Nanotube Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18379-18390. [PMID: 37010878 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Detection of visible light is a key component in material characterization techniques and often a key component of quality or purity control analyses for health and safety applications. Here in this work, to enable visible light detection at gigahertz frequencies, a planar microwave resonator is integrated with high aspect ratio TiO2 nanotube (TNT) layer-sensitized CdS coating using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. This unique method of visible light detection with microwave-based sensing improves integration of the light detection devices with digital technology. The designed planar microwave resonator sensor was implemented and tested with resonant frequency between 8.2 and 8.4 GHz and a resonant amplitude between -15 and -25 dB, depending on the wavelength of the illuminated light illumination on the nanotubes. The ALD CdS coating sensitized the nanotubes in visible light up to ∼650 nm wavelengths, as characterized by visible spectroscopy. Furthermore, CdS-coated TNT layer integration with the planar resonator sensor allowed for development of a robust microwave sensing platform with improved sensitivity to green and red light (60 and 1300%, respectively) compared to the blank TNT layers. Moreover, the CdS coating of the TNT layer enhanced the sensor's response to light exposure and resulted in shorter recovery times once the light source was removed. Despite having a CdS coating, the sensor was capable of detecting blue and UV light; however, refining the sensitizing layer could potentially enhance its sensitivity to specific wavelengths of light in certain applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Wiltshire
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications (OMEGA) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mahnaz Alijani
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications (OMEGA) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna V1V 1V7, Canada
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Hanna Sopha
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - David Pavliňák
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Hromadko
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Raul Zazpe
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Sitaramanjaneya M Thalluri
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kolibalova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Jan M Macak
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad H Zarifi
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications (OMEGA) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna V1V 1V7, Canada
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Wiltshire BD, Alijani M, Mohammadi S, Hosseini A, Macak JM, Zarifi MH. High-Frequency TiO 2 Nanotube-Adapted Microwave Coplanar Waveguide Resonator for High-Sensitivity Ultraviolet Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:6203-6211. [PMID: 35073695 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) sensors are a key component in growing applications such as water quality treatment and environmental monitoring, with considerable interest in their miniaturization and enhanced operation. This work presents a passive gold coplanar waveguide split ring resonator integrated with anodic self-organized TiO2 nanotube (TNT) membranes with a thickness of 20 μm to provide real-time UV detection. The resonator operated as a one-port device to capture the reflection coefficient (S11) signal, with a center frequency of 16 GHz and a notch amplitude of -88 dB. It was experimentally analyzed for its UV sensing capability in the range of 36.5-463 μW/cm2. The high-frequency resonator was improved through design choices including the addition of a tapered input transmission line, wire bonding for practical device design, and an interdigitated capacitive ring gap. The high frequency also helped mitigate noise due to water vapor or environmental contaminants. S11 amplitude variation was found through both experiments and modeling to follow a linear trend with UV illumination intensity. The resonator exhibited over 45 ± 2 dB shift in the resonant amplitude under the highest UV illumination conditions, with a sensitivity of 0.084 dB/μW cm-2 and the potential to sense UV intensity as low as 2.7 μW/cm2. The presented device enabled a repeatable and accurate microwave response under UV illumination with very high sensitivity, entirely through the use of passive circuit elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Wiltshire
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications (OMEGA) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mahnaz Alijani
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications (OMEGA) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V1V 1V7, Canada
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Sevda Mohammadi
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications (OMEGA) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Arezoo Hosseini
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications (OMEGA) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jan M Macak
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno 61200, Czech Republic
- Center of Materials and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Nam. Cs. Legii 565, Pardubice 53002, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammad H Zarifi
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications (OMEGA) Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V1V 1V7, Canada
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Wiltshire BD, Mirshahidi K, Nadaraja AV, Shabanian S, Hajiraissi R, Zarifi MH, Golovin K. Oleophobic textiles with embedded liquid and vapor hazard detection using differential planar microwave resonators. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124945. [PMID: 33418298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Protective clothing must repel hazardous liquids such as oils, acids, and solvents, which often exhibit low surface tension. The low surface tension liquid repellency of textiles is currently characterized qualitatively, considering only the first thirty seconds of wetting. This study demonstrates that embedded sensors within protective fabrics can more fully characterize liquid repellency while simultaneously detecting the hazardous substance. The liquid repellency of oleophobic textiles was detected in-situ using differential planar microwave resonator structures. A differential split ring resonator was designed with resonant responses at 4.4 and 4.6 GHz with a sensitivity of 50 MHz per unit ε. Fabrics were rendered oleophobic by dip-coating. The liquid repellency was monitored in-situ using droplets of heptane, octane, decane, dodecane, and water. Wetting transitions and droplet evaporation were identified in real time. The 4.4 GHz resonance peak's shift was used to measure the liquid repellency, whereas the 4.6 GHz resonator monitored the liquid's vapor as it absorbed into a gas-sensitive elastomer. The microwave response was tracked over 10 h every 15 s, and this transient data could identify the liquids based on their wetting and evaporation rates. Such sensors could be readily embedded in oleophobic textiles and enhance personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Wiltshire
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Kiana Mirshahidi
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Anupama Vijaya Nadaraja
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sadaf Shabanian
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Roozbeh Hajiraissi
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Zarifi
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Kevin Golovin
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Kozak R, Wiltshire BD, Khandoker MAR, Golovin K, Zarifi MH. Modified Microwave Sensor with a Patterned Ground Heater for Detection and Prevention of Ice Accumulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55483-55492. [PMID: 33241686 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ice accumulation on aircraft is known to negatively impact the aerodynamic and mechanical operation, sometimes resulting in catastrophic failure. Recently, microwave resonators have gained interest as durable and reliable frost and ice detectors. Here, a microwave resonator sensor with built-in heating capability patterned into the ground plane was designed, fabricated, and tested to investigate real-time ice and frost growth. Sensing was performed on surfaces with anti-icing coatings to quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of these materials. The sensor was also tested to determine its ability to evaluate different deicing methods. The sensor itself was a split-ring resonator (SRR) operating at 5.82 GHz, which could effectively distinguish between water and ice by detecting changes in the dielectric properties on or around its surface. This application was particularly suited for an SRR due to the extreme difference between the relative permittivity of water (ε = 90) and ice (ε = 3.2) at 5 GHz and 0 °C. The results from this sensor can be used to determine the holdover time of various coatings to resist ice formation. This study validates the use of SRRs as ice detection sensors for applications where ice and frost are of great interest, such as on aircraft, roads, or walkways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kozak
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Benjamin Daniel Wiltshire
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Md Arifur Rahman Khandoker
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Kevin Golovin
- Okanagan Polymer Engineering Research & Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mohammad H Zarifi
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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Xue Y, Wang Y. A review of the α-Fe 2O 3 (hematite) nanotube structure: recent advances in synthesis, characterization, and applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10912-10932. [PMID: 32412037 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02705g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
α-Fe2O3 nanotubes are exceptional one-dimensional transition metal oxide materials with low density, large surface area, promising electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties, which are widely investigated in lithium-ion batteries, photoelectrochemical devices, gas sensors, and catalysis. They have drawn significant attention to the fields of energy storage and conversion, and environmental sensing and remediation due to the increase in the global energy crisis and environmental pollution. Many efforts have been made toward controlling the morphology or impurity doping to improve the intrinsic properties of α-Fe2O3 nanotubes. In this review, we introduce the synthesis methods and physicochemical properties of α-Fe2O3 nanotubes. The fabrication conditions, which are important for the physicochemical properties of materials, are also listed to describe the synthesis processes. Furthermore, the development and breakthrough of various applications in batteries, supercapacitors, photoelectrochemical devices, environmental remediation, and sensors are systematically reviewed. Finally, some of the current challenges and future perspectives for α-Fe2O3 nanotubes are discussed. We believe that this timely and critical mini-review will stimulate extensive studies and attract more attention, further improving the development of the α-Fe2O3 (hematite) nanotube structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Xue
- College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunting Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
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