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Sun B, Sun Z, Yang Y, Huang XL, Jun SC, Zhao C, Xue J, Liu S, Liu HK, Dou SX. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Their Composites and Derivatives for Rechargeable Metal-Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:28-66. [PMID: 38117556 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted considerable interest in the field of rechargeable batteries owing to their three-dimensional (3D) varied pore sizes, inerratic porous structures, abundant redox-active sites, and customizable structure-adjustable frameworks. In the context of metal-ion batteries, these materials play a vital role in electrode materials, effectively addressing critical issues such as low ionic conductivity, limited specific capacity, and unstable structural integrity. However, the electrochemical characteristics of the developed COFs still fall short of practical battery requirements due to inherent issues such as low electronic conductivity, the tradeoff between capacity and redox potential, and unfavorable micromorphology. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the application of COFs, COF-based composites, and their derivatives in rechargeable metal-ion batteries, including lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur, sodium-ion, sodium-sulfur, potassium-ion, zinc-ion, and other multivalent metal-ion batteries. The operational mechanisms of COFs, COF-based composites, and their derivatives in rechargeable batteries are elucidated, along with the strategies implemented to enhance the electrochemical properties and broaden the range of their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Sun
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixu Sun
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Long Huang
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Seong Chan Jun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Energy Storage Materials and Processes, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Xue
- Key Lab for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shude Liu
- College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong,Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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2
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Liu J, Wu M, Wu L, Liang Y, Tang ZB, Jiang L, Bian L, Liang K, Zheng X, Liu Z. Infinite Twisted Polycatenanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314481. [PMID: 37794215 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly[n]catenanes have exceptional mechanical bonding properties that give them tremendous potential for use in the development of molecular machines and soft materials. Synthesizing these compounds has, however, proven to be a formidable challenge. Herein, we describe a concise method for the construction of twisted polycatenanes. Our approach involves using preorganized double helicates as templates, linked crosswise in a linear fashion by either silver ions or triple bonds. By using this approach, we successfully synthesized twisted polycatenanes with both coordination and covalent bonding employing Ag(I) ions and ethynylene units, respectively, as the linkages and leveraging the same Ag(I)-templated double helicate in both cases. Synthesis with Ag(I) ions formed a single-crystalline one-dimensional (1D) coordination poly[n]catenane, and synthesis using ethynylene units generated 1D fibers which self-assembled with solvents to form a gel. Our results confirm the potential of multi-stranded metallohelicates for creating sophisticated mechanically interlocked molecules and polymers, which could pave the way for exploration in the realms of molecular nanotopology and materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Mengqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Yimin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Zheng-Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Lifang Bian
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Kejiang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Xiaorui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, School of Engineering, and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310030, China
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3
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Han D, Zhai L, Mi L. Recent Progress in Design Principles of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Rechargeable Metal-Ion Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300687. [PMID: 37568245 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are acknowledged as a new generation of crystalline organic materials and have garnered tremendous attention owing to their unique advantages of structural tunability, frameworks diversity, functional versatility, and diverse applications in drug delivery, adsorption/separation, catalysis, optoelectronics, and sensing, etc. Recently, COFs is proven to be promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage materials. Their chemical compositions and structures can be precisely tuned and functionalized at the molecular level, allowing a comprehensive understanding of COFs that helps to make full use of their features and addresses the inherent drawback based on the components and functions of the devices. In this review, the working mechanisms and the distinguishing advantages of COFs as electrodes for rechargeable Li-ion batteries are discussed in detail. Especially, principles and strategies for the rational design of COFs as advanced electrode materials in Li-ion batteries are systematically summarized. Finally, this review is structured to cover recent explorations and applications of COF electrode materials in other rechargeable metal-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, P. R. China
| | - Diandian Han
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, P. R. China
| | - Lipeng Zhai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Mi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Functional Salt Materials, Center for Advanced Materials Research, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450007, P. R. China
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Jia M, Zhang L, Yuan Q. Application of New COF Materials in Secondary Battery Anode Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:5953. [PMID: 37630205 PMCID: PMC10459619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic framework materials (COFs), as a new type of organic porous material, not only have the characteristics of flexible structure, abundant resources, environmental friendliness, etc., but also have the characteristics of a regular structure and uniform pore channels, so they have broad application prospects in secondary batteries. Their functional group structure, type, and number of active sites play a crucial role in the performance of different kinds of batteries. Therefore, this article starts from these aspects, summarizes the application and research progress of the COF anode materials used in lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and potassium-ion batteries in recent years, discusses the energy storage mechanism of COF materials, and expounds the application prospects of COF electrodes in the field of energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jia
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Lixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Qiong Yuan
- College of Chemical and Food, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450044, China;
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5
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Lee M, Kim MS, Oh JM, Park JK, Paek SM. Hybridization of Layered Titanium Oxides and Covalent Organic Nanosheets into Hollow Spheres for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries with Boosted Electrical/Ionic Conductivity and Ultralong Cycle Life. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3019-3036. [PMID: 36700565 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While development of a sodium-ion battery (SIB) cathode has been approached by various routes, research on compatible anodes for advanced SIB systems has not been sufficiently addressed. The anode materials based on titanium oxide typically show low electrical performances in SIB systems primarily due to their low electrical/ionic conductivity. Thus, in this work, layered titanium oxides were hybridized with covalent organic nanosheets (CONs), which exhibited excellent electrical conductivity, to be used as anodes in SIBs. Moreover, to enlarge the accessible areas for sodium ions, the morphology of the hybrid was formulated in the form of a hollow sphere (HS), leading to the highly enhanced ionic conductivity. This synthesis method was based on the expectation of synergetic effects since titanium oxide provides direct electrostatic sodiation sites that shield organic components and CON supports high electrical and ionic conductivity with polarizable sodiation sites. Therefore, the hybrid shows enhanced and stable electrochemical performances as an anode for up to 2600 charge/discharge cycles compared to the HS without CONs. Furthermore, the best reversible capacities obtained from the hybrid were 426.2 and 108.5 mAh/g at current densities of 100 and 6000 mA/g, which are noteworthy results for the TiO2-based material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseop Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kuen Park
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 17035, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Paek
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Rani Kumar N, Agrawal AR. Advances in the Chemistry of 2,4,6-Tri(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202200203. [PMID: 36599693 PMCID: PMC9812756 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic systems are now considered to be an integral part of material chemistry. Thiophene, selenophene, furan, pyrrole, carbazole, triazine and others are some such examples worth mentioning. 2,4,6-Tri(thiophen-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine is a C3h -symmetric system with thiophene as the donor unit and s-triazine as the acceptor unit. This review gives an insight into the advances made in the thienyl-triazine chemistry over the past two to three decades. The synthetic pathways for arriving at this system and all its important derivatives are provided. The major focus is on the materials synthesized using the thienyl-triazine system, including star molecules, linear and hyperbranched polymers, porous materials and their diverse applications. This review will play a catalytic role for new dimensions to be explored in thienyl-triazine chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rani Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Dhemaji CollegeDhemaji787057, AssamIndia
| | - Abhijeet R. Agrawal
- Institute of ChemistryThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra CampusJerusalem91904Israel
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7
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Molecular and Morphological Engineering of Organic Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganic electrode materials (OEMs) can deliver remarkable battery performance for metal-ion batteries (MIBs) due to their unique molecular versatility, high flexibility, versatile structures, sustainable organic resources, and low environmental costs. Therefore, OEMs are promising, green alternatives to the traditional inorganic electrode materials used in state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries. Before OEMs can be widely applied, some inherent issues, such as their low intrinsic electronic conductivity, significant solubility in electrolytes, and large volume change, must be addressed. In this review, the potential roles, energy storage mechanisms, existing challenges, and possible solutions to address these challenges by using molecular and morphological engineering are thoroughly summarized and discussed. Molecular engineering, such as grafting electron-withdrawing or electron-donating functional groups, increasing various redox-active sites, extending conductive networks, and increasing the degree of polymerization, can enhance the electrochemical performance, including its specific capacity (such as the voltage output and the charge transfer number), rate capability, and cycling stability. Morphological engineering facilitates the preparation of different dimensional OEMs (including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D OEMs) via bottom-up and top-down methods to enhance their electron/ion diffusion kinetics and stabilize their electrode structure. In summary, molecular and morphological engineering can offer practical paths for developing advanced OEMs that can be applied in next-generation rechargeable MIBs.
Graphical abstract
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8
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Ding H, Mal A, Wang C. Energy Storage in Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Design Principles to Device Integration. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-1494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Luo XX, Li WH, Liang HJ, Zhang HX, Du KD, Wang XT, Liu XF, Zhang JP, Wu XL. Covalent Organic Framework with Highly Accessible Carbonyls and π-Cation Effect for Advanced Potassium-Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117661. [PMID: 35034424 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COF) possess a robust and porous crystalline structure, making them an appealing candidate for energy storage. Herein, we report an exfoliated polyimide COF composite (P-COF@SWCNT) prepared by an in situ condensation of anhydride and amine on the single-walled carbon nanotubes as advanced anode for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Numerous active sites exposed on the exfoliated frameworks and the various open pathways promote the highly efficient ion diffusion in the P-COF@SWCNT while preventing irreversible dissolution in the electrolyte. During the charging/discharging process, K+ is engaged in the carbonyls of imide group and naphthalene rings through the enolization and π-K+ effect, which is demonstrated by the DFT calculation and XPS, ex-situ FTIR, Raman. As a result, the prepared P-COF@SWCNT anode enables an incredibly high reversible specific capacity of 438 mA h g-1 at 0.05 A g-1 and extended stability. The structural advantage of P-COF@SWCNT enables more insights into the design and versatility of COF as an electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Luo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Di Du
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Fang Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Long Wu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China.,MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
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Luo X, Li W, Liang H, Zhang H, Du K, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang J, Wu X. Covalent Organic Framework with Highly Accessible Carbonyls and π‐Cation Effect for Advanced Potassium‐Ion Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Xi Luo
- Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Hao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Hao‐Jie Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Xia Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Kai‐Di Du
- Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Tong Wang
- Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Fang Liu
- Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Jing‐Ping Zhang
- Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Xing‐Long Wu
- Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
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Wang J, Wang K, Xu Y. Emerging Two-Dimensional Covalent and Coordination Polymers for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries: From Liquid to Solid. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19026-19053. [PMID: 34842431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) have attracted much attention in recent years because of their high theoretical capacity (3860 mAh g-1) and low electrochemical potential (-3.040 V vs standard hydrogen electrode). Lithium metal can be coupled with various cathodes to construct high-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) which hold great promise for next-generation batteries. However, the unstable solid electrolyte interphases (SEIs) and the uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth severely hinder the commercial development of LMAs. The emerging 2D polymers (2DPs), which possess high mechanical flexibility, high specific surface area, abundant surface chemistry, and rich chemical modification characteristics, have shown great advantages in addressing the inherent issues of LMAs. Herein, the current progress of 2DPs for stable and dendrite-free LMAs in liquid- and solid-based batteries is comprehensively reviewed. Some perspectives for the application of 2DPs in LMBs are also discussed. It is believed that the emerging 2DPs will provide insights into developing high-energy-density LMBs and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Northeast Center for Chemical Energy Storage (NECCES), Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Kaixi Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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Chen S, Wang S, Xue X, Zhao J, Du H. The Synthesis of a Covalent Organic Framework from Thiophene Armed Triazine and EDOT and Its Application as Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Battery. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3300. [PMID: 34641116 PMCID: PMC8512810 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a class of redox active materials with some preferable properties, including rigid structure, insoluble characters, and large amounts of nitrogen atoms, covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) have been frequently adopted as electrode materials in Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a triazine-based covalent organic framework employing 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) as the bridging unit is synthesized by the presence of carbon powder through Stille coupling reaction. The carbon powder was added in an in-situ manner to overcome the low intrinsic conductivity of the polymer, which led to the formation of the polymer@C composite (PTT-O@C, PTT-O is a type of CTFs). The composite material is then employed in LIBs as anode material. The designed polymer shows a narrow band gap of 1.84 eV, proving the effectiveness of the nitrogen-enriched triazine unit in reducing the band gap of the resultant polymers. The CV results showed that the redox potential of the composite (vs. Li/Li+) is around 1.0 V, which makes it suitable to be used as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries. The composite material could exhibit the stable specific capacity of 645 mAh/g at 100 mA/g and 435 mAh/g at 500 mA/g, respectively, much higher than the pure carbon materials, indicating the good reversibility of the material. This work provides some additional information on electrochemical performance of the triazine and EDOT based CTFs, which is helpful for developing a deep understanding of the structure-performance correlations of the CTFs as anode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Shukun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Xin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China; (S.W.); (X.X.)
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Hongmei Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
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13
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Lee M, Kim MS, Oh JM, Park JK, Paek SM. Two-Dimensional Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Nanosheet Electrodes for Enhanced Electrical Conductivity toward Stable and High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3244-3256. [PMID: 34105260 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of electrical conductivity on the energy-storage characteristics of anode materials in sodium-ion batteries, covalent organic nanosheets (CONs) are hybridized with highly conductive graphene nanosheets (GNs) via two different optimized synthesis routes, that is, reflux and solvothermal methods. The reflux-synthesized hybrid shows a well-overlapped 2D structure, whereas the solvothermally prepared hybrid forms a segregated phase in which the contact area between the CONs and GNs is reduced. These two hybrids synthesized by facile methods are fully characterized, and the results reveal that their energy-storage properties can be significantly improved by enhancing the electrical conductivity via the formation of a well-overlapped structure between CONs and GNs. The discharge capacity and rate capability of the reflux-synthesized hybrid was considerably larger than that of the bare CONs, highlighting that the improvement in the charge-carrier transport properties can improve the accessibility of Na ions to the surface of the hybrids. This synthetic methodology can be extended to the fabrication of high-performance anodes for Na-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseop Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sung Kim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 449-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kuen Park
- Department of Chemistry, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, 449-791, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Paek
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
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14
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Challenges and perspectives of covalent organic frameworks for advanced alkali-metal ion batteries. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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15
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Yao J, Zhang H, Zhao Z, Zhu Z, Yao J, Zheng X, Yang Y. Melamine-assisted synthesis of porous V 2O 3/N-doped carbon hollow nanospheres for efficient sodium-ion storage. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3867-3873. [PMID: 33666605 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium-based oxides with relatively high theoretical capacity have been regarded as promising electrode materials for boosting energy conversion and storage. However, their poor electrical conductivity usually leads to unsatisfied performance and poor cycling stability. Herein, uniform V2O3/N-doped carbon hollow nanospheres (V2O3/NC HSs) with mesoporous structures were successfully synthesized through a melamine-assisted simple hydrothermal reaction and carbonization treatment. We demonstrated that the introduction of melamine played an essential role in the construction of V2O3/NC HSs. Benefitting from the special mesoporous structure and large specific surface area, the as-obtained sample exhibited enhanced conductivity and structural stability. As a proof of concept, well-defined V2O3/NC HSs exhibited excellent cycling stability and rate performance for sodium-ion batteries, and achieved a discharge capacity of 263.8 mA h g-1 at a current density of 1.0 A g-1 after 1000 cycles, one of the best performances of V-based compounds. The enhanced performance could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the hollow structure and surface carbon coating. The present work describes the design of the morphology and structure of vanadium-based oxides for energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, School of Chemical and Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
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16
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Asadi P, Falsafin M, Dinari M. Construction of new covalent organic frameworks with benzimidazole moiety as Fe3+ selective fluorescence chemosensors. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Chen X, Feng X, Ren B, Jiang L, Shu H, Yang X, Chen Z, Sun X, Liu E, Gao P. High Rate and Long Lifespan Sodium-Organic Batteries Using Pseudocapacitive Porphyrin Complexes-Based Cathode. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:71. [PMID: 34138295 PMCID: PMC8187698 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS Functionalized porphyrin complexes are proposed as new pseudocapacitive cathodes for SIBs based on four-electron transfer. The presence of copper(II) ion partially contributes the charge storage and significantly stabilizes the structure of porphyrin complex for electrochemical energy storage. The electrochemical polymerization of porphyrin complex through the ethynyl groups in self-stabilization process contributes to high rate capability and excellent cycling stability. ABSTRACT Sodium-organic batteries utilizing natural abundance of sodium element and renewable active materials gain great attentions for grid-scale applications. However, the development is still limited by lack of suitable organic cathode materials with high electronic conductivity that can be operated stably in liquid electrolyte. Herein, we present 5,15-bis(ethynyl)-10,20-diphenylporphyrin (DEPP) and [5,15-bis(ethynyl)-10,20-diphenylporphinato]copper(II) (CuDEPP) as new cathodes for extremely stable sodium-organic batteries. The copper(II) ion partially contributes the charge storage and significantly stabilizes the structure of porphyrin complex for electrochemical energy storage. In situ electrochemical stabilization of organic cathode with a lower charging current density was identified which enables both improved high energy density and power density. An excellent long-term cycling stability up to 600 cycles and an extremely high power density of 28 kW kg−1 were achieved for porphyrin-based cathode. This observation would open new pathway for developing highly stable sodium-organic cathode for electrochemical energy storage. [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article (10.1007/s40820-021-00593-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangzhu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Shu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiukang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Chemistry and Enviromental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiujuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Enhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, 411105, People's Republic of China.
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18
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van der Jagt R, Vasileiadis A, Veldhuizen H, Shao P, Feng X, Ganapathy S, Habisreutinger NC, van der Veen MA, Wang C, Wagemaker M, van der Zwaag S, Nagai A. Synthesis and Structure-Property Relationships of Polyimide Covalent Organic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Capture and (Aqueous) Sodium-Ion Batteries. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:818-833. [PMID: 33603278 PMCID: PMC7879495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging material family having several potential applications. Their porous framework and redox-active centers enable gas/ion adsorption, allowing them to function as safe, cheap, and tunable electrode materials in next-generation batteries, as well as CO2 adsorption materials for carbon-capture applications. Herein, we develop four polyimide COFs by combining aromatic triamines with aromatic dianhydrides and provide detailed structural and electrochemical characterization. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and powder X-ray diffraction, we achieve a detailed structural characterization, where DFT calculations reveal that the imide bonds prefer to form at an angle with one another, breaking the 2D symmetry, which shrinks the pore width and elongates the pore walls. The eclipsed perpendicular stacking is preferable, while sliding of the COF sheets is energetically accessible in a relatively flat energy landscape with a few metastable regions. We investigate the potential use of these COFs in CO2 adsorption and electrochemical applications. The adsorption and electrochemical properties are related to the structural and chemical characteristics of each COF, giving new insights for advanced material designs. For CO2 adsorption specifically, the two best performing COFs originated from the same triamine building block, which-in combination with force-field calculations-revealed unexpected structure-property relationships. Specific geometries provide a useful framework for Na-ion intercalation with retainable capacities and stable cycle life at a relatively high working potential (>1.5 V vs Na/Na+). Although this capacity is low compared to conventional inorganic Li-ion materials, we show as a proof of principle that these COFs are especially promising for sustainable, safe, and stable Na-aqueous batteries due to the combination of their working potentials and their insoluble nature in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco van der Jagt
- Storage
of Electrochemical Energy, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandros Vasileiadis
- Storage
of Electrochemical Energy, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Veldhuizen
- Novel
Aerospace Materials, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pengpeng Shao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Feng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Swapna Ganapathy
- Storage
of Electrochemical Energy, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas C. Habisreutinger
- Novel
Aerospace Materials, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Monique A. van der Veen
- Catalysis
Engineering, Technische Universiteit Delft, Van der Maasweg 9 1, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Wang
- Storage
of Electrochemical Energy, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix Wagemaker
- Storage
of Electrochemical Energy, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand van der Zwaag
- Novel
Aerospace Materials, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 GB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Atsushi Nagai
- Novel
Aerospace Materials, Technische Universiteit
Delft, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 GB Delft, The Netherlands
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19
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Schneemann A, Dong R, Schwotzer F, Zhong H, Senkovska I, Feng X, Kaskel S. 2D framework materials for energy applications. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1600-1619. [PMID: 34163921 PMCID: PMC8179301 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05889k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years a massive increase in publications on conventional 2D materials (graphene, h-BN, MoS2) is documented, accompanied by the transfer of the 2D concept to porous (crystalline) materials, such as ordered 2D layered polymers, covalent-organic frameworks, and metal-organic frameworks. Over the years, the 3D frameworks have gained a lot of attention for use in applications, ranging from electronic devices to catalysis, and from information to separation technologies, mostly due to the modular construction concept and exceptionally high porosity. A key challenge lies in the implementation of these materials into devices arising from the deliberate manipulation of properties upon delamination of their layered counterparts, including an increase in surface area, higher diffusivity, better access to surface sites and a change in the band structure. Within this minireview, we would like to highlight recent achievements in the synthesis of 2D framework materials and their advantages for certain applications, and give some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schneemann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Bergstr. 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Friedrich Schwotzer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Bergstr. 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Haixia Zhong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Bergstr. 66 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED), Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Bergstr. 66 01069 Dresden Germany
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20
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21
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Desai AV, Morris RE, Armstrong AR. Advances in Organic Anode Materials for Na-/K-Ion Rechargeable Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4866-4884. [PMID: 32672396 PMCID: PMC7540706 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices are gaining ever greater prominence in the quest for global energy security. With increasing applications and widening scope, rechargeable battery technology is gradually finding avenues for more abundant and sustainable systems such as Na-ion (NIB) and K-ion batteries (KIB). Development of suitable electrode materials lies at the core of this transition. Organic redox-active molecules are attractive candidates as negative electrode materials owing to their low redox potentials and the fact that they can be obtained from biomass. Also, the rich structural diversity allows integration into several solid-state polymeric materials. Research in this domain is increasingly focused on deploying molecular engineering to address specific electrochemical limitations that hamper competition with rival materials. This Minireview aims to summarize the advances in both the electrochemical properties and the materials development of organic anode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamod V. Desai
- EastChem School of ChemistryUniversity of St. AndrewsNorth HaughSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
- The Faraday InstitutionQuad One Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0RAUnited Kingdom
| | - Russell E. Morris
- EastChem School of ChemistryUniversity of St. AndrewsNorth HaughSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
- The Faraday InstitutionQuad One Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0RAUnited Kingdom
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCharles UniversityHlavova 8128 43Prague 2Czech Republic
| | - A. Robert Armstrong
- EastChem School of ChemistryUniversity of St. AndrewsNorth HaughSt. AndrewsKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
- The Faraday InstitutionQuad One Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOX11 0RAUnited Kingdom
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22
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Wang Z, Jin W, Huang X, Lu G, Li Y. Covalent Organic Frameworks as Electrode Materials for Metal Ion Batteries: A Current Review. CHEM REC 2020; 20:1198-1219. [PMID: 32881320 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the world moves toward electromobility, our daily lives are flooded with variety of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), and the concerns of cost, safety and environmental friendliness of LIBs spring up in the minds of scientists. Although organic electrodes have been considered as promising alternatives to their inorganic counterparts, some intrinsic weaknesses still plague scientists, such as high solubility, low conductivity and sluggish ion diffusion. The emergence of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) attracts our attention because of their robust networks and open pores that could facilitate the infiltration of electrolyte ions when used as electrodes for metal-ion batteries (MIBs). In this review, we summarized the recent progress of COFs as electrode materials, and the strategies toward enhancing electrochemical performance of COF-based electrode in MIBs are discussed. Hopefully, this review will provide a fundamental guidance for future development of COF-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Weize Jin
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,School of Physical Science & Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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23
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A Triformylphloroglucinol-based Covalent Organic Polymer: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Application in Visible-light-driven Oxidative Coupling Reactions of Primary Amines. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-8008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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24
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Lee W, Lee M, Paek S. Exfoliation of
Na
2
Ti
3
O
7
into Colloidal Nanosheets with Enhanced Discharge Capacity. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won‐Jae Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Minseop Lee
- Department of Chemistry Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Min Paek
- Department of Chemistry Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of Korea
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Jiujiang University Qianjin East Road 551 Jiujiang P. R. China 332005
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai P. R. China 200444
| | - Weiwei Sun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai P. R. China 200444
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai P. R. China 200444
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26
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Haldar S, Kaleeswaran D, Rase D, Roy K, Ogale S, Vaidhyanathan R. Tuning the electronic energy level of covalent organic frameworks for crafting high-rate Na-ion battery anode. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1264-1273. [PMID: 32647840 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00187b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) possess ordered accessible nano-channels. When these channels are decorated with redox-active functional groups, they can serve as the anode in metal ion batteries (LIB and SIB). Though sodium's superior relative abundance makes it a better choice over lithium, the energetically unfavourable intercalation of the larger sodium ion makes it incompatible with the commercial graphite anodes used in Li-ion batteries. Also, their sluggish movement inside the electrodes restricts the fast sodiation of SIB. Creating an electronic driving force at the electrodes via chemical manipulation can be a versatile approach to overcome this issue. Herein, we present anodes for SIB drawn on three isostructural COFs with nearly the same Highest Occupied Molecular Orbitals (HOMO) levels but with varying Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals (LUMO) energy levels. This variation in the LUMO levels has been deliberately obtained by the inclusion of electron-deficient centers (phenyl vs. tetrazine vs. bispyridine-tetrazine) substituents into the modules that make up the COF. With the reduction in the cell-potential, the electrons accumulate in the anti-bonding LUMO. Now, these electron-dosed LUMO levels become efficient anodes for attracting the otherwise sluggish sodium ions from the electrolyte. Also, the intrinsic porosity of the COF favors the lodging and diffusion of the Na+ ions. Cells made with these COFs achieve a high specific capacity (energy density) and rate performance (rapid charging-discharging), something that is not as easy for Na+ compared to the much smaller sized Li+. The bispyridine-tetrazine COF with the lowest LUMO energy shows a specific capacity of 340 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 and 128 mA h g-1 at a high current density of 15 A g-1. Only a 24% drop appears on increasing the current density from 0.1 to 1 A g-1, which is the lowest among all the top-performing COF derived Na-ion battery anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattwick Haldar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.
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27
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Zhang K, Kirlikovali KO, Varma RS, Jin Z, Jang HW, Farha OK, Shokouhimehr M. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Emerging Organic Solid Materials for Energy and Electrochemical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27821-27852. [PMID: 32469503 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), materials constructed from organic building blocks joined by robust covalent bonds, have emerged as attractive materials in the context of electrochemical applications because of their high, intrinsic porosities and crystalline frameworks, as well as their ability to be tuned across two- and three-dimensions by the judicious selection of building blocks. Because of the recent and rapid development of this field, we have summarized COFs employed for electrochemical applications, such as batteries and capacitors, water splitting, solar cells, and sensors, with an emphasis on the structural design and resulting performance of the targeted electrochemical system. Overall, we anticipate this review will stimulate the design and synthesis of the next generation of COFs for use in electrochemical applications and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiqiang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kent O Kirlikovali
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston 60208, Illinois United States
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zhong Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute of Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston 60208, Illinois United States
| | - Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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28
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Wang J, Li N, Xu Y, Pang H. Two‐Dimensional MOF and COF Nanosheets: Synthesis and Applications in Electrochemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:6402-6422. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Xu
- Guangling CollegeYangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 Jiangsu P. R. China
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29
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Kong L, Zhong M, Shuang W, Xu Y, Bu XH. Electrochemically active sites inside crystalline porous materials for energy storage and conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:2378-2407. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00880b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review provides references for the preparation of electroactive CPMs via rational design and modulation of active sites and the space around them, and their application in electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Ming Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Wei Shuang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
| | - Yunhua Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (MOE), and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Xian-He Bu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry
- National Institute for Advanced Materials
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
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30
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Li J, Jing X, Li Q, Li S, Gao X, Feng X, Wang B. Bulk COFs and COF nanosheets for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3565-3604. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00017e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The current advances, structure-property relationship and future perspectives in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and their nanosheets for electrochemical energy storage (EES) and conversion (EEC) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xuechun Jing
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Qingqing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Siwu Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xing Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Xiao Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
| | - Bo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
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31
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Shi X, Ma D, Xu F, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Table-salt enabled interface-confined synthesis of covalent organic framework (COF) nanosheets. Chem Sci 2019; 11:989-996. [PMID: 34084353 PMCID: PMC8146026 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05082e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are gaining tremendous interest for their potential applications in a diversity of fields. However, synthesis of COF nanosheets (CONs) usually suffers from tedious exfoliation processes and low yields. Herein, we present an exfoliation-free and scalable strategy to prepare few-layered CONs based on interface-confined synthesis, in which cheap and recyclable table salt (NaCl) is used as the sacrificial substrate. Salt particles are introduced into the reaction system, creating billions of solid-liquid interfaces. Oligomers formed upon the reaction between monomers are immediately adsorbed on salt surfaces, and the following polymerization leading to crystalline CONs is exclusively confined to salt surfaces. Salts can be easily removed by water washing, producing CONs with the thickness down to a few nanometers and lateral sizes up to hundreds of micrometers depending on the size of salt particles and the concentration of monomers. Four different kinds of CONs, both imine-linked and boron-containing, are synthesized from this generic method. As a demonstration, we prepare highly permeable and selective membranes using resultant CONs as building blocks. Thanks to the defect-free stacking of CONs with thin thicknesses and large lateral sizes on porous substrates, the membranes precisely separate similarly sized dyes while allowing ultrafast water permeation. This interface-confined strategy opens a new platform for the controllable and scalable synthesis of COF nanosheets and is essential for the burgeoning real-world applications of COFs in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiansong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Fang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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32
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Han H, Chen X, Qian J, Zhong F, Feng X, Chen W, Ai X, Yang H, Cao Y. Hollow carbon nanofibers as high-performance anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21999-22005. [PMID: 31710070 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07675a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hollow carbon nanofibers (HCNFs) are successfully fabricated by pyrolyzation of a polyaniline hollow nanofiber precursor. The as-prepared HCNFs as sodium storage anode materials exhibit a high reversible charge capacity of 326 mA h g-1 at 20 mA g-1, high rate capability (85 mA h g-1 at 1.6 A g-1) and superior cycling stability (a capacity retention of 70% even after 5000 cycles at 1.6 A g-1). Such a high performance of HCNFs can be ascribed to the special hollow structure characteristics; they possess a well fabricated electronic transport path and can shorten the ion diffusion distance. Therefore, the HCNFs can be regarded as promising anode materials for advanced sodium ion batteries (SIBs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Han
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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33
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34
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Khayum M A, Ghosh M, Vijayakumar V, Halder A, Nurhuda M, Kumar S, Addicoat M, Kurungot S, Banerjee R. Zinc ion interactions in a two-dimensional covalent organic framework based aqueous zinc ion battery. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8889-8894. [PMID: 31762974 PMCID: PMC6855258 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-dimensional structural features of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can promote the electrochemical storage of cations like H+, Li+, and Na+ through both faradaic and non-faradaic processes. However, the electrochemical storage of cations like Zn2+ ion is still unexplored although it bears a promising divalent charge. Herein, for the first time, we have utilized hydroquinone linked β-ketoenamine COF acting as a Zn2+ anchor in an aqueous rechargeable zinc ion battery. The charge-storage mechanism comprises of an efficient reversible interlayer interaction of Zn2+ ions with the functional moieties in the adjacent layers of COF (-182.0 kcal mol-1). Notably, due to the well-defined nanopores and structural organization, a constructed full cell, displays a discharge capacity as high as 276 mA h g-1 at a current rate of 125 mA g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khayum M
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh-201002 , India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Meena Ghosh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh-201002 , India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Vidyanand Vijayakumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh-201002 , India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Arjun Halder
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh-201002 , India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Maryam Nurhuda
- School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane , NG11 8NS Nottingham , UK
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Matthew Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology , Nottingham Trent University , Clifton Lane , NG11 8NS Nottingham , UK
| | - Sreekumar Kurungot
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) , Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh-201002 , India.,Physical and Materials Chemistry Division , CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Dr. Homi Bhabha Road , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) , Mohanpur Campus, Mohanpur , Kolkata , 741252 India .
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35
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Weeraratne KS, Alzharani AA, El-Kaderi HM. Redox-Active Porous Organic Polymers as Novel Electrode Materials for Green Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23520-23526. [PMID: 31180204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of redox-active organic materials in rechargeable batteries has the potential to transform the field by enabling lightweight, flexible, green batteries while replacing lithium with sodium would mitigate the limited supplies and high cost of lithium. Herein, we report the first use of highly porous azo-linked polymers (ALPs) as a new redox-active electrode material for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. ALPs are highly cross-linked polymers and therefore eliminate the solubility issue of organic electrodes in common electrolytes, which is prominent in small organic molecules and leads to fast capacity fading. Moreover, the high surface area coupled with the π-conjugated microporous nature of ALPs facilitates electrolyte adsorption in the pores and assists in fast ionic transport and charge transfer rates. An average specific capacity of 170 mA h g-1 at 0.3 C rate was attained while maintaining 96% Coulombic efficiency over 150 charge/discharge cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shamara Weeraratne
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , United States
| | - Ahmed A Alzharani
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , AlBaha University , Al-Baha 1988-65411 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani M El-Kaderi
- Department of Chemistry , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia 23284 , United States
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36
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Chen X, Zhang H, Ci C, Sun W, Wang Y. Few-Layered Boronic Ester Based Covalent Organic Frameworks/Carbon Nanotube Composites for High-Performance K-Organic Batteries. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3600-3607. [PMID: 30807104 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrodes for low-cost potassium ion batteries (PIBs) are attracting more interest by virtue of their molecular diversity, environmental friendliness, and operation safety. But the sluggish potassium diffusion kinetics, dissolution in organic electrolyte, poor electronic conductivity, and low reversible capacities are several drawbacks compared with inorganic counterparts. Herein, the boronic ester based covalent organic framework (COF) material is successfully prepared on the exterior surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via rational design of the organic condensation reaction and used as an anode material for PIBs. The few-layered structure of COF-10@CNT can provide more exposed active sites and fast K+ kinetics. It exhibits ultrahigh potassium storage performances (large reversible capacities of 288 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles at 0.1 A g-1 and 161 mAh g-1 after 4000 cycles at 1 A g-1), which is superior to previous organic electrodes and most inorganic electrodes. Moreover, the K-storage mechanism is proposed to be π-cation interaction between K+ and conjugated π-electrons of benzene rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudong Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai , People's Republic of China , 200444
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities , Duyun , Guizhou , People's Republic of China , 558000
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai , People's Republic of China , 200444
| | - Chenggang Ci
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qiannan Normal College for Nationalities , Duyun , Guizhou , People's Republic of China , 558000
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai , People's Republic of China , 200444
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai University , 99 Shangda Road , Shanghai , People's Republic of China , 200444
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