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Ruiz-Preciado LA, Pešek P, Guerra-Yánez C, Ghassemlooy Z, Zvánovec S, Hernandez-Sosa G. Inkjet-printed high-performance and mechanically flexible organic photodiodes for optical wireless communication. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3296. [PMID: 38332022 PMCID: PMC10853278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53796-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging areas such as the Internet of Things (IoT), wearable and wireless sensor networks require the implementation of optoelectronic devices that are cost-efficient, high-performing and capable of conforming to different surfaces. Organic semiconductors and their deposition via digital printing techniques have opened up new possibilities for optical devices that are particularly suitable for these innovative fields of application. In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of high-performance organic photodiodes (OPDs) and their use as an optical receiver in an indoor visible light communication (VLC) system. We investigate and compare different device architectures including spin-coated, partially-printed, and fully-printed OPDs. The presented devices exhibited state-of-the-art performance and reached faster detection speeds than any other OPD previously reported as organic receivers in VLC systems. Finally, our results demonstrate that the high-performance of the fabricated OPDs can be maintained in the VLC system even after the fabrication method is transferred to a fully-inkjet-printed process deposited on a mechanically flexible substrate. A comparison between rigid and flexible samples shows absolute differences of only 0.2 b s-1 Hz-1 and 2.9 Mb s-1 for the spectral efficiency and the data rate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Arturo Ruiz-Preciado
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyererstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Pešek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Guerra-Yánez
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zabih Ghassemlooy
- Optical Communications Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Stanislav Zvánovec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Dejvice-Praha 6, 16627, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- InnovationLab, Speyererstr. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Huang J, Luong HM, Lee J, Chae S, Yi A, Qu ZZ, Du Z, Choi DG, Kim HJ, Nguyen TQ. Green-Solvent-Processed High-Performance Broadband Organic Photodetectors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37748-37755. [PMID: 37505202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed organic photodetectors with broadband activity have been demonstrated with an environmentally benign solvent, ortho-xylene (o-xylene), as the processing solvent. The organic photodetectors employ a wide band gap polymer donor PBDB-T and a narrow band gap small-molecule non-fullerene acceptor CO1-4F, both dissolvable in o-xylene at a controlled temperature. The o-xylene-processed devices have shown external quantum efficiency of up to 70%, surpassing the counterpart processed with chlorobenzene. With a well-suppressed dark current, the device can also present a high specific detectivity of over 1012 Jones at -2 V within practical operation frequencies and is applicable for photoplethysmography with its fast response. These results further highlight the potential of green-solvent-processed organic photodetectors as a high-performing alternative to their counterparts processed in toxic chlorinated solvents without compromising the excellent photosensing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Huang
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hoang Mai Luong
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Sangmin Chae
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ahra Yi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhong-Ze Qu
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Zhifang Du
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Dylan G Choi
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Thuc-Quyen Nguyen
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Han Z, Liao X, Zou Y, He Y, Li J, Gu Y, Hu D, Liu J, Zuo L, Liu Y, Xu X. Flexible Miniaturized Multispectral Detector Derived from Blade-Coated Organic Narrowband Response Unit Array. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21036-21046. [PMID: 36484564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral sensing is extremely desired in intelligent systems, e.g., autonomous vehicles, encrypted information communication, and health biometric monitoring, due to its highly sensitive spectral discrimination ability. Nevertheless, rigid bulky optics and delicate optical paths in devices significantly increase their complexity and size, which subsequently impede their integration in smart optoelectronic chips for universal applications. In this work, a filterless miniaturized multispectral photodetector is realized with an organic narrowband response unit array. With the manipulation of Frenkel exciton dissociation in active layers, a series of narrowband organic sensing units with full-width-at-half-maximum (fwhm) narrowing to ∼50 nm are achieved from 700 to 1050 nm with a laudable performance of responsivity of over 60 mA/W, -3 dB bandwidth over 10 kHz, linear dynamic range (LDR) reaching ∼120 dB, and a low noise current of less than 4 × 10-14 A·Hz-0.5. Furthermore, a 6 × 8 multispectral sensing array on a flexible substrate was fabricated with blade-coating. Assisted by a computational process, we successfully demonstrate the spectral recognition with a resolution of ∼50 nm and a mismatch of ∼10 nm. Finally, the function of matter identification is successfully achieved with our multispectral detector array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyao Han
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Xunfan Liao
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang330022, China
| | - Yousheng Zou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Yin He
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Junyu Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Dawei Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Lijian Zuo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Xiaobao Xu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing210009, China
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Shin C, Li N, Seo B, Eedugurala N, Azoulay JD, Ng TN. Heterojunction bilayers serving as a charge transporting interlayer reduce the dark current and enhance photomultiplication in organic shortwave infrared photodetectors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2172-2179. [PMID: 35642962 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00479h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous approaches to induce photomultiplication in organic diodes have increased the photosignal but lacked control over reducing background noise. This work presents a new interlayer design based on a heterojunction bilayer that concurrently enables photomultiplication and suppresses the dark current in organic shortwave infrared detectors to improve the overall detectivity. The heterojunction bilayer consists of a hole-transporting material copper thiocyanate and an electron-transporting material tin oxide, and this combination offers the ability to block charge injection in the dark. Under illumination, the bilayer promotes trap-assisted photomultiplication by lowering the tunneling barrier and amplifying the photocurrent through the injection of multiple carriers per absorbed photon. Upon incorporating the heterojunction interlayer in photodiodes and upconversion imagers, the devices achieve an external quantum efficiency up to 560% and a detectivity of 3.5 × 109 Jones. The upconversion efficiency of the imager doubles with a 1.7 fold improvement in contrast compared to the imager without the heterojunction interlayer. The new interlayer design is generalizable to work with different organic semiconductors, making it attractive and easy to integrate with emerging organic infrared systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanho Shin
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0407, USA.
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0407, USA
| | - Bogyeom Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0407, USA
| | - Naresh Eedugurala
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Jason D Azoulay
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Tse Nga Ng
- Department of Material Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0407, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0407, USA
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5
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Realizing Broadband NIR Photodetection and Ultrahigh Responsivity with Ternary Blend Organic Photodetector. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081378. [PMID: 35458086 PMCID: PMC9027253 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement of portable optoelectronics, organic semiconductors have been attracting attention for their use in the sensing of white and near-infrared light. Ideally, an organic photodiode (OPD) should simultaneously display high responsivity and a high response frequency. In this study we used a ternary blend strategy to prepare PM6: BTP-eC9: PCBM–based OPDs with a broad bandwidth (350–950 nm), ultrahigh responsivity, and a high response frequency. We monitored the dark currents of the OPDs prepared at various PC71BM blend ratios and evaluated their blend film morphologies using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering. Optimization of the morphology and energy level alignment of the blend films resulted in the OPD prepared with a PM6:BTP-eC9:PC71BM ternary blend weight ratio of 1:1.2:0.5 displaying an extremely low dark current (3.27 × 10−9 A cm−2) under reverse bias at −1 V, with an ultrahigh cut-off frequency (610 kHz, at 530 nm), high responsivity (0.59 A W–1, at −1.5 V), and high detectivity (1.10 × 1013 Jones, under a reverse bias of −1 V at 860 nm). Furthermore, the rise and fall times of this OPD were rapid (114 and 110 ns), respectively.
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Bristow H, Jacoutot P, Scaccabarozzi AD, Babics M, Moser M, Wadsworth A, Anthopoulos TD, Bakulin A, McCulloch I, Gasparini N. Nonfullerene-Based Organic Photodetectors for Ultrahigh Sensitivity Visible Light Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48836-48844. [PMID: 33054156 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that for organic photodetectors (OPDs) to compete with their inorganic counterparts, low dark currents at reverse bias must be achieved. Here, two rhodanine-terminated nonfullerene acceptors O-FBR and O-IDTBR are shown to deliver low dark currents at -2 V of 0.17 and 0.84 nA cm-2, respectively, when combined with the synthetically scalable polymer PTQ10 in OPD. These low dark currents contribute to the excellent sensitivity to low light of the detectors, reaching values of 0.57 μW cm-2 for PTQ10:O-FBR-based OPD and 2.12 μW cm-2 for PTQ10:O-IDTBR-based OPD. In both cases, this sensitivity exceeds that of a commercially available silicon photodiode. The responsivity of the PTQ10:O-FBR-based OPD of 0.34 AW-1 under a reverse bias of -2 V also exceeds that of a silicon photodiode. Meanwhile, the responsivity of the PTQ10:O-IDTBR of 0.03 AW-1 is limited by the energetic offset of the blend. The OPDs deliver high specific detectivities of 9.6 × 1012 Jones and 3.3 × 1011 Jones for O-FBR- and O-IDTBR-based blends, respectively. Both active layers are blade-coated in air, making them suitable for high-throughput methods. Finally, all three of the materials can be synthesized at low cost and on a large scale, making these blends good candidates for commercial OPD applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Polina Jacoutot
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Alberto D Scaccabarozzi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maxime Babics
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Artem Bakulin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
| | - Iain McCulloch
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, U.K
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7
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Strobel N, Droseros N, Köntges W, Seiberlich M, Pietsch M, Schlisske S, Lindheimer F, Schröder RR, Lemmer U, Pfannmöller M, Banerji N, Hernandez-Sosa G. Color-Selective Printed Organic Photodiodes for Filterless Multichannel Visible Light Communication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1908258. [PMID: 32068919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201908258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Future lightweight, flexible, and wearable electronics will employ visible-light-communication schemes to interact within indoor environments. Organic photodiodes are particularly well suited for such technologies as they enable chemically tailored optoelectronic performance and fabrication by printing techniques on thin and flexible substrates. However, previous methods have failed to address versatile functionality regarding wavelength selectivity without increasing fabrication complexity. This work introduces a general solution for printing wavelength-selective bulk-heterojunction photodetectors through engineering of the ink formulation. Nonfullerene acceptors are incorporated in a transparent polymer donor matrix to narrow and tune the response in the visible range without optical filters or light-management techniques. This approach effectively decouples the optical response from the viscoelastic ink properties, simplifying process development. A thorough morphological and spectroscopic investigation finds excellent charge-carrier dynamics enabling state-of-the-art responsivities >102 mA W-1 and cutoff frequencies >1.5 MHz. Finally, the color selectivity and high performance are demonstrated in a filterless visible-light-communication system capable of demultiplexing intermixed optical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Strobel
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Droseros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Köntges
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mervin Seiberlich
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Pietsch
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schlisske
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lindheimer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Pfannmöller
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Strasse 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
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