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Saha R, Gómez García CJ. Extrinsically conducting MOFs: guest-promoted enhancement of electrical conductivity, thin film fabrication and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9490-9559. [PMID: 39171560 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Conductive metal-organic frameworks are of current interest in chemical science because of their applications in chemiresistive sensing, electrochemical energy storage, electrocatalysis, etc. Different strategies have been employed to design conductive frameworks. In this review, we discuss the influence of different types of guest species incorporated within the pores or channels of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous coordination polymers (PCPs) to generate charge transfer pathways and modulate their electrical conductivity. We have classified dopants or guest species into three different categories: (i) metal-based dopants, (ii) molecule and molecular entities and (iii) organic conducting polymers. Different types of metal ions, metal nano-clusters and metal oxides have been used to enhance electrical conductivity in MOFs. Metal ions and metal nano-clusters depend on the hopping process for efficient charge transfer whereas metal-oxides show charge transport through the metal-oxygen pathway. Several types of molecules or molecular entities ranging from neutral TCNQ, I2, and fullerene to ionic methyl viologen, organometallic like nickelcarborane, etc. have been used. In these cases, the charge transfer process varies with the guest species. When organic conducting polymers are the guest, the charge transport occurs through the polymer chains, mostly based on extended π-conjugation. Here we provide a comprehensive and critical review of these strategies to add electrical conductivity to the, in most cases, otherwise insulating MOFs and PCPs. We point out the guest encapsulation process, the geometry and structure of the resulting host-guest complex, the host-guest interactions and the charge transport mechanism for each case. We also present the methods for thin film fabrication of conducting MOFs (both, liquid-phase and gas-phase based methods) and their most relevant applications like electrocatalysis, sensing, charge storage, photoconductivity, photocatalysis,… We end this review with the main obstacles and challenges to be faced and the appealing perspectives of these 21st century materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Saha
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain.
| | - Carlos J Gómez García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain.
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2
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Fischer JC, Steentjes R, Chen DH, Richards BS, Zojer E, Wöll C, Howard IA. Determining Structures of Layer-by-Layer Spin-Coated Zinc Dicarboxylate-Based Metal-Organic Thin Films. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400565. [PMID: 38642002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Thin films of crystalline solids with substantial free volume built from organic chromophores and metal secondary building units (SBUs) are promising for engineering new optoelectronic properties through control of interchromophore coupling. Zn-based SBUs are especially relevant in this case because they avoid quenching the chromophore's luminescence. We find that layer-by-layer spin-coating using Zn acetate dihydrate and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC) and biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid (H2BPDC) linkers readily produces crystalline thin films. However, analysis of the grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) data reveals the structures of these films vary significantly with the linker, and with the metal-to-linker molar ratio used for fabrication. Under equimolar conditions, H2BPDC creates a type of structure like that proposed for SURMOF-2, whereas H2BDC generates a different metal-hydroxide-organic framework. Large excess of Zn2+ ions causes the growth of layered zinc hydroxides, irrespective of the linker used. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide structural models with minimum total energy that are consistent with the experimentally observed diffractograms. In the broader sense, this work illustrates the importance in this field of careful structure determination, e. g., by utilizing GIWAXS and DFT simulations to determine the structure of the obtained crystalline metal-organic thin films, such that properties can be rationally engineered and explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C Fischer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Robbin Steentjes
- Institute for Solid-State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dong-Hui Chen
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute for Solid-State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christof Wöll
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ian A Howard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Khalil IE, Fonseca J, Reithofer MR, Eder T, Chin JM. Tackling orientation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): The quest to enhance MOF performance. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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4
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Wang J, Yang K, Hu H, Chen W, Lu Y, Zhou X. Improvement of electron mobility of mesoporous PCN-600 single crystal microwires aligned via the steric hindrance effect. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2023.124010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Wang S, Li S, Feng H, Yang W, Feng YS. Visible-Light-Driven Porphyrin-Based Bimetallic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Selective Photoreduction of Nitro Compounds under Mild Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4845-4856. [PMID: 36629327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Selective reduction of nitroaromatics to the corresponding amines generally requires complex conditions, involving pressurized hydrogen, higher temperatures, or organic acids. In this work, we successfully prepared a series of porphyrin-based MOF photocatalysts (Pd-PMOFs, In-PMOFs, and In/Pd-PMOFs) via a facile solvothermal method for the efficient selective reduction of nitroaromatics to corresponding anilines with deionized water as the hydrogen donor. Being a new structured material (monoclinic, C52H40InN6O8Pd), on account of the abundant pore channels, strong light absorption capability, well-matched bandgap, as well as the coordination of indium ions and palladium ions, In/Pd-MOFs have excellent migration efficiency of photo-induced electrons and holes. Specifically, the In/Pd-PMOF photocatalyst manifested superior conversion (100%) and selectivity (≥80%) toward the screened nitro compounds under mild conditions. This work avoids the use of strong reductants, organic acids, and pressurized hydrogen gas as hydrogen sources, providing a promising concept for developing green catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui230009, China
| | - Shihao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui230009, China
| | - Huiyi Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui230009, China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui230009, China
| | - Yi-Si Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui230009, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei230009, P. R. China
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The Effect of pH Solution in the Sol–Gel Process on the Structure and Properties of Thin SnO2 Films. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of surface-active structures is important for creating many applications. The structural formation of SnO2 thin films in the range from 1.4 to 1.53 pH is studied in this work. This process occurs on the surface of the sample in the range of 1.4 to 1.49 and in the volume in the range of 1.51 to 1.53. SnO2 is formed after annealing at 400 ∘C, according to XRD. Doping NH4OH to solution stimulates particle coagulation and gel formation. All of these have an impact on the transparency of samples investigated by spectrophotometric methods. By increasing the pH, the resistance raises at room temperature. The Eg calculation along the fundamental absorption edge shows that it is greater than 3.6 eV’ for SnO2 films. According to the Burstein–Moss effect, a change of the bandgap is related to the increased concentration of the free charge carriers. Elemental analysis has shown that chlorine ions are considered to be additional sources of charge carriers. The value pH = 1.49 is critical since there is a drastic change in the structure of the samples, the decrease in transparency is replaced by its increase, and the energy of activation of impurity levels is changed.
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Zhang S, Panda DK, Yadav A, Zhou W, Saha S. Effects of intervalence charge transfer interaction between π-stacked mixed valent tetrathiafulvalene ligands on the electrical conductivity of 3D metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13379-13391. [PMID: 34777756 PMCID: PMC8528024 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04338b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving a molecular-level understanding of how the structures and compositions of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) influence their charge carrier concentration and charge transport mechanism—the two key parameters of electrical conductivity—is essential for the successful development of electrically conducting MOFs, which have recently emerged as one of the most coveted functional materials due to their diverse potential applications in advanced electronics and energy technologies. Herein, we have constructed four new alkali metal (Na, K, Rb, and Cs) frameworks based on an electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene tetracarboxylate (TTFTC) ligand, which formed continuous π-stacks, albeit with different π–π-stacking and S⋯S distances (dπ–π and dS⋯S). These MOFs also contained different amounts of aerobically oxidized TTFTC˙+ radical cations that were quantified by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy demonstrated that depending on the π–π-interaction and TTFTC˙+ population, these MOFs enjoyed varying degrees of TTFTC/TTFTC˙+ intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) interactions, which commensurately affected their electronic and optical band gaps and electrical conductivity. Having the shortest dπ–π (3.39 Å) and the largest initial TTFTC˙+ population (∼23%), the oxidized Na-MOF 1-ox displayed the narrowest band gap (1.33 eV) and the highest room temperature electrical conductivity (3.6 × 10−5 S cm−1), whereas owing to its longest dπ–π (3.68 Å) and a negligible TTFTC˙+ population, neutral Cs-MOF 4 exhibited the widest band gap (2.15 eV) and the lowest electrical conductivity (1.8 × 10−7 S cm−1). The freshly prepared but not optimally oxidized K-MOF 2 and Rb-MOF 3 initially displayed intermediate band gaps and conductivity, however, upon prolonged aerobic oxidation, which raised the TTFTC˙+ population to saturation levels (∼25 and 10%, respectively), the resulting 2-ox and 3-ox displayed much narrower band gaps (∼1.35 eV) and higher electrical conductivity (6.6 × 10−5 and 4.7 × 10−5 S cm−1, respectively). The computational studies indicated that charge movement in these MOFs occurred predominantly through the π-stacked ligands, while the experimental results displayed the combined effects of π–π-interactions, TTFTC˙+ population, and TTFTC/TTFTC˙+ IVCT interaction on their electronic and optical properties, demonstrating that IVCT interactions between the mixed-valent ligands could be exploited as an effective design strategy to develop electrically conducting MOFs. Through-space charge movement enabled by intervalence charge transfer interactions between π-stacked mixed-valent tetrathiafulvalene ligands creates electrical conductivity in three-dimensional metal–organic frameworks.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Dillip K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Ashok Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Sourav Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
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Gordillo MA, Benavides PA, Spalding K, Saha S. A New Electrically Conducting Metal-Organic Framework Featuring U-Shaped cis-Dipyridyl Tetrathiafulvalene Ligands. Front Chem 2021; 9:726544. [PMID: 34660528 PMCID: PMC8517321 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.726544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new electrically conducting 3D metal-organic framework (MOF) with a unique architecture was synthesized using 1,2,4,5-tetrakis-(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene (TCPB) a redox-active cis-dipyridyl-tetrathiafulvalene (Z-DPTTF) ligand. While TCPB formed Zn2(COO)4 secondary building units (SBUs), instead of connecting the Zn2-paddlewheel SBUs located in different planes and forming a traditional pillared paddlewheel MOF, the U-shaped Z-DPTTF ligands bridged the neighboring SBUs formed by the same TCPB ligand like a sine-curve along the b axis that created a new sine-MOF architecture. The pristine sine-MOF displayed an intrinsic electrical conductivity of 1 × 10−8 S/m, which surged to 5 × 10−7 S/m after I2 doping due to partial oxidation of electron rich Z-DPTTF ligands that raised the charge-carrier concentration inside the framework. However, the conductivities of the pristine and I2-treated sine-MOFs were modest possibly because of large spatial distances between the ligands that prevented π-donor/acceptor charge-transfer interactions needed for effective through-space charge movement in 3D MOFs that lack through coordination-bond charge transport pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Gordillo
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Paola A Benavides
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | | | - Sourav Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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9
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Leith GA, Shustova NB. Graphitic supramolecular architectures based on corannulene, fullerene, and beyond. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10125-10138. [PMID: 34523630 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02896k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we survey the advances made in the field of fulleretic materials over the last five years. Merging the intriguing characteristics of fulleretic molecules with hierarchical materials can lead to enhanced properties of the latter for applications in optoelectronic, biomaterial, and heterogeneous catalysis sectors. As there has been significant growth in the development of fullerene- and corannulene-containing materials, this article will focus on studies performed during the last five years exclusively, and highlight the recent trends in designing fulleretic compounds and understanding their properties, that has enriched the repertoire of carbon-rich functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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10
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Dashtian K, Shahbazi S, Tayebi M, Masoumi Z. A review on metal-organic frameworks photoelectrochemistry: A headlight for future applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ren X, Liao G, Li Z, Qiao H, Zhang Y, Yu X, Wang B, Tan H, Shi L, Qi X, Zhang H. Two-dimensional MOF and COF nanosheets for next-generation optoelectronic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Leith GA, Martin CR, Mayers JM, Kittikhunnatham P, Larsen RW, Shustova NB. Confinement-guided photophysics in MOFs, COFs, and cages. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4382-4410. [PMID: 33594994 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the dependence of the photophysical response of chromophores in the confined environments associated with crystalline scaffolds, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs), and molecular cages, has been carefully evaluated. Tunability of the framework aperture, cavity microenvironment, and scaffold topology significantly affects emission profiles, quantum yields, or fluorescence lifetimes of confined chromophores. In addition to the role of the host and its effect on the guest, the methods for integration of a chromophore (e.g., as a framework backbone, capping linker, ligand side group, or guest) are discussed. The overall potential of chromophore-integrated frameworks for a wide-range of applications, including artificial biomimetic systems, white-light emitting diodes, photoresponsive devices, and fluorescent sensors with unparalleled spatial resolution are highlighted throughout the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, USA.
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14
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Photofunctional metal-organic framework thin films for sensing, catalysis and device fabrication. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks as (Photo)Active Material in Hybrid Photovoltaic Technologies. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13215602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are two innovative classes of porous coordination polymers. MOFs are three-dimensional materials made up of secondary building blocks comprised of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands whereas COFs are 2D or 3D highly porous organic solids made up by light elements (i.e., H, B, C, N, O). Both MOFs and COFs, being highly conjugated scaffolds, are very promising as photoactive materials for applications in photocatalysis and artificial photosynthesis because of their tunable electronic properties, high surface area, remarkable light and thermal stability, easy and relative low-cost synthesis, and structural versatility. These properties make them perfectly suitable for photovoltaic application: throughout this review, we summarize recent advances in the employment of both MOFs and COFs in emerging photovoltaics, namely dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) organic photovoltaic (OPV) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). MOFs are successfully implemented in DSSCs as photoanodic material or solid-state sensitizers and in PSCs mainly as hole or electron transporting materials. An innovative paradigm, in which the porous conductive polymer acts as standing-alone sensitized photoanode, is exploited too. Conversely, COFs are mostly implemented as photoactive material or as hole transporting material in PSCs.
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Yadav A, Panda DK, Zhang S, Zhou W, Saha S. Electrically Conductive 3D Metal-Organic Framework Featuring π-Acidic Hexaazatriphenylene Hexacarbonitrile Ligands with Anion-π Interaction and Efficient Charge-Transport Capabilities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40613-40619. [PMID: 32786221 PMCID: PMC10938260 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) show great potential to foster myriad advanced electronics and energy technologies, but they must possess adequate charge-carrier concentration and efficient charge-transport pathways in order to display useful electrical conductivity. A new intrinsically conducting 3D framework [Ag2(HATHCN)(CF3SO3)2]n was constructed by employing a highly π-acidic 1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-2,3,6,7,10,11-hexacarbonitrile (HATHCN) ligand, which assumed a paramagnetic HATHCN•- radical anion character by acquiring electron density from the TfO- anions involved in the anion-π interaction and facilitated charge movement along the staircase-like [-Ag+-HATHCN-]∞ chains having ample Ag4d+-N2p orbital overlap in the valence band region. As a result, the MOF displayed a narrow band gap (1.35 eV) and promising electrical conductivity (7.3 × 10-4 S/cm, 293 K) that ranked very high among those recorded for 3D MOFs. This work presents a new strategy to construct intrinsically conductive 3D frameworks by exploiting the dual metal coordination and anion-π interaction capabilities of a highly π-acidic HATHCN ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Dillip K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sourav Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Zhuang Z, Liu D. Conductive MOFs with Photophysical Properties: Applications and Thin-Film Fabrication. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:132. [PMID: 34138131 PMCID: PMC7770712 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00470-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of hybrid materials with many promising applications. In recent years, lots of investigations have been oriented toward applications of MOFs in electronic and photoelectronic devices. While many high-quality reviews have focused on synthesis and mechanisms of electrically conductive MOFs, few of them focus on their photophysical properties. Herein, we provide an in-depth review on photoconductive and photoluminescent properties of conductive MOFs together with their corresponding applications in solar cells, luminescent sensing, light emitting, and so forth. For integration of MOFs with practical devices, recent advances in fabrication of photoactive MOF thin films are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhuang
- Skate Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingxin Liu
- Skate Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Gordillo MA, Benavides PA, Panda DK, Saha S. The Advent of Electrically Conducting Double-Helical Metal-Organic Frameworks Featuring Butterfly-Shaped Electron-Rich π-Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Ligands. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12955-12961. [PMID: 31909971 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To diversify metal-organic framework (MOF) structures beyond traditional Euclidean geometries and to create new charge-delocalization pathways beneficial for electrical conductivity, we constructed a novel double-helical MOF (dhMOF) by introducing a new butterfly-shaped electron-rich π-extended tetrathiafulvalene ligand equipped with four benzoate groups (ExTTFTB). The face-to-face oriented convex ExTTFTB ligands connected by Zn2(COO)4 paddlewheel nodes formed ovoid cavities suitable for guest encapsulation, while π-π-interaction between the ExTTFTB ligands of neighboring strands helped create new charge-delocalization pathways in iodine-mediated partially oxidized dhMOF. Iodine vapor diffusion led to oxidation of half of the ExTTFTB ligands in each double-helical strand to ExTTFTB•+ radical cations, which putatively formed intermolecular ExTTFTB/ExTTFTB•+ π-donor/acceptor charge-transfer chains with the neutral ExTTFTB ligands of an adjacent strand, creating supramolecular wire-like charge-delocalization pathways along the helix seams. In consequence, the electrical conductivity of dhMOF surged from 10-8 S/m up to 10-4 S/m range after iodine treatment. Thus, the introduction of the electron-rich ExTTFTB ligand with a distinctly convex π-surface not only afforded a novel double-helical MOF architecture featuring ovoid cavities and unique charge-delocalization pathways but also, more importantly, delivered a new tool and design strategy for future development of electrically conducting stimuli-responsive MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica A Gordillo
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Paola A Benavides
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Dillip K Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Sourav Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Younis SA, Lim DK, Kim KH, Deep A. Metalloporphyrinic metal-organic frameworks: Controlled synthesis for catalytic applications in environmental and biological media. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 277:102108. [PMID: 32028075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, as a new sub-family of porous coordination polymers (PCPs), porphyrinic-MOFs (Porph-MOFs) with biomimetic features have been developed using porphyrin macrocycles as ligands and/or pillared linkers. The control over the coordination of the porphyrin ligand and its derivatives however remains a challenge for engineering new tunable Porph-MOF frameworks by self-assembly methods. The key challenges exist in the following respects: (i) collapse of the large open pores of Porph-MOFs during synthesis, (ii) deactivation of unsaturated metal-sites (UMCs) by axial coordination, and (iii) the tendency of both coordinated moieties (at peripheral meso- and beta-carbon sites) and the N4-pyridine core to coordinate with metal cations. In this respect, this review covers the advances in the design of Porph-MOFs relative to their counterpart covalent organic frameworks (Porph-COFs). The potential utility of custom-designed porphyrin/metalloporphyrins ligands is highlighted. Synthesis strategies of Porph-MOFs are also illustrated with modular design of hybrid guest@host composites (either Porph@MOFs or guest@Porph-MOFs) with exceptional topologies and stability. This review summarizes the synergistic benefits of coordinated porphyrin ligands and functional guest molecules in Porph-MOF composites for enhanced catalytic performance in various redox applications. This review shed lights on the engineering of new tunable hetero-metals open active sites within (metallo)porphyrin-MOFs as out-of-the-box platforms for enhanced catalytic processes in chemical and biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A Younis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; Analysis and Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt; Liquid Chromatography and Water Unit, EPRI-Central Laboratories, Nasr City, 11727 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dong-Kwon Lim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University,145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India.
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20
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Vello TP, Strauss M, Costa CAR, Corrêa CC, Bof Bufon CC. Deterministic control of surface mounted metal–organic framework growth orientation on metallic and insulating surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5839-5846. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surface-Mounted Metal–Organic Frameworks (SURMOFs) growth orientation in [100] or [111] can be deterministically controlled by the SAM chain length, regardless of the surface nature (metallic or insulating).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Parra Vello
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano)
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)
- Campinas
- Brazil
- Department of Physical Chemistry
| | - Mathias Strauss
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano)
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Rodrigues Costa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano)
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Cátia Crispilho Corrêa
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano)
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - Carlos César Bof Bufon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano)
- Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM)
- Campinas
- Brazil
- Department of Physical Chemistry
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21
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Khajavian R, Mirzaei M, Alizadeh H. Current status and future prospects of metal–organic frameworks at the interface of dye-sensitized solar cells. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13936-13947. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02798g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this Frontier Article recent progresses and challenges at the interface of metal–organic frameworks and dye-sensitized solar cells are highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhollah Khajavian
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
| | - Masoud Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
| | - Hanie Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Mashhad 9177948974
- Iran
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22
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Liu C, Wang C, Wang H, Wang T, Jiang J. Photoactive Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology Beijing; 100083 Beijing China
| | - Chiming Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology Beijing; 100083 Beijing China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology Beijing; 100083 Beijing China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology Beijing; 100083 Beijing China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials; Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology Beijing; 100083 Beijing China
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Khatun A, Panda DK, Sayresmith N, Walter MG, Saha S. Thiazolothiazole-Based Luminescent Metal-Organic Frameworks with Ligand-to-Ligand Energy Transfer and Hg 2+-Sensing Capabilities. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12707-12715. [PMID: 31532195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron and energy transfer through preorganized chromophore, donor, and acceptor arrays are key to light-harvesting capabilities of photosynthetic plants and bacteria. Mimicking the design principles of natural photosystems, we constructed a new luminescent pillared paddle wheel metal-organic framework (MOF), Zn2(NDC)2(DPTTZ), featuring naphthalene dicarboxylate (NDC) struts that served as antenna chromophores and energy donors and N,N'-di(4-pyridyl)thiazolo-[5,4-d]thiazole (DPTTZ) pillars as complementary energy acceptors and light emitters. Highly ordered arrangement and good overlap between the emission and absorption spectra of these two complementary energy donor and acceptor units enabled ligand-to-ligand Förster resonance energy transfer, allowing the MOF to display exclusively DPTTZ-centric blue emission (410 nm) regardless of the excitation of either chromophore at different wavelengths. In the presence of Hg2+, a toxic heavy metal ion, the photoluminescence (PL) of Zn2(NDC)2(DPTTZ) MOF underwent significant red-shift to 450 nm followed by quenching, whereas other transition metal ions (Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+) caused only fluorescence quenching but no shift. The free DPTTZ ligand also displayed similar, albeit less efficient, fluorescence changes, suggesting that the heavy atom effect and coordination of Hg2+ and other transition metal ions with the DPTTZ ligands were responsible for the fluorescence changes in the MOF. When exposed to a mixture of different metal ions, including Hg2+, the MOF still displayed the Hg2+-specific fluorescence signal, demonstrating that it could detect Hg2+ in the presence of other metal ions. The powder X-ray diffraction studies verified that the framework remained intact after being exposed to Hg2+ and other transition metal ions, and its original PL spectrum was restored upon washing. These studies demonstrated the light-harvesting and Hg2+ sensing capabilities of a new bichromophoric luminescent MOF featuring a seldom-used photoactive ligand, which will likely spark an explosion of TTZ-based MOFs for various optoelectronic applications in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Khatun
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , 211 South Palmetto Boulevard , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Dillip K Panda
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , 211 South Palmetto Boulevard , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Nickolas Sayresmith
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina Charlotte , 9201 University Center Boulevard , Charlotte , North Carolina 28228 , United States
| | - Michael G Walter
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina Charlotte , 9201 University Center Boulevard , Charlotte , North Carolina 28228 , United States
| | - Sourav Saha
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , 211 South Palmetto Boulevard , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
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