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Tyagi R, Yadav K, Srivastava N, Sagar R. Applications of Pyrrole and Pyridine-based Heterocycles in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:255-277. [PMID: 38711394 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128280082231205071504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The escalation of cancer worldwide is one of the major causes of economy burden and loss of human resources. According to the American Cancer Society, there will be 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 projected cancer deaths in 2023 in the United States. It is projected that by 2040, the burden of global cancer is expected to rise to 29.5 million per year, causing a death toll of 16.4 million. The hemostasis regulation by cellular protein synthesis and their targeted degradation is required for normal cell growth. The imbalance in hemostasis causes unbridled growth in cells and results in cancer. The DNA of cells needs to be targeted by chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment, but at the same time, their efficacy and toxicity also need to be considered for successful treatment. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to review the published work on pyrrole and pyridine, which have been prominent in the diagnosis and possess anticancer activity, to obtain some novel lead molecules of improved cancer therapeutic. METHODS A literature search was carried out using different search engines, like Sci-finder, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, RSC etc., for small molecules based on pyrrole and pyridine helpful in diagnosis and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The research findings on the application of these compounds from 2018-2023 were reviewed on a variety of cell lines, such as breast cancer, liver cancer, epithelial cancer, etc. Results: In this review, the published small molecules, pyrrole and pyridine and their derivatives, which have roles in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers, were discussed to provide some insight into the structural features responsible for diagnosis and treatment. The analogues with the chromeno-furo-pyridine skeleton showed the highest anticancer activity against breast cancer. The compound 5-amino-N-(1-(pyridin-4- yl)ethylidene)-1H-pyrazole-4-carbohydrazides was highly potent against HEPG2 cancer cell. Redaporfin is used for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, biliary tract cancer, cisplatin-resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and pigmentation melanoma, and it is in clinical trials for phase II. These structural features present a high potential for designing novel anticancer agents for diagnosis and drug development. CONCLUSION Therefore, the N- and C-substituted pyrrole and pyridine-based novel privileged small Nheterocyclic scaffolds are potential molecules used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review discusses the reports on the synthesis of such molecules during 2018-2023. The review mainly discusses various diagnostic techniques for cancer, which employ pyrrole and pyridine heterocyclic scaffolds. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of N- and C-substituted pyrrole and pyridine-based scaffolds has been described, which works against different cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7, A549, A2780, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, K562, HT- 29, Caco-2 cells, Hela, Huh-7, WSU-DLCL2, HCT-116, HBL-100, H23, HCC827, SKOV3, etc. This review will help the researchers to obtain a critical insight into the structural aspects of pyrrole and pyridine-based scaffolds useful in cancer diagnosis as well as treatment and design pathways to develop novel drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Kanchan Yadav
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nitin Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Amity University Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226028, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110007, India
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2
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Xiao X, Shen Y, Zhou X, Sun B, Wang Y, Cao J. Innovative nanotechnology-driven fluorescence assays for reporting hydrogen sulfide in food-related matrices. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhang L, Hao Y, Yang H, Yin J, Zhou M, Zhao W. Detection of H
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S in Living Cells Using Escape Lysosome Technology Based on the Swelling Effect of Polymeric Nanomicelles. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery The Afffliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Yijie Hao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Hongna Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 P. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery The Afffliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials School of Chemistry and Materials Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China
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4
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Luminescent lanthanide metallogel as a sensor array to efficiently discriminate various saccharides. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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5
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Zhu J, Zhu R, Miao Q. Polymeric agents for activatable fluorescence, self-luminescence and photoacoustic imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114330. [PMID: 35567882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous polymeric agents have been widely applied in biology and medicine by virtue of the facile chemical modification, feasible nano-engineering approaches and fine-tuned pharmacokinetics. To endow polymeric imaging agents with ability to monitor and measure subtle molecular or cellular alterations at diseased sites, activatable polymeric probes that can elicit signal changes in response to biomolecular interactions or the analytes of interest have to be developed. Herein, this review aims to provide a systemic interpretation and summarization of the design methodology and imaging utility of recently emerged activatable polymeric probes. An introduction of activatable probes allowing for precise imaging and classification of polymeric imaging agents is reported first. Then, we give a detailed discussion of the contemporary design approaches toward activatable polymeric probes in diverse imaging modes for the detection of various stimuli and their imaging applications. Finally, current challenges and future advances are discussed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ran Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qingqing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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6
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Shen Y, Wei Y, Zhu C, Cao J, Han DM. Ratiometric fluorescent signals-driven smartphone-based portable sensors for onsite visual detection of food contaminants. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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A Ratiometric Fiber Optic Sensor Based on CdTe QDs Functionalized with Glutathione and Mercaptopropionic Acid for On-Site Monitoring of Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin in Aquaculture Water. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050829. [PMID: 35269315 PMCID: PMC8912570 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A ratiometric fluorescence fiber-optical sensor system (RFFS) merging a Y-type optical fiber spectrometer and CdTe QDs composite functionalized with glutathione and mercaptopropionic acid (GMPA@CdTe-QDs) for highly selective and on-site detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in environmental water samples was designed. Our preliminary results suggested that the red fluorescence of the synthesized GMPA@CdTe-QDs was effectively quenched by CIP. Based on this, the RFFS/GMPA@CdTe-QDs system was successfully fabricated and used for highly selective and rapid detection of CIP on site in the concentration range from 0 to 45 μM with the detection limit of 0.90 μM. The established method exhibited good interference resistance to the analogues of CIP and provided a great potential platform for real-time detection of CIP residues in environmental water. In addition, the fluorescence quenching mechanism of GMPA@CdTe-QDs by CIP was also investigated by means of temperature effect, fluorescence lifetime, ultraviolet (UV) visible absorption, and fluorescent spectra. Our results suggested clearly that the red fluorescence of GMPA@CdTe-QDs was quenched by CIP via the photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) mode.
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8
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Zhou Y, Mazur F, Fan Q, Chandrawati R. Synthetic nanoprobes for biological hydrogen sulfide detection and imaging. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20210008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhu Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Federico Mazur
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Qingqing Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Rona Chandrawati
- School of Chemical Engineering and Australian Centre for Nanomedicine (ACN) The University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Yang Y, Wang H, Wu Y, Yu X. Dual recognition strategy for selective fluorescent detection of dopamine and antioxidants based on graphite carbon nitride in human blood serum. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120385. [PMID: 34536885 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a strong blue-emitting fluorescent biosensor based on graphite carbon nitride nanoparticles (GCNNs) (Ex = 340 nm and Em = 435 nm) was synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal method. With the aid of hydrogen peroxide and horseradish peroxidase, pyrocatechol structure of dopamine (DA) was oxidized to o-quinone structure of polydopamine (PDA) by hydroxyl radical. PDA was able to rapidly and significantly quench fluorescence of GCNNs. In the meanwhile, oxidative self-polymerization from DA to PDA would be blocked by antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid (AA). Thus, the fluorescence of GCNNs@DA sensor would be recovered owing to the decrease of o-quinone. Based on above-mentioned dual recognition strategy of "turn-off" and "turn off-on", a fast, simple and ultrasensitive method was developed to measure DA and antioxidants. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the detection limits of DA, GSH and AA were 0.064 μmol L-1, 0.11 μmol L-1 and 0.16 μmol L-1 with relative standard deviations of 1.7%, 9.3% and 8.0%, respectively. As one of metal-free quantum dots, our GCNNs-based sensors were also successfully applied to the determination of DA as well as GSH and AA in human serum. The recoveries for the spiked samples were in the range of 93.8%-109% and 95.0%-110% of DA and antioxidants, which shows great promise to clinicalapplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Rare Metal Chemistry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
| | - Han Wang
- Wuhan Customs District of China, Wuhan 430020, China
| | - Yiwei Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Rare Metal Chemistry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Rare Metal Chemistry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China.
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Analytical Methods for Detection of Gasotransmitter Hydrogen Sulfide Released from Live Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:5473965. [PMID: 34497847 PMCID: PMC8419496 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5473965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in mammals as a signaling molecule. Recently, abnormal H2S concentration has been associated with several pathophysiological states, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. As regulating H2S concentration can be a very prominent way of developing new drugs, many researchers have paid great attention to H2S research. To understand the role of H2S in pathophysiology and develop H2S-based therapies, it is necessary to measure the exact concentration of H2S within biological systems. But, H2S is volatile and can be easily oxidized. Besides, the active sites for several biological effects of H2S are inside the cell. Therefore, there is a need for the development of new methods for the accurate and reliable detection of H2S within live cells. This review provides a summary of recent developments in H2S detection methods for live cell analysis.
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11
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Jothi D, Munusamy S, KulathuIyer S. A Highly Selective and Sensitive Colorimetric Chemosensor for the Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide: Real-time Applications in Multiple Platforms. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:141-149. [PMID: 34389998 DOI: 10.1111/php.13506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Calorimetric chemosensors are found to be advantageous sensing systems due to their simplicity and favorable responsive properties. Although some colorimetric probes have been reported to detect hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), the creation of rapid, highly selective, and sensitive probes for the detection of H2 S remains a challenging target. In this work, we established dinitrosulphonamide decorated phenanthridine, 2,4-dinitro-N-(4-(7,8,13,14-tetrahydrodibenzo[a, i]phenanthridin-5-yl)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide (PHSH), for the calorimetric detection of H2 S. H2 S triggered thiolysis of PHSH resulted in a marked absorption enhancement alongside a visual color change from colorless to dark yellow. The result indicated that the chemosensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity with a fast response of less than 10 s with a detection limit as low as 6.5 nM. The chemosensor reaction mechanism with H2 S was studied by UV-vis, 1 H NMR, mass and HPLC analysis. In addition, the chemosensor has been used for the determination of H2 S in many real-time samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanapal Jothi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sathishkumar Munusamy
- Institute of chemical biology and nanomedicine, State key laboratory of chemo/Bio-sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P.R.China
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12
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Xiang X, Ye Q, Shang Y, Li F, Zhou B, Shao Y, Wang C, Zhang J, Xue L, Chen M, Ding Y, Wu Q. Quantitative detection of aflatoxin B 1 using quantum dots-based immunoassay in a recyclable gravity-driven microfluidic chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113394. [PMID: 34118762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To achieve rapid and sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), we developed a polydimethylsiloxane gravity-driven cyclic microfluidic chip using the two-signal mode strategy. The structural design of the chip, together with the two-wavelength quantum dot ratio fluorescence, effectively eliminates the influence of environmental factors, improves the signal stability, and ensures that the final detection result positively correlates with the target concentration. Moreover, the theoretical analysis performed for the established physical model of the three-dimensional reaction interface inside the chip confirmed the improved reaction rate of immune adsorption in the microfluidic strategy. Overall, the method exhibited a wide analytic range (0.2-500 ng mL-1), low detection limit (0.06 ng mL-1), high specificity, good precision (coefficient of variation < 5%), excellent reusability (20 times, 89.1%) and satisfactory practical sample analysis capacity. Furthermore, the reusability and designability of this chip provide a reliable scheme for field detection of AFB1, analysis of other small molecules, and establishment of high-throughput detection systems under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoqing Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Shao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chufang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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Li L, Lin X, Chen T, Liu K, Chen Y, Yang Z, Liu D, Xu G, Wang X, Lin G. Systematic evaluation of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots toxicity on the reproduction and offspring health in male BALB/c mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111946. [PMID: 33493718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.111946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased applications of quantum dots (QDs) in the biomedical field have aroused attention for their potential toxicological effects. Although numerous studies have been carried out on the toxicity of QDs, their effects on reproductive and development are still unclear. In this study, we systematically evaluated the male reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity of CdSe/ZnS QDs in BALB/c mice. The male mice were injected intravenously with CdSe/ZnS QDs at the dosage of 2.5 mg/kg BW or 25 mg/kg BW, respectively, and the survival status, biodistribution of QDs in testes, serum sex hormone levels, histopathology, sperm motility and acrosome integrity was measured on Day 1, 7, 14, 28 and 42 after injection. On Day 35 after treatment, male mice were housed with non-exposed female mice, and then offspring number, body weight, organ index and histopathology of major organs, blood routine and biochemical tests of offspring were measured to evaluate the fertility and offspring health. The results showed that CdSe/ZnS QDs could rapidly distribute in the testis, and the fluorescence of QDs could still be detected on Day 42 post-injection. QDs had no adverse effect on the structure of testis and epididymis, but high-dose QDs could induce apoptosis of Leydig cells in testis at an early stage. No significant differences in survival of state, body weight organ index of testis and epididymis, sex hormones levels, sperm quality, sperm acrosome integrity and fertility of male mice were observed in QDs exposed groups. However, the development of offspring was obviously influenced, which was mainly manifested in the slow growth of offspring, changes in organ index of main organs, and the abnormality of liver and kidney function parameters. Our findings revealed that CdSe/ZnS QDs were able to cross the blood-testis barrier (BTB), produce no discernible toxic effects on the male reproductive system, but could affect the healthy growth of future generations to some extent. In view of the broad application prospect of QDs in biomedical fields, our findings might provide insight into the biological safety evaluation of the reproductive health of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Lab of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaotan Lin
- Department of Family Planning, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University; Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Lab of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kan Liu
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Lab of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yajing Chen
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Lab of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiwen Yang
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Lab of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dongmeng Liu
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Lab of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gaixia Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Lab of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guimiao Lin
- School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen 518060, China; Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation: Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, Shenzhen Key Lab of Synthetic Biology, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Zhang J, Zhang H, Ye S, Wang X, Ma L. Fluorescent-Raman Binary Star Ratio Probe for MicroRNA Detection and Imaging in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1466-1471. [PMID: 33347282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is critical in gene regulation and has been counted into disease diagnosis marks. Precise imaging and quantification of miRNAs could afford the important information for clinical diagnosis. Here, two smart binary star ratio (BSR) probes were designed and constructed, and miRNA triggered the connection of the binary star probes and the reciprocal changes of dual signals in living cells. This multifunctional probe integrates fluorescence and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging, with enzyme-free numerator signal amplification for dual-mode imaging and dual-signal quantitative analysis of miRNA. First, compared with the single-mode ratio imaging method, using fluorescence-SERS complementary ratio imaging, this probe enables more accurate imaging contrast for direct visualization signal changes in living cells. Multiscale information about the dynamic behavior of miRNA and the probe is acquired. Next, via SERS reverse signal ratio response and a novel enzyme-free numerator signal amplification, the amplified signal and reduced black value were achieved in the quantification of miRNA. More importantly, BSR probes showed good stability in cells and were successfully used for accurate tracing and quantification of miR-203 from MCF-7 cells. Therefore, the reported BSR probe is a potential tool for the reliable monitoring of biomolecule dynamics in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Sujuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Xingxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lindong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE; Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering. Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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15
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Dong Y, Sun W, Chang S, Li T, Huang X, Xing S, Bai T, Ma H. A Fluorescent Turn‐on Probe Based on Zn‐doped AgIn
5
S
8
Quantum Dots for Imaging of Hydrogen Sulfide in Living Cells. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Dong
- College of Medical Laboratory Dalian Medical University No. 9 West Section LvShun south Road Dalian 116044 P. R. China
| | - Wenping Sun
- College of Medical Laboratory Dalian Medical University No. 9 West Section LvShun south Road Dalian 116044 P. R. China
| | - Shiqi Chang
- College of Medical Laboratory Dalian Medical University No. 9 West Section LvShun south Road Dalian 116044 P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Medical Laboratory Dalian Medical University No. 9 West Section LvShun south Road Dalian 116044 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- College of Medical Laboratory Dalian Medical University No. 9 West Section LvShun south Road Dalian 116044 P. R. China
| | - Shanghua Xing
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Precparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Bai
- College of Medical Laboratory Dalian Medical University No. 9 West Section LvShun south Road Dalian 116044 P. R. China
| | - Huipeng Ma
- College of Medical Laboratory Dalian Medical University No. 9 West Section LvShun south Road Dalian 116044 P. R. China
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16
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Wang Z, Li S, Zhou C, Sun Y, Pang H, Liu W, Li X. Ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe based on CdTe/SiO 2/folic acid/silver nanoparticles core-shell-satellite assembly for determination of 6-mercaptopurine. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:665. [PMID: 33205310 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04628-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and robust fluorescent assay of 6-MP is described which relies on the facile assembly of a fluorescence nanoprobe by design of silica nanosphere encapsulated CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) as scaffold, coupling with chemically tethered folic acid (FA)-protected silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that function as responsive element. In this way a stable ternary core-shell-satellite nanostructure with dual-emission signals can be established. On binding to the target molecules, 6-MP, FA molecules initially occupied by AgNPs are liberated to give dose-dependent fluorescence emission, which can further form a self-calibration ratiometric fluorescence assay using CdTe QDs as an internal reference. The nanoprobe color vividly changes from red to blue, enabling the direct visual detection. The linear concentration range is 0.15~50 μM with the detection limit of 67 nM. By virtue of the favorable selectivity and robust assays, the nanoprobe was applied to 6-MP detection in urine samples, with recoveries from 97.3 to 106% and relative standard deviations (RSD) less than 5%. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Li
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Zhou
- Inorganic Chemistry Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Sun
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Pang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530031, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinchun Li
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Division, School of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University, 22 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Du F, Guo Z, Cheng Z, Kremer M, Shuang S, Liu Y, Dong C. Facile synthesis of ultrahigh fluorescence N,S-self-doped carbon nanodots and their multiple applications for H 2S sensing, bioimaging in live cells and zebrafish, and anti-counterfeiting. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20482-20490. [PMID: 33026004 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Green-emissive N,S-self-doped carbon nanodots (N,S-self-CNDs) with an ultrahigh fluorescence (FL) quantum yield (QY) of 60% were synthesized using methyl blue as the only source by a facile hydrothermal approach. The -NH- and -SOx- groups of methyl blue were simultaneously used as nitrogen and sulfur co-dopants to dope into CNDs. The prepared N,S-self-CNDs have an extremely large Stokes shift (∼130 nm) and excitation-independent fluorescence, and are demonstrated to have multiple applications for H2S sensing, bioimaging and anti-counterfeiting. Taking advantage of their excellent optical properties, N,S-self-CNDs could act as a label-free nanoprobe for the detection of H2S. The FL of N,S-self-CNDs could be significantly quenched by H2S because of dynamic quenching, along with excellent selectivity toward H2S from 0.5-15 μM with a detection limit of 46.8 nM. They were successfully employed for the analysis of H2S content in actual samples. Additionally, the nanoprobe was extended to bioimaging in both living PC12 cells and zebrafish, and monitoring H2S in live cells. Furthermore, N,S-self-CNDs have been used to prepare highly fluorescent polymer films by incorporating N,S-self-CNDs in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The as-prepared N,S-self-CNDs/PVA films show a prominent dual-mode FL property, implying that they are potential nanomaterials in the anti-counterfeiting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Du
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Zhonghui Guo
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Zhe Cheng
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Marius Kremer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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18
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Yang Y, Liu W, Cao J, Wu Y. On-site, rapid and visual determination of Hg2+ and Cu2+ in red wine by ratiometric fluorescence sensor of metal-organic frameworks and CdTe QDs. Food Chem 2020; 328:127119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Feng L, Zhao Y. Research progress in endogenous H
2
S‐activatable nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Feng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical and Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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20
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Visualizing hydrogen sulfide in living cells and zebrafish using a red-emitting fluorescent probe via selenium-sulfur exchange reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1109:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Ye Y, Wu T, Jiang X, Cao J, Ling X, Mei Q, Chen H, Han D, Xu JJ, Shen Y. Portable Smartphone-Based QDs for the Visual Onsite Monitoring of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics in Actual Food and Environmental Samples. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14552-14562. [PMID: 32134244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate onsite profiling of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) is of vital significance for ensuring food safety and estimating environmental pollution. Here, we propose a smartphone-based QD ratiometric fluorescence-sensing system to precisely report the level of FQs. As a proof of concept, we chose gatifloxacin (GFLX, a typical member of FQs) as the model for the analytical target, which could effectively trigger the fluorescence color variation of QDs from bright yellow-green (∼557 nm) to blue (∼448 nm) through the photoinduced electron-transfer (PET) process, thus yielding an evident ratiometric response. Based on this, the level of GFLX can be reported within a wide linear range from 0.85 nM to 3.6 μM. Moreover, this assay owns a high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 0.26 nM for GFLX and a quick sample-to-answer monitoring time of 5.0 min, manifesting that this platform could be fully qualified for onsite requirements. Interestingly, this portable device has successfully been applied for the onsite detection of GFLX in real food (i.e., milk and drinking water) and environmental (i.e., fish-farming water) samples with acceptable results. This developed platform offers a great promise for the point-of-care detection of FQ residues in practical application with the merits of being label-free, low-cost, and rapid, thus opening a new pathway for the onsite evaluation of food safety and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwang Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiuting Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jinxuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiao Ling
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Qingsong Mei
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Deman Han
- Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yizhong Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, School of Food & Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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22
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Rajendran K, Rajendran G, Kasthuri J, Kathiravan K, Rajendiran N. Sweet Corn
(Zea mays L. var. rugosa)
Derived Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots for Selective Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide and Bioimaging Applications. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kalimuthu Rajendran
- Department of Polymer ScienceUniversity of MadrasGuindy Campus, Chennai-25, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ganapathy Rajendran
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of MadrasGuindy Campus, Chennai-25, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Jayapalan Kasthuri
- Department of ChemistryQuaid-E- Millath Govt. College for Women, Chennai-2 Tamil Nadu
| | - Krishnan Kathiravan
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of MadrasGuindy Campus, Chennai-25, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Nagappan Rajendiran
- Department of Polymer ScienceUniversity of MadrasGuindy Campus, Chennai-25, Tamil Nadu India
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23
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Inner filter effect in fluorescence spectroscopy: As a problem and as a solution. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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24
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Zhang T, Ma C, Sun T, Xie Z. Unadulterated BODIPY nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Luo Y, Zhu C, Du D, Lin Y. A review of optical probes based on nanomaterials for the detection of hydrogen sulfide in biosystems. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1061:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Guan Y, Sun T, Ding J, Xie Z. Robust organic nanoparticles for noninvasive long-term fluorescence imaging. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6879-6889. [PMID: 31657432 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01905g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organic nanoparticles obtained from fluorophores with aggregation-caused quenching and aggregation-induced emission features for noninvasive long-term bioimaging are summarized and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Guan
- Department of Radiology
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Tingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Radiology
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- P. R. China
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