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Yang X, Chen W, Fan Q, Chen J, Chen Y, Lai F, Liu H. Electronic Skin for Health Monitoring Systems: Properties, Functions, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2402542. [PMID: 38754914 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), a skin-like wearable electronic device, holds great promise in the fields of telemedicine and personalized healthcare because of its good flexibility, biocompatibility, skin conformability, and sensing performance. E-skin can monitor various health indicators of the human body in real time and over the long term, including physical indicators (exercise, respiration, blood pressure, etc.) and chemical indicators (saliva, sweat, urine, etc.). In recent years, the development of various materials, analysis, and manufacturing technologies has promoted significant development of e-skin, laying the foundation for the application of next-generation wearable medical technologies and devices. Herein, the properties required for e-skin health monitoring devices to achieve long-term and precise monitoring and summarize several detectable indicators in the health monitoring field are discussed. Subsequently, the applications of integrated e-skin health monitoring systems are reviewed. Finally, current challenges and future development directions in this field are discussed. This review is expected to generate great interest and inspiration for the development and improvement of e-skin and health monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Yang
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Wenzheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Qunfu Fan
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Feili Lai
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
| | - Hezhou Liu
- State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 00240, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Dee-Sea Exploration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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2
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Lee JH, Cho K, Kim JK. Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310505. [PMID: 38258951 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
With the commercialization of first-generation flexible mobiles and displays in the late 2010s, humanity has stepped into the age of flexible electronics. Inevitably, soft multifunctional sensors, as essential components of next-generation flexible electronics, have attracted tremendous research interest like never before. This review is dedicated to offering an overview of the latest emerging trends in soft multifunctional sensors and their accordant future research and development (R&D) directions for the coming decade. First, key characteristics and the predominant target stimuli for soft multifunctional sensors are highlighted. Second, important selection criteria for soft multifunctional sensors are introduced. Next, emerging materials/structures and trends for soft multifunctional sensors are identified. Specifically, the future R&D directions of these sensors are envisaged based on their emerging trends, namely i) decoupling of multiple stimuli, ii) data processing, iii) skin conformability, and iv) energy sources. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for these sensors in future are discussed, offering new insights into prospects in the fast-emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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3
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Xue J, Liu D, Li D, Hong T, Li C, Zhu Z, Sun Y, Gao X, Guo L, Shen X, Ma P, Zheng Q. New Carbon Materials for Multifunctional Soft Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2312596. [PMID: 38490737 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Soft electronics are garnering significant attention due to their wide-ranging applications in artificial skin, health monitoring, human-machine interaction, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things. Various soft physical sensors such as mechanical sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors are the fundamental building blocks for soft electronics. While the fast growth and widespread utilization of electronic devices have elevated life quality, the consequential electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radiation pose potential threats to device precision and human health. Another substantial concern pertains to overheating issues that occur during prolonged operation. Therefore, the design of multifunctional soft electronics exhibiting excellent capabilities in sensing, EMI shielding, and thermal management is of paramount importance. Because of the prominent advantages in chemical stability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and easy functionalization, new carbon materials including carbon nanotubes, graphene and its derivatives, graphdiyne, and sustainable natural-biomass-derived carbon are particularly promising candidates for multifunctional soft electronics. This review summarizes the latest advancements in multifunctional soft electronics based on new carbon materials across a range of performance aspects, mainly focusing on the structure or composite design, and fabrication method on the physical signals monitoring, EMI shielding, and thermal management. Furthermore, the device integration strategies and corresponding intriguing applications are highlighted. Finally, this review presents prospects aimed at overcoming current barriers and advancing the development of state-of-the-art multifunctional soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xue
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Da Li
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Tianzeng Hong
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Chuanbing Li
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Zifu Zhu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Yuxuan Sun
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Xiaobo Gao
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Aeronautical and Aviation Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- The Research Institute for Sports Science and Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
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Yang H, Wu D, Zheng S, Yu Y, Ren L, Li J, Ke H, Lv P, Wei Q. Fabrication and Photothermal Actuation Performances of Electrospun Carbon Nanotube/Liquid Crystal Elastomer Blend Yarn Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9313-9322. [PMID: 38323399 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a kind of polymer network that combines the entropic elasticity of polymer networks and the mesogenic unit by means of mild cross-linking. LCEs have been extensively investigated in various fields, including artificial muscles, actuators, and microrobots. However, LCEs are characterized by the poor mechanical properties of the light polymers themselves. In this study, we propose to prepare a carbon nanotube/liquid crystal elastomer (CNT/LCE) composite yarn by electrospinning technology and a two-step cross-linking strategy. The CNT/LCE composite yarn exhibits a reversible shrinkage ratio of nearly 70%, a tensile strength of 16.45 MPa, and a relatively sensitive response speed of ∼3 s, enabling a fast response by photothermal actuation. The research disclosed in this article may provide new insights for the development of artificial muscles and next-generation smart robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanrui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Dingsheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fabrics, College of Textiles and Clothing, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P. R. China
| | - Siming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yajing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangsu Textiles Quality Services Inspection Testing Institute, Nanjing 210007, P. R. China
| | - Huizhen Ke
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Qufu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Textile Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
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Jia J, Peng Y, Ke K, Liu ZY, Yang W. Achieving a Wide-Range Linear Piezoresistive Response in Electrowritten Soft-Hard Polymer Blends via Salami-Inspired Heterostructure Design. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7939-7949. [PMID: 38300761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electronics capable of acquiring high-precision signals are in great demand for the development of the internet of things and intelligent artificial. However, it is currently a challenge to simultaneously achieve high signal linearity and sensitivity for stretchable resistive sensors over a wide strain range toward advanced application scenarios requiring high signal accuracy, e.g., sophisticated physiological signal discrimination and displacement measurement. Herein, a film strain sensor, which has an electrical and mechanical dual heterostructure, was fabricated via a direct near-field electrowriting and molecule-guided in situ growth of silver nanoparticles with different concentrations on high-modulus polystyrene domains and low-modulus styrene-butadiene copolymers with a salami-like morphology. Mechanism analyses from both theoretical and experimental investigations reveal that the salami-like heteromodulus microstructure regulates microcrack propagation routes, while the heteroconductivity changes the electron transport paths and amplifies the resistance increase during crack propagation. Therefore, the as-designed strain sensor shows a linear resistive response within ca. 70% strain with a gauge factor of 25, unveiling a simple and scalable strategy for trading off signal linearity and sensitivity over a wide strain range for the fabrication of high-performance linear strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Basalt Fiber and Composites of Sichuan Province, Dazhou, Sichuan 635756, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
- Key Laboratory of Basalt Fiber and Composites of Sichuan Province, Dazhou, Sichuan 635756, China
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6
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Huang J, Chen A, Liao J, Han S, Wu Q, Zhang J, Chen Y, Lin X, Guan L. Physiological sensing system integrated with vibration sensor and frequency gel dampers inspired by spider. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:822-834. [PMID: 38018413 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01719b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in bioelectronics in mechanical and electrophysiological signal detection are remarkable, but there are still limitations because they are inevitably affected by environmental noise and motion artifacts. Thus, we develop a gel damper-integrated crack sensor inspired by the vibration response of the viscoelastic cuticular pad and slit organs in a spider. Benefitting from the specific crack structure design, the sensor possesses excellent sensing behaviors, including a low detection limit (0.05% strain), ultrafast response ability (3.4 ms) and superior durability (>300 000 cycles). Such typical low-amplitude fast response properties allow the ability to accurately perceive vibration frequency and waveform. In addition, the gel damper exhibits frequency-dependent dynamic mechanical behavior that results in improved stability and reliability of signal acquisition by providing shock resistance and isolating external factors. They effectively attenuate external motion artifacts and low-frequency mechanical noise, resulting in cleaner and more reliable signal acquisition. When the gel damper is combined with the crack-based vibration sensor, the integrated sensor exhibits superior anti-interference capability and frequency selectivity, demonstrating its effectiveness in extracting genuine vocal vibration signals from raw voice recordings. The integration of damping materials with sensors offers an efficient approach to improving signal acquisition and signal quality in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianren Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Anbang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Jinrong Liao
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Radiobiology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Songjiu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Qirui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yujia Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Xiandong Lin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology and Radiobiology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Lunhui Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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7
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Tian H, Li X, Gou GY, Jian JM, Zhu B, Ji S, Ding H, Guo Z, Yang Y, Ren TL. Graphene-based Two-Stage Enhancement Pressure Sensor for Subtle Mechanical Force Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1005-1014. [PMID: 38134343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of pressure sensors with high sensitivity and a low detection limit for subtle mechanical force monitoring and the understanding of the sensing mechanism behind subtle mechanical force monitoring are of great significance for intelligent technology. Here, we proposed a graphene-based two-stage enhancement pressure sensor (GTEPS), and we analyzed the difference between subtle mechanical force monitoring and conventional mechanical force monitoring. The GTEPS exhibited a high sensitivity of 62.2 kPa-1 and a low detection limit of 0.1 Pa. Leveraging its excellent performance, the GTEPS was successfully applied in various subtle mechanical force monitoring applications, including acoustic wave detection, voice-print recognition, and pulse wave monitoring. In acoustic wave detection, the GTEPS achieved a 100% recognition accuracy for six words. In voiceprint recognition, the sensor exhibited accurate identification of distinct voiceprints among individuals. Furthermore, in pulse wave monitoring, GTEPS demonstrated effective detection of pulse waves. By combination of the pulse wave signals with electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, it enabled the assessment of blood pressure. These results demonstrate the excellent performance of GTEPS and highlight its great potential for subtle mechanical force monitoring and its various applications. The current results indicate that GTEPS shows great potential for applications in subtle mechanical force monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guang-Yang Gou
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jin-Ming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boyi Zhu
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hengbin Ding
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanfeng Guo
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Gong T, Guo JX, Shao HQ, Jia J, Ke K, Bao RY, Yang W. Linear Strain Sensors via a Spatial Heteromodulus Tricontinuous Structure Design for High-Resolution Recording of Snoring Breath. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56337-56346. [PMID: 37975857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Porous conductive elastomer composites are very attractive for designing flexible and air-permeable mechanical sensors for healthcare, while it is challenging to achieve a linear and sensitive electromechanical response over a wide strain range for high-resolution recording of physiological activities and body motions. Here, a scalable strategy is developed to construct porous elastomer composites with a bamboo-shaped heteromodulus microstructure in the pores for the fabrication of linear stretchable strain sensors. Such a spatial heteromodulus microstructure is fabricated via phase separation and selective location of high-modulus phase during melt compounding of elastomers and thermoplastics, together with green etching of the water-soluble plastic in the tricontinuous elastomer composites. The bamboo-shaped heteromodulus microstructure is constructed on the pore struts via the fracture of a high-modulus polymer self-assembled on the pore surface and relaxation recovery of the elastomer matrix after prestretching, which blocks the propagation of cut-through microcracks upon stretching. The composites with super low resistance after in situ growth of silver nanoparticles sustain up to 110% tensile strain with a linear and sensitive electromechanical response, demonstrating potential applications in discriminating respiration status and monitoring snoring breath. This work unveils a new approach to fabricate high-performance air-permeable strain sensors in a simple and scalable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Gong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia-Xing Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - He-Qing Shao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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Zhou X, Wang Z, Xiong T, He B, Wang Z, Zhang H, Hu D, Liu Y, Yang C, Li Q, Chen M, Zhang Q, Wei L. Fiber Crossbars: An Emerging Architecture of Smart Electronic Textiles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300576. [PMID: 37042804 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Smart wearables have a significant impact on people's daily lives, enabling personalized motion monitoring, realizing the Internet of Things, and even reshaping the next generation of telemedicine systems. Fiber crossbars (FCs), constructed by crossing two fibers, have become an emerging architecture among the accessible structures of state-of-the-art smart electronic textiles. The mechanical, chemical, and electrical interactions between crossing fibers result in extensive functionalities, leading to the significant development of innovative electronic textiles employing FCs as their basic units. This review provides a timely and comprehensive overview of the structure designs, material selections, and assembly techniques of FC-based devices. The recent advances in FC-based devices are summarized, including multipurpose sensing, multiple-mode computing, high-resolution display, high-efficient power supply, and large-scale textile systems. Finally, current challenges, potential solutions, and future perspectives for FC-based systems are discussed for their further development in scale-up production and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhe Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Xiong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bing He
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhixun Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Haozhe Zhang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanting Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- The Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
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10
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Lee JH, Cho KH, Cho K. Emerging Trends in Soft Electronics: Integrating Machine Intelligence with Soft Acoustic/Vibration Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209673. [PMID: 37043776 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, soft acoustic/vibration sensors have gained tremendous research interest due to their unique ability to detect broadband acoustic/vibration stimuli, potentializing futuristic applications including voice biometrics, voice-controlled human-machine-interfaces, electronic skin, and skin-mountable healthcare devices. Importantly, to benefit most from these sensors, it is inevitable to use machine learning (ML) to process their output signals; with ML, a more accurate and efficient interpretation of original data is possible. This paper is dedicated to offering an overview of recent advances empowering the development of soft acoustic/vibration sensors and their signal processing using ML. First, the key performance parameters of the sensors are discussed. Second, popular transduction mechanisms for the sensors are addressed, followed by an in-depth overview of each type, covering materials used, structural designs, and sensing performances. Third, potential applications of the sensors are elaborated and fourth, a thorough discussion on ML is conducted, exploring different types of ML, specific ML algorithms suitable for processing acoustic/vibration signals, and current trends in ML-assisted applications. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities in soft acoustic/vibration sensor and ML research are revealed to offer new insights into future prospects in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kang Hyuk Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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11
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Zhang X, Li N, Wang G, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zeng F, Liu H, Yi G, Wang Z. Research status of polysiloxane-based piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:16693-16711. [PMID: 37274402 PMCID: PMC10236448 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible human body electronic sensor is a multifunctional electronic device with flexibility, extensibility, and responsiveness. Piezoresistive flexible human body electronic sensor has attracted the extensive attention of researchers because of its simple preparation process, high detection sensitivity, wide detection range, and low power consumption. However, the wearability and affinity to the human body of traditional flexible human electronic sensors are poor, while polysiloxane materials can be mixed with other electronic materials and have good affinity toward the human body. Therefore, polysiloxane materials have become the first choice of flexible matrixes. In this study, the research progress and preparation methods of piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors based on polysiloxane materials in recent years are summarized, the challenges faced in the development of piezoresistive flexible human electronic sensors are analyzed, and the future research directions are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Ning Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Guorui Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Fanglei Zeng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Shandong Dongyue Silicone Material Co. ,Ltd. Zibo 256401 China
| | - Gang Yi
- Shandong Dongyue Silicone Material Co. ,Ltd. Zibo 256401 China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266590 China
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12
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Zhou W, Xiao P, Zhang C, Yang Q, Chen T. Dynamic competitive strains enabled self-supporting Janus nanostructured films for high-performance airflow perception. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1264-1273. [PMID: 36786523 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01482c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, piezoresistive airflow sensing systems have shown extensive potential applications in aerospace, weather forecasting, mineral enterprises, and wearable electronics. However, the achievement of both an ultralow detection limit and broad monitoring range still remains challenging. Here, we propose a self-supported Janus film based on a graphene/carbon sphere-elastomer hybrid, which allows us to sensitively and efficiently perceive tiny and strong airflows via responding with opposite current variations enabled by the dynamic competition of transverse and longitudinal strains. The achieved film enables an ultralow detection limit of ∼0.0087 m s-1, a wide detection range of 0.0087-23 m s-1, favorable response speed as fast as ∼0.1 s, and signal stability for 1150 cycles. Furthermore, an artificial smart spiderweb array system is delicately designed to efficiently distinguish the position and intensity of the applied airflow for efficient non-contact manipulation, enabling significant potential in the development of advanced soft electronics and smart biomimetic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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13
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Zhang X, Ma J, Huang W, Zhang J, Lyu C, Zhang Y, Wen B, Wang X, Ye J, Diao D. Direct fabrication of flexible tensile sensors enabled by polariton energy transfer based on graphene nanosheet films. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0016758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental problem in the direct manufacturing of flexible devices is the low melting temperature of flexible substrates, which hinders the development of flexible electronics. Proposed here is an electron-cyclotron-resonance sputtering system that can batch-fabricate devices directly on flexible substrates under a low temperature by virtue of the polariton energy transfer between the plasma and the material. Flexible graphene nanosheet-embedded carbon (F-GNEC) films are manufactured directly on polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate, and polydimethylsiloxane, and how the substrate bias (electron energy), microwave power (plasma flux and energy), and magnetic field (electron flux) affect the nanostructure of the F-GNEC films is investigated, indicating that electron energy and flux contribute to the formation of standing graphene nanosheets in the film. The films have good uniformity of distribution in a large size (17 mm × 17 mm), and tensile and angle sensors with a high gauge factor (0.92) and fast response (50 ms) for a machine hand are obtained by virtue of the unique nanostructure of the F-GNEC film. This work sheds light on the quantum manufacturing of carbon sensors and its applications for intelligent machine hands and virtual-reality technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Junchi Ma
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenhao Huang
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jichen Zhang
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chaoyang Lyu
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Research Center of Medical Plasma Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Center of Medical Plasma Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Shenzhen Milebot Robotics Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dongfeng Diao
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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14
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Tung TT, Tran MT, Pereira AL, Cordeiro CM, Nguyen DD, Tai NH, Tran VV, Hsu CC, Joshi P, Yoshimura M, Feller JF, Castro M, Hassan K, Nine MJ, Stanley N, Losic D. Graphene woven fabric-polydimethylsiloxane piezoresistive films for smart multi-stimuli responses. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 221:112940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Zhao L, Qiao J, Li F, Yuan D, Huang J, Wang M, Xu S. Laser-Patterned Hierarchical Aligned Micro-/Nanowire Network for Highly Sensitive Multidimensional Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48276-48284. [PMID: 36228148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible multidirectional strain sensors capable of simultaneously detecting strain amplitudes and directions have attracted tremendous interest. Herein, we propose a flexible multidirectional strain sensor based on a newly designed single-layer hierarchical aligned micro-/nanowire (HAMN) network. The HAMN network is efficiently fabricated using a one-step femtosecond laser patterning technology based on a modulated line-shaped beam. The anisotropic performance is attributed to the significantly different morphological changes caused by an inhomogeneous strain redistribution among the HAMN network. The fabricated strain sensor exhibits high sensitivity (gauge factor of 65 under 2.5% strain and 462 under larger strains), low response/recovery time (140 and 322 ms), and good stability (over 1000 cycles). Moreover, this single-layer strain sensor with high selectivity (gauge factor differences of ∼73 between orthogonal strains) is capable of distinguishing multidimensional strains and exhibits decoupled responses under low strains (<1%). Therefore, the strain sensors enable the precise monitoring of subtle movements, including radial pulses and wrist bending, and the rectification of pen-holding posture. Benefitting from these remarkable performances, the HAMN-based strain sensors show potential applications, including healthcare and complex human motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jingyu Qiao
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Fangmei Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jiaxu Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Shaolin Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen518055, China
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16
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Sun T, Zhao H, Zhang J, Chen Y, Gao J, Liu L, Niu S, Han Z, Ren L, Lin Q. Degradable Bioinspired Hypersensitive Strain Sensor with High Mechanical Strength Using a Basalt Fiber as a Reinforced Layer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42723-42733. [PMID: 36073899 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have received extensive attention due to their broad application prospects. However, a majority of present flexible strain sensors may fail to maintain normal sensing performances upon external loads because of their low strength and thus their performances are affected drastically with increasing loads, which severely restricts large-area popularization and application. Scorpions with hypersensitive vibration slit sensilla are coincident with a similar predicament. Herein, it is revealed that scorpions intelligently use risky slits to detect subtle vibrations, and meanwhile, the distinct layered composites of the main body of this organ prevent catastrophic failure of the sensory structure. Furthermore, the extensive use of flexible sensors will generate a mass of electronic waste just as obsoleting silicon-based devices. Considering mechanical properties and environmental issues, a flexible strain sensor based on an elastomer (Ecoflex)-wrapped fabric with the woven structure was designed and fabricated. Note that introducing a "green" basalt fiber (BF) into a degradable elastomer can effectively avoid environmental issues and significantly enhance the mechanical properties of the sensor. As a result, it shows excellent sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) ∼138.10) and high durability (∼40,000 cycles). Moreover, the reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/BF/Ecoflex flexible strain sensor possesses superior mechanical properties (tensile strength ∼20 MPa) and good flexibility. More significantly, the sensor can maintain normal performances under large external tensions, impact loads, and even underwater environments, providing novel design principles for environmentally friendly flexible sensors under extremely harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Houqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jiqi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Linpeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of High Performance and Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410012, China
| | - Shichao Niu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Luquan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Qiao Lin
- Biomedical Microelectromechanical Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, United States
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17
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Zhou Y, Stewart R. Highly flexible, durable,
UV
resistant, and electrically conductive graphene based
TPU
/textile composite sensor. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Dyson School of Design Engineering Imperial College London London UK
| | - Rebecca Stewart
- Dyson School of Design Engineering Imperial College London London UK
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18
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Zhao D, Nie B, Qi G, Li S, Zhu Q, Qiu J, Hsu Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhang Q, Wei Z. A flexible metal nano-mesh strain sensor with the characteristic of spontaneous functional recovery after fracture damage. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12409-12417. [PMID: 35971990 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02493d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Developing flexible sensors with high sensitivity, a wide sensing range, and good stability is a challenge. By replicating the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) hole structure, we proposed new strain sensors with Pt nano-mesh films embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films. The nano-mesh strain sensor exhibited high sensitivity (a gauge factor of 4500) and a sensing range as high as 90%. The resistance remained almost completely unchanged after 1500 loading/unloading cycles of 15% strain, demonstrating the high repeatability and stability of the sensor. In addition, even if the nano-mesh experienced an open circuit by overstraining, the sensor can still measure strain within 45% after recovery. The capability of spontaneous functional recovery after fractural damage considerably extends its service life. Finally, the nano-mesh strain sensors were worn on the wrist and neck to monitor wrist movement and throat vibration, respectively. Signals corresponding to swallowing, throat clearing, and letter pronunciation were clearly distinguished from the peak value and signal patterns. These results indicate that the metal nano-mesh strain sensors have great potential for applications in wearable devices, electronic skin, and flexible robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Zhao
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Bangbang Nie
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Guochen Qi
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shijiao Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qichen Zhu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jingjiang Qiu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Sensing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yenya Hsu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yudong Zhang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zonhan Wei
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
- Institute of Intelligent Sensing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Cyber Science and Engineering & Hanwei Institute of Internet of Things, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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19
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Ma Y, Li Z, Han J, Li L, Wang M, Tong Z, Suhr J, Xiao L, Jia S, Chen X. Vertical Graphene Canal Mesh for Strain Sensing with a Supereminent Resolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32387-32394. [PMID: 35818991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of microstrain sensors offers significant prospects in diverse applications, such as microrobots, intelligent human-computer interaction, health monitoring, and medical rehabilitation. Among strain sensor materials, vertical graphene (VG) has demonstrated considerable potential as a resistive material; however, VG-based strain sensors with high resolution are yet to be developed. In addition, the detection mechanism of VG has not been extensively investigated. Herein, we developed a VG canal mesh (VGCM) to fabricate a flexible strain sensor for ultralow strain sensing, achieving an accurate response to strains as low as 0.1‰ within a total strain range of 0%-4%. The detection of such low strains is due to the rigorous structural design and strain concentration effect of the three-dimensional micronano structure of the VGCM. Through experimental results and theoretical simulation, the evolution of microcracks in VG and the sensing mechanism of VG and VGCM are elaborated, and the unique advantages of VGCM are revealed. Finally, the VGCM-based strain sensors are proposed as portable breathing test equipment for rapid breathing detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zijian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiemin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Linhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhaomin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, Department of Microsystems, University of Southeast Norway, Borre N-3184, Norway
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20
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Choi HJ, Ko M, Kim IH, Yu H, Kim JY, Yun T, Yang JS, Yang GG, Jeong HS, Moon MH, Kim SO. Wide-Range Size Fractionation of Graphene Oxide by Flow Field-Flow Fractionation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:9172-9182. [PMID: 35679534 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many interesting properties of 2D materials and their assembled structures are strongly dependent on the lateral size and size distribution of 2D materials. Accordingly, effective size separation of polydisperse 2D sheets is critical for desirable applications. Here, we introduce flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) for a wide-range size fractionation of graphene oxide (GO) up to 100 μm. Two different separation mechanisms are identified for FlFFF, including normal mode and steric/hyperlayer mode, to size fractionate wide size-distributed GOs while employing a crossflow field for either diffusion or size-controlled migration of GO. Obviously, the 2D GO sheet reveals size separation behavior distinctive from typical spherical particles arising from its innate planar geometry. We also investigate 2D sheet size-dependent mechanical and electrical properties of three different graphene fibers produced from size-fractionated GOs. This FlFFF-based size selection methodology can be used as a generic approach for effective wide-range size separation for 2D materials, including rGO, TMDs, and MXene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungjae Ko
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Yu
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonrabuk-do 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeong Yun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seon Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Su Jeong
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonrabuk-do 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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21
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Ismail Z, W Idris WF, Abdullah AH. Graphene-based temperature, humidity, and strain sensor: A review on progress, characterization, and potential applications during Covid-19 pandemic. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2022; 3:100183. [PMID: 35633818 PMCID: PMC9126002 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2022.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene's potential as material for wearable, highly sensitive and robust sensor in various fields of technology has been widely investigated until now in order to capitalize on its unique intrinsic physical and chemical properties. In the wake of Covid-19 pandemic, it has been noticed that there are various potentials roles that can be fulfilled by graphene-based temperature, humidity and strain sensor, whose roles has not been widely explored to date. This paper takes the liberty to mainly highlight the progress layout and characterization technique for graphene-based sensor while including a brief discussion on the possible strategy of sensing data analysis that can be employed to minimize and prevent the risk of Covid-19 infection within a living community. While majority of the reported sensor is still in the in-progress status, its highlighted role in this work may provide a brief idea on how the ongoing research in graphene-based sensor may lead to the future implementation of the device for routine healthcare check-up and diagnostic point-care during and post-pandemic era. On the other hand, the sensitivity and response time data against working temperature, humidity and strain range that are provided could serve as a reference for benchmarking purpose, which certainly would help enthusiast in the development of a graphene-based sensor with a better performance for the future.
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22
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An Overview of Hierarchical Design of Textile-Based Sensor in Wearable Electronics. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Smart textiles have recently aroused tremendous interests over the world because of their broad applications in wearable electronics, such as human healthcare, human motion detection, and intelligent robotics. Sensors are the primary components of wearable and flexible electronics, which convert various signals and external stimuli into electrical signals. While traditional electronic sensors based on rigid silicon wafers can hardly conformably attach on the human body, textile materials including fabrics, yarns, and fibers afford promising alternatives due to their characteristics including light weight, flexibility, and breathability. Of fundamental importance are the needs for fabrics simultaneously having high electrical and mechanical performance. This article focused on the hierarchical design of the textile-based flexible sensor from a structure point of view. We first reviewed the selection of newly developed functional materials for textile-based sensors, including metals, conductive polymers, carbon nanomaterials, and other two-dimensional (2D) materials. Then, the hierarchical structure design principles on different levels from microscale to macroscale were discussed in detail. Special emphasis was placed on the microstructure control of fibers, configurational engineering of yarn, and pattern design of fabrics. Finally, the remaining challenges toward industrialization and commercialization that exist to date were presented.
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Liu Z, Zhu T, Wang J, Zheng Z, Li Y, Li J, Lai Y. Functionalized Fiber-Based Strain Sensors: Pathway to Next-Generation Wearable Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:61. [PMID: 35165824 PMCID: PMC8844338 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors are arousing increasing research interests in recent years on account of their potentials in motion detection, personal and public healthcare, future entertainment, man-machine interaction, artificial intelligence, and so forth. Much research has focused on fiber-based sensors due to the appealing performance of fibers, including processing flexibility, wearing comfortability, outstanding lifetime and serviceability, low-cost and large-scale capacity. Herein, we review the latest advances in functionalization and device fabrication of fiber materials toward applications in fiber-based wearable strain sensors. We describe the approaches for preparing conductive fibers such as spinning, surface modification, and structural transformation. We also introduce the fabrication and sensing mechanisms of state-of-the-art sensors and analyze their merits and demerits. The applications toward motion detection, healthcare, man-machine interaction, future entertainment, and multifunctional sensing are summarized with typical examples. We finally critically analyze tough challenges and future remarks of fiber-based strain sensors, aiming to implement them in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Liu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tianxue Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Junru Wang
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Jiashen Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Yuekun Lai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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24
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Shin D, Cupertino A, de Jong MHJ, Steeneken PG, Bessa MA, Norte RA. Spiderweb Nanomechanical Resonators via Bayesian Optimization: Inspired by Nature and Guided by Machine Learning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106248. [PMID: 34695265 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From ultrasensitive detectors of fundamental forces to quantum networks and sensors, mechanical resonators are enabling next-generation technologies to operate in room-temperature environments. Currently, silicon nitride nanoresonators stand as a leading microchip platform in these advances by allowing for mechanical resonators whose motion is remarkably isolated from ambient thermal noise. However, to date, human intuition has remained the driving force behind design processes. Here, inspired by nature and guided by machine learning, a spiderweb nanomechanical resonator is developed that exhibits vibration modes, which are isolated from ambient thermal environments via a novel "torsional soft-clamping" mechanism discovered by the data-driven optimization algorithm. This bioinspired resonator is then fabricated, experimentally confirming a new paradigm in mechanics with quality factors above 1 billion in room-temperature environments. In contrast to other state-of-the-art resonators, this milestone is achieved with a compact design that does not require sub-micrometer lithographic features or complex phononic bandgaps, making it significantly easier and cheaper to manufacture at large scales. These results demonstrate the ability of machine learning to work in tandem with human intuition to augment creative possibilities and uncover new strategies in computing and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Shin
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cupertino
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs H J de Jong
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Bessa
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Norte
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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25
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Li Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Gu JD, Ke K, Yin B, Yang MB. Aligned wave-like elastomer fibers with robust conductive layers via electroless deposition for stretchable electrode applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8801-8808. [PMID: 34633022 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible wearable electronics play an important role in the healthcare industry due to their unique skin affinity, portability and breathability. Despite great progress, it still remains a big challenge to facilely fabricate stretchable electrodes with low resistance, excellent stability and a wide tensile range. Here, we propose a handy and time-saving strategy for the fabrication of elastomeric films consisting of wave-like fibers with a robust conductive layer of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) immobilized using polydopamine (PDA) and silicone rubber (SR). To realize better stretchability, electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) mats with oriented nanofibers were treated via ethanol to achieve a wavy structure, which also allowed for the decoration of AgNP precursors on the TPU surface via PDA assisted electroless deposition (ELD). Therefore, the electrodes achieved a stretchability of 120% with high electrical conductivity (486 S cm-1). The films with a reduction time of 30 min showed superior electrical conductivity indicated by a resistance increase of only 100% within 50% strain. The TPU/PDA/AgNP/SR composites with a shorter reduction time of silver precursors could monitor human motions as wearable strain sensors with a wide work strain range (0-98%) and a high sensitivity (with a gauge factor (GF) of up to 81.76) for a strain of 80-98%. Therefore, they are an excellent candidate for potential application in prospective stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Di Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang F, Ma PC, Wang J, Zhang Q, Feng W, Zhu Y, Zheng Q. Anisotropic conductive networks for multidimensional sensing. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2615-2653. [PMID: 34617540 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, flexible physical sensors have attracted great attention due to their wide applications in many emerging areas including health-monitoring, human-machine interfaces, smart robots, and entertainment. However, conventional sensors are typically designed to respond to a specific stimulus or a deformation along only one single axis, while directional tracking and accurate monitoring of complex multi-axis stimuli is more critical in practical applications. Multidimensional sensors with distinguishable signals for simultaneous detection of complex postures and movements in multiple directions are highly demanded for the development of wearable electronics. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the design and fabrication of multidimensional sensors that are capable of distinguishing stimuli from different directions accurately. Benefiting from their unique decoupling mechanisms, anisotropic architectures have been proved to be promising structures for multidimensional sensing. This review summarizes the present state and advances of the design and preparation strategies for fabricating multidimensional sensors based on anisotropic conducting networks. The fabrication strategies of different anisotropic structures, the working mechanism of various types of multidimensional sensing and their corresponding unique applications are presented and discussed. The potential challenges faced by multidimensional sensors are revealed to provide an insightful outlook for the future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, P. R. China
| | - Jiangxin Wang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China.
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China.
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Nguyen T, Dinh T, Phan HP, Pham TA, Dau VT, Nguyen NT, Dao DV. Advances in ultrasensitive piezoresistive sensors: from conventional to flexible and stretchable applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2123-2150. [PMID: 34846421 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The piezoresistive effect has been a dominant mechanical sensing principle that has been widely employed in a range of sensing applications. This transducing concept still receives great attention because of the huge demand for developing small, low-cost, and high-performance sensing devices. Many researchers have extensively explored new methods to enhance the piezoresistive effect and to make sensors more and more sensitive. Many interesting phenomena and mechanisms to enhance the sensitivity have been discovered. Numerous review papers on the piezoresistive effect have been published; however, there is no comprehensive review article that thoroughly analyses methods and approaches to enhance the piezoresistive effect. This paper comprehensively reviews and presents all the advanced enhancement methods ranging from the quantum physical effect and new materials to nanoscopic and macroscopic structures, and from conventional rigid to flexible, stretchable and wearable applications. In addition, the paper summarises results recently achieved on applying the above-mentioned innovative sensing enhancement techniques in making extremely sensitive piezoresistive transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Australia.
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28
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Lee JH, Chen H, Kim E, Zhang H, Wu K, Zhang H, Shen X, Zheng Q, Yang J, Jeon S, Kim JK. Flexible temperature sensors made of aligned electrospun carbon nanofiber films with outstanding sensitivity and selectivity towards temperature. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1488-1498. [PMID: 34846457 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00018g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous real-time measurement of body temperature using a wearable sensor is an essential part of human health monitoring. Electrospun aligned carbon nanofiber (ACNF) films are employed to assemble flexible temperature sensors. The temperature sensor prepared at a low carbonization temperature of 650 °C yields an outstanding sensitivity of 1.52% °C-1, high accuracy, good linearity, fast response time and excellent long-term durability. Moreover, it exhibits high discriminability towards temperature amidst other unwanted stimuli and maintains its original performance even after repeated stretch/release cycles because of highly-aligned structures. The correlation between the atomic structure and the temperature sensing performance of ACNF sensors is established. Contrary to conventional highly conductive temperature sensors, the ACNF sensor with a low electrical conductivity prepared at a low carbonization temperature ameliorates the temperature sensing performance. This anomaly is explained by (i) the smaller and more disordered sp2 carbon crystallites yielding a high negative temperature coefficient, (ii) a larger number of defects, and (iii) a higher pyridinic-N content generating abundant entrapped and localized electrons which are activated once sufficient thermal energy is available. Flexible ACNF sensor's overall performance is among the best-known carbon material-based flexible temperature sensors, demonstrating potential applications in emerging healthcare and flexible electronics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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29
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Yu R, Zhu C, Wan J, Li Y, Hong X. Review of Graphene-Based Textile Strain Sensors, with Emphasis on Structure Activity Relationship. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13010151. [PMID: 33401466 PMCID: PMC7795091 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based textile strain sensors were reviewed in terms of their preparation methods, performance, and applications with particular attention on its forming method, the key properties (sensitivity, stability, sensing range and response time), and comparisons. Staple fiber strain sensors, staple and filament strain sensors, nonwoven fabric strain sensors, woven fabric strain sensors and knitted fabric strain sensors were summarized, respectively. (i) In general, graphene-based textile strain sensors can be obtained in two ways. One method is to prepare conductive textiles through spinning and weaving techniques, and the graphene worked as conductive filler. The other method is to deposit graphene-based materials on the surface of textiles, the graphene served as conductive coatings and colorants. (ii) The gauge factor (GF) value of sensor refers to its mechanical and electromechanical properties, which are the key evaluation indicators. We found the absolute value of GF of graphene-based textile strain sensor could be roughly divided into two trends according to its structural changes. Firstly, in the recoverable deformation stage, GF usually decreased with the increase of strain. Secondly, in the unrecoverable deformation stage, GF usually increased with the increase of strain. (iii) The main challenge of graphene-based textile strain sensors was that their application capacity received limited studies. Most of current studies only discussed washability, seldomly involving the impact of other environmental factors, including friction, PH, etc. Based on these developments, this work was done to provide some merit to references and guidelines for the progress of future research on flexible and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufang Yu
- College of Textiles (International Silk Institute), Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
| | - Chengyan Zhu
- College of Textiles (International Silk Institute), Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
| | - Junmin Wan
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Textiles (International Silk Institute), Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
| | - Xinghua Hong
- College of Textiles (International Silk Institute), Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-86843262
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30
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Zhang C, Shi Z, Li A, Zhang YF. RGO-Coated Polyurethane Foam/Segmented Polyurethane Composites as Solid-Solid Phase Change Thermal Interface Material. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123004. [PMID: 33339273 PMCID: PMC7766659 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal interface material (TIM) is crucial for heat transfer from a heat source to a heat sink. A high-performance thermal interface material with solid–solid phase change properties was prepared to improve both thermal conductivity and interfacial wettability by using reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated polyurethane (PU) foam as a filler, and segmented polyurethane (SPU) as a matrix. The rGO-coated foam (rGOF) was fabricated by a self-assembling method and the SPU was synthesized by an in situ polymerization method. The pure SPU and rGOF/SPU composite exhibited obvious solid–solid phase change properties with proper phase change temperature, high latent heat, good wettability, and no leakage. It was found that the SPU had better heat transfer performance than the PU without phase change properties in a practical application as a TIM, while the thermal conductivity of the rGOF/SPU composite was 63% higher than that of the pure SPU at an ultra-low rGO content of 0.8 wt.%, showing great potential for thermal management.
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31
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Lee EK, Baruah RK, Leem JW, Park W, Kim BH, Urbas A, Ku Z, Kim YL, Alam MA, Lee CH. Fractal Web Design of a Hemispherical Photodetector Array with Organic-Dye-Sensitized Graphene Hybrid Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004456. [PMID: 33043514 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vision system of arthropods consists of a dense array of individual photodetecting elements across a curvilinear surface. This compound-eye architecture could be a useful model for optoelectronic sensing devices that require a large field of view and high sensitivity to motion. Strategies that aim to mimic the compound-eye architecture involve integrating photodetector pixels with a curved microlens, but their fabrication on a curvilinear surface is challenged by the use of standard microfabrication processes that are traditionally designed for planar, rigid substrates (e.g., Si wafers). Here, a fractal web design of a hemispherical photodetector array that contains an organic-dye-sensitized graphene hybrid composite is reported to serve as an effective photoactive component with enhanced light-absorbing capabilities. The device is first fabricated on a planar Si wafer at the microscale and then transferred to transparent hemispherical domes with different curvatures in a deterministic manner. The unique structural property of the fractal web design provides protection of the device from damage by effectively tolerating various external loads. Comprehensive experimental and computational studies reveal the essential design features and optoelectronic properties of the device, followed by the evaluation of its utility in the measurement of both the direction and intensity of incident light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kwang Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ratul Kumar Baruah
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Woohyun Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bong Hoon Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
| | - Augustine Urbas
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Zahyun Ku
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Young L Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Muhammad Ashraful Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Liu GS, Yang F, Xu J, Kong Y, Zheng H, Chen L, Chen Y, Wu MX, Yang BR, Luo Y, Chen Z. Ultrasonically Patterning Silver Nanowire-Acrylate Composite for Highly Sensitive and Transparent Strain Sensors Based on Parallel Cracks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47729-47738. [PMID: 32967418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has long been a challenge to develop strain sensors with large gauge factor (GF) and high transparency for a broad strain range, to which field silver nanowires (AgNWs) have recently been applied. A dense nanowire (NW) network benefits achieving large stretchability, while a sparse NW network favors realizing high transparency and sensitive response to small strains. Herein, a patterned AgNW-acrylate composite-based strain sensor is developed to circumvent the above trade-off issue via a novel ultrasonication-based patterning technique, where a water-soluble, UV-curable acrylate composite was blended with AgNWs as both a tackifier and a photoresist for finely patterning dense AgNWs to achieve high transparency, while maintaining good stretchability. Moreover, the UV-cured AgNW-acrylate patterns are brittle and capable of forming parallel cracks which effectively evade the Poisson effect and thus increase the GF by more than 200-fold compared to that of the bulk AgNW film-based strain sensor. As a result, the AgNW-based strain sensor possesses a GF of ∼10,486 at a large strain (8%), a high transparency of 90.3%, and a maximum stretchability of 20% strain. The precise monitoring of human radial pulse and throat movements proves the great potential of this sensor as a measurement module for wearable healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiazhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifei Kong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Huajian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yaofei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei X Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Bo-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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33
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Wang P, Hu M, Wang H, Chen Z, Feng Y, Wang J, Ling W, Huang Y. The Evolution of Flexible Electronics: From Nature, Beyond Nature, and To Nature. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001116. [PMID: 33101851 PMCID: PMC7578875 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The flourishing development of multifunctional flexible electronics cannot leave the beneficial role of nature, which provides continuous inspiration in their material, structural, and functional designs. During the evolution of flexible electronics, some originated from nature, some were even beyond nature, and others were implantable or biodegradable eventually to nature. Therefore, the relationship between flexible electronics and nature is undoubtedly vital since harmony between nature and technology evolution would promote the sustainable development. Herein, materials selection and functionality design for flexible electronics that are mostly inspired from nature are first introduced with certain functionality even beyond nature. Then, frontier advances on flexible electronics including the main individual components (i.e., energy (the power source) and the sensor (the electric load)) are presented from nature, beyond nature, and to nature with the aim of enlightening the harmonious relationship between the modern electronics technology and nature. Finally, critical issues in next-generation flexible electronics are discussed to provide possible solutions and new insights in prospective exploration directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Mengmeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Yuping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Wei Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and JoiningShenzhen518055China
- Flexible Printed Electronic Technology CenterShenzhen518055China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen518055China
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Huang J, Yang X, Liu J, Her SC, Guo J, Gu J, Guan L. Vibration monitoring based on flexible multi-walled carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane film sensor and the application on motion signal acquisition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:335504. [PMID: 32353833 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8edd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors at small scales have potential applications in many fields. Until now, the research on high-performance vibration sensors based on soft materials with high sensitivity and precision, fast response and high stability are still in its infancy. In this work, a flexible, wearable and high precision film sensor based on multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was prepared via a vacuum filtration process and then encapsulated within polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The sensor exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity with gauge factor of 214.3 at flexural strain of 0.4%. When used to monitor the vibration responses of a carbon-fiber beam induced by the base excitation and impact hammer, the time and frequency responses were comparable with the results obtained by the accelerometer, with difference less than 1\!%. In addition, when the MWCNT/PDMS thin film was employed as an electronic skin sensor attached on the human body to detect human activities, the high sensitivity and repeatability demonstrate a great potential application in monitoring human motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianren Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China. CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Su P, Mu Y, Zhang G, Luo Y, Jiang J, Hu W. Mechanism Study of Molecular Deformation of 2,2',5',2″-Tetramethylated p-Terphenyl-4,4″-dithiol Trapped in Gold Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4456-4461. [PMID: 32419469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular junctions hold great potential for future microelectronics, while the practical utilization has long been limited by the problem of conformational deformation during charge transport. Here we present a first-principles theoretical study on the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) characterization of the p-terphenyl-4,4″-dithiol molecule and its 2,2',5',2″-tetramethylated analogue in gold junctions to investigate the molecular deformation mechanism. The effects of charge injection and external electric field were examined, both of which could change π-conjugation by varying the dihedral angle between the central and ending rings (DIPT). The induced significant structural deformations then change SERS responses. Only the SERS responses under an external electric field can account for the experimentally observed Raman spectra, and those of charge injections cannot. Moreover, applying a strong electric field could enlarge the conductivities of the two molecular junctions, agreeing well with experiments. This information not only elaborates that the electric field effect constitutes one important mechanism for molecular deformation but also provides useful insights for the control of charge transport in molecular junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Su
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, P.R. China
| | - Yanqi Mu
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Guangping Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm S-106 91, Sweden
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering (Department of Physics), Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong 250353, P.R. China
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36
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Highly Sensitive E-Textile Strain Sensors Enhanced by Geometrical Treatment for Human Monitoring. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082383. [PMID: 32331325 PMCID: PMC7219329 DOI: 10.3390/s20082383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Electronic textiles, also known as smart textiles or smart fabrics, are one of the best form factors that enable electronics to be embedded in them, presenting physical flexibility and sizes that cannot be achieved with other existing electronic manufacturing techniques. As part of smart textiles, e-sensors for human movement monitoring have attracted tremendous interest from researchers in recent years. Although there have been outstanding developments, smart e-textile sensors still present significant challenges in sensitivity, accuracy, durability, and manufacturing efficiency. This study proposes a two-step approach (from structure layers and shape) to actively enhance the performance of e-textile strain sensors and improve manufacturing ability for the industry. Indeed, the fabricated strain sensors based on the silver paste/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) layers and buffer cutting lines have fast response time, low hysteresis, and are six times more sensitive than SWCNT sensors alone. The e-textile sensors are integrated on a glove for monitoring the angle of finger motions. Interestingly, by attaching the sensor to the skin of the neck, the pharynx motions when speaking, coughing, and swallowing exhibited obvious and consistent signals. This research highlights the effect of the shapes and structures of e-textile strain sensors in the operation of a wearable e-textile system. This work also is intended as a starting point that will shape the standardization of strain fabric sensors in different applications.
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Tolvanen J, Kilpijärvi J, Pitkänen O, Hannu J, Jantunen H. Stretchable Sensors with Tunability and Single Stimuli-Responsiveness through Resistivity Switching Under Compressive Stress. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14433-14442. [PMID: 32119510 PMCID: PMC7145277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating human somatosensory system with its complex structure is composed of numerous sensory receptors possessing distinct responsiveness to stimuli. It is a continuous source of inspiration for tactile sensors that mimic its functions. However, to achieve single stimulus-responsiveness with mechanical decoupling is particularly challenging in the light of structural design and has not been fully addressed to date. Here we propose a novel structural design inspired by combining the characteristics of electronic skin (e-skin) and electronic textile (e-textile) into a hybrid interface to achieve a stretchable single stimuli-responsive tactile sensor. The stencil printable biocarbon composite/silver-plated nylon hybrid interface possesses an extraordinary resistance switching (ΔR/R0 up to ∼104) under compressive stress which is controllable by the composite film-thickness. It achieves a very high normal pressure sensitivity (up to 60.8 kPa-1) in a wide dynamic range (up to ∼50 kPa) in the piezoresistive operation mode and can effectively decouple stresses induced by stretching or bending. In addition, the device is capable of high accuracy strain sensing in its capacitive operation mode through dimensional change dominant response. Because of these intriguing features, it has potential for the next-generation Internet of Things devices and user-interactive systems capable of providing visual feedback and more advanced robotics or even prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Tolvanen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Joni Kilpijärvi
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Olli Pitkänen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Jari Hannu
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Heli Jantunen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
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Xu L, Liu Z, Zhai H, Chen X, Sun R, Lyu S, Fan Y, Yi Y, Chen Z, Jin L, Zhang J, Li Y, Ye TT. Moisture-Resilient Graphene-Dyed Wool Fabric for Strain Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13265-13274. [PMID: 32105063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
E-textile consisting of natural fabrics has become a promising material to construct wearable sensors due to its comfortability and breathability on the human body. However, the reported fabric-based e-textile materials, such as graphene-treated cotton, silk, and flax, generally suffer from the electrical and mechanical instability in long-term wearing. In particular, fabrics on the human body have to endure heat variation, moisture evaporation from metabolic activities, and even the immersion with body sweat. To face the above challenges, here we report a wool-knitted fabric sensor treated with graphene oxide (GO) dyeing followed by l-ascorbic acid (l-AA) reduction (rGO). This rGO-based strain sensor is highly stretchable, washable, and durable with rapid sensing response. It exhibits excellent linearity with more than 20% elongation and, most importantly, withstand moisture from 30 to 90% (or even immersed with water) and still maintains good electrical and mechanical properties. We further demonstrate that, by integrating this proposed material with the near-field communication (NFC) system, a batteryless, wireless wearable body movement sensor can be constructed. This material can find wide use in smart garment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Zekun Liu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Heng Zhai
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4DE, U.K
| | - Rujie Sun
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TR, U.K
| | - Shida Lyu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Yangyang Fan
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Yangpeiqi Yi
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Zhongda Chen
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jianbao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Terry T Ye
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, China
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Sun Z, Yang S, Zhao P, Zhang J, Yang Y, Ye X, Zhao X, Cui N, Tong Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Tang Q. Skin-like Ultrasensitive Strain Sensor for Full-Range Detection of Human Health Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13287-13295. [PMID: 32100528 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of strain sensors with high sensitivity and stretchability, which can accurately detect different human activities such as subtle physiological signals and large-scale joint motions is essential for disease diagnosis and human health monitoring. However, achieving both high sensitivity and stretchability is still an enormous challenge at the moment, particularly for intrinsically stretchable strain sensors. Herein, utilizing large differences in the conductivity and stretchability of micropatterned Au and SWCNTs, we present an ultrasensitive intrinsically stretchable strain sensor by a one-step photolithography process. Its high sensitivity is inspired from spiders' slit organ and the high stretchability is enlightened from spiders' neural pathway. The skin-like sensor exhibits many superior merits, including ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factors of 7.1 × 104 to 3.4 × 106), wide detection range (up to 100% strain), excellent durability (1000 cycles), ultralow limit of detection (0.1% strain), fast response (1.3 ms), and minimal feature size (≤100 μm). These fascinating merits allow the strain sensor to precisely detect diverse human activities. This work opens up a feasible path to fabricate highly sensitive and stretchable strain sensors, presenting their promising potential in future personalized healthcare, as electronic skins, and being a portable friendly human-machine interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Sun
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Junmo Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yahan Yang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaolin Ye
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Nan Cui
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
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40
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Xuan H, Tang X, Zhu Y, Ling J, Yang Y. Freestanding Hyaluronic Acid/Silk-Based Self-healing Coating toward Tissue Repair with Antibacterial Surface. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1628-1635. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Xuan
- College of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Yanxi Zhu
- Central Laboratory of Linyi People’s Hospital, Linyi 276003, PR China
| | - Jue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, PR China
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41
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Zhang S, Li S, Xia Z, Cai K. A review of electronic skin: soft electronics and sensors for human health. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:852-862. [PMID: 31942905 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02531f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews several categories of electronic skins (e-skins) for monitoring signals involved in human health. It covers advanced candidate materials, compositions, structures, and integrate strategies of e-skin, focusing on stretchable and wearable electronics. In addition, this article further discusses the potential applications and expected development of e-skins. It is possible to provide a new generation of sensors which are able to introduce artificial intelligence to the clinic and daily healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shunbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education and Key Disciplines Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, School of Optoelectronics Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Zengzilu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
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42
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Wang B, Facchetti A. Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E-Skin and E-Textile Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901408. [PMID: 31106490 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress in materials development and device integration for mechanically bendable and stretchable optoelectronics will broaden the application of "Internet-of-Things" concepts to a myriad of new applications. When addressing the needs associated with the human body, such as the detection of mechanical functions, monitoring of health parameters, and integration with human tissues, optoelectronic devices, interconnects/circuits enabling their functions, and the core passive components from which the whole system is built must sustain different degrees of mechanical stresses. Herein, the basic characteristics and performance of several of these devices are reported, particularly focusing on the conducting element constituting them. Among these devices, strain sensors of different types, energy storage elements, and power/energy storage and generators are included. Specifically, the advances during the past 3 years are reported, wherein mechanically flexible conducting elements are fabricated from (0D, 1D, and 2D) conducting nanomaterials from metals (e.g., Au nanoparticles, Ag flakes, Cu nanowires), carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, 2D conductors (e.g., graphene, MoS2 ), metal oxides (e.g., Zn nanorods), and conducting polymers (e.g., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate), polyaniline) in combination with passive fibrotic and elastomeric materials enabling, after integration, the so-called electronic skins and electronic textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
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43
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Wang R, Xu W, Shen W, Shi X, Huang J, Song W. A highly stretchable and transparent silver nanowire/thermoplastic polyurethane film strain sensor for human motion monitoring. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00989b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transparent film strain sensors based on silver nanowires and thermoplastic polyurethane are promising candidates for detecting various human motions and monitoring the mass of some kinetic objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfei Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
- China
- School of Material Science and Engineering
| | - Wei Xu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
- China
| | - Wenfeng Shen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
- China
| | - Xiaoqing Shi
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
- China
| | - Jian Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Weijie Song
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
- China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering
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44
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Kwon Y, Lee BS, Park S, Yu WR. A facile route to mechanically robust graphene oxide fibers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:20248-20255. [PMID: 35514722 PMCID: PMC9065756 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03945g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of graphene have been achieved at the macroscale by assembling individual graphene or graphene oxide (GO) particles. Wet-spinning is an efficient and well-established process that can provide GO assemblies in fiber form. The coagulation bath in the wet-spinning process has rarely been considered for the design of mechanically robust GO fibers (GOFs). In this study, locating the amidation reaction in the coagulation bath yielded mechanically improved GOFs. The imides 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide were used to form covalent amide bonds between GO flakes and chitosan, thereby reinforcing the GOFs. Evidence and effects of the amidation reaction were systematically examined. The tensile strength and breaking strain of the GOFs improved by 41.6% and 75.2%, respectively, and the toughness almost doubled because of the optimized crosslinking reaction. Our work demonstrated that using a coagulation bath is a facile way to enhance the mechanical properties of GOFs. Excellent mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of graphene have been achieved at the macroscale by assembling individual graphene or graphene oxide (GO) particles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbin Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM)
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Sun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM)
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sarang Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM)
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Ryeol Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM)
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
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