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Yan S, Deng X, Chen S, Ma T, Li T, Hu K, Jiang X. Deformation-Induced Photoprogrammable Pattern of Polyurethane Elastomers Based on Poisson Effect. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2307445. [PMID: 37930053 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Elastomers with high aspect ratio surface patterns are a promising class of materials for designing soft machines in the future. Here, a facile method for fabricating surface patterns on polyurethane elastomer by subtly utilizing the Poisson effect and gradient photocrosslinking is demonstrated. By applying uniaxial tensile strains, the aspect ratio of the surface patterns can be optionally manipulated. At prestretched state, the pattern on the polyurethane elastomer can be readily constructed through compressive stress, resulting from the gradient photocrosslinking via selective photodimerization of an anthracene-functionalized polyurethane elastomer (referred to as ANPU). The macromolecular aggregation structures during stretching deformation significantly contribute to the fabrication of high aspect ratio surface patterns. The insightful finite element analysis well demonstrates that the magnitude and distribution of internal stress in the ANPU elastomer can be regulated by selectively gradient crosslinking, leading to polymer chains migrate from the exposed region to the unexposed region, thereby generating a diverse array of surface patterns. Additionally, the periodic surface patterns exhibit tunable structural color according to the different stretching states and are fully reversible over multiple cycles, opening up avenues for diverse applications such as smart displays, stretchable strain sensors, and anticounterfeiting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinlu Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tianjiao Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kaiming Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuesong Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory for Metal Matrix Composite Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Sloots JJ, Biessels GJ, Amelink GJ, Zwanenburg JJM. Abnormalities in cardiac-induced brain tissue deformations are now detectable with MRI: A case-report of a patient who underwent craniotomy after trauma. Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 98:62-65. [PMID: 36657534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heartbeat and respiration induce cyclic brain tissue deformations, which receive increasing attention as potential driving force for brain clearance. These deformations can now be assessed using a novel 3D strain tensor imaging (STI) method at 7 T MRI. METHODS An 18-year-old man had suffered a traumatic brain injury and was treated with a craniotomy with a maximal diameter of 12 cm. STI was employed to capture cardiac-induced brain tissue deformations and additional time-resolved 2D flow measurements were acquired to capture cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow towards the spinal canal. RESULTS The craniotomy caused major changes in all aspects of the brain's mechanical dynamics as compared to healthy volunteer references. Tissue strains increased, particularly around the craniotomy, and directionality of deformations showed large abnormalities, also in the contralateral hemisphere. As the brain tissue could pulsate outward from the skull, physiological pulsatile CSF flow at the foramen magnum was abolished. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates how STI can assess physiological patterns of brain tissue deformation and how craniotomy leads to widespread deformation abnormalities that can be detected at a single patient level. While this case is meant to provide proof of concept, application of STI in other conditions of abnormal brain mechanical dynamics warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob-Jan Sloots
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - G Johan Amelink
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaco J M Zwanenburg
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Cho C, Wong J, Taqieddin A, Biswas S, Aluru NR, Nam S, Atwater HA. Highly Strain-Tunable Interlayer Excitons in MoS 2/WSe 2 Heterobilayers. Nano Lett 2021; 21:3956-3964. [PMID: 33914542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interlayer excitons in heterobilayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have generated enormous interest due to their permanent vertical dipole moments and long lifetimes. However, the effects of mechanical strain on the optoelectronic properties of interlayer excitons in heterobilayers remain relatively uncharacterized. Here, we experimentally demonstrate strain tuning of Γ-K interlayer excitons in molybdenum disulfide and tungsten diselenide (MoS2/WSe2) wrinkled heterobilayers and obtain a deformation potential constant of ∼107 meV/% uniaxial strain, which is approximately twice that of the intralayer excitons in the constituent monolayers. We further observe a nonmonotonic dependence of the interlayer exciton photoluminescence intensity with strain, which we interpret as being due to the sensitivity of the Γ point to band hybridization arising from the competition between in-plane strain and out-of-plane interlayer coupling. Strain engineering with interlayer excitons in TMDC heterobilayers offers higher strain tunability and new degrees of freedom compared to their monolayer counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chullhee Cho
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joeson Wong
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Amir Taqieddin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Souvik Biswas
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Narayana R Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - SungWoo Nam
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Sloots JJ, Biessels GJ, de Luca A, Zwanenburg JJM. Strain Tensor Imaging: Cardiac-induced brain tissue deformation in humans quantified with high-field MRI. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118078. [PMID: 33878376 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac cycle induces blood volume pulsations in the cerebral microvasculature that cause subtle deformation of the surrounding tissue. These tissue deformations are highly relevant as a potential source of information on the brain's microvasculature as well as of tissue condition. Besides, cyclic brain tissue deformations may be a driving force in clearance of brain waste products. We have developed a high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique to capture these tissue deformations with full brain coverage and sufficient signal-to-noise to derive the cardiac-induced strain tensor on a voxel by voxel basis, that could not be assessed non-invasively before. We acquired the strain tensor with 3 mm isotropic resolution in 9 subjects with repeated measurements for 8 subjects. The strain tensor yielded both positive and negative eigenvalues (principle strains), reflecting the Poison effect in tissue. The principle strain associated with expansion followed the known funnel shaped brain motion pattern pointing towards the foramen magnum. Furthermore, we evaluate two scalar quantities from the strain tensor: the volumetric strain and octahedral shear strain. These quantities showed consistent patterns between subjects, and yielded repeatable results: the peak systolic volumetric strain (relative to end-diastolic strain) was 4.19⋅10-4 ± 0.78⋅10-4 and 3.98⋅10-4 ± 0.44⋅10-4 (mean ± standard deviation for first and second measurement, respectively), and the peak octahedral shear strain was 2.16⋅10-3 ± 0.31⋅10-3 and 2.31⋅10-3 ± 0.38⋅10-3, for the first and second measurement, respectively. The volumetric strain was typically highest in the cortex and lowest in the periventricular white matter, while anisotropy was highest in the subcortical white matter and basal ganglia. This technique thus reveals new, regional information on the brain's cardiac-induced deformation characteristics, and has the potential to advance our understanding of the role of microvascular pulsations in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto de Luca
- Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Liu GS, Yang F, Xu J, Kong Y, Zheng H, Chen L, Chen Y, Wu MX, Yang BR, Luo Y, Chen Z. Ultrasonically Patterning Silver Nanowire-Acrylate Composite for Highly Sensitive and Transparent Strain Sensors Based on Parallel Cracks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:47729-47738. [PMID: 32967418 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It has long been a challenge to develop strain sensors with large gauge factor (GF) and high transparency for a broad strain range, to which field silver nanowires (AgNWs) have recently been applied. A dense nanowire (NW) network benefits achieving large stretchability, while a sparse NW network favors realizing high transparency and sensitive response to small strains. Herein, a patterned AgNW-acrylate composite-based strain sensor is developed to circumvent the above trade-off issue via a novel ultrasonication-based patterning technique, where a water-soluble, UV-curable acrylate composite was blended with AgNWs as both a tackifier and a photoresist for finely patterning dense AgNWs to achieve high transparency, while maintaining good stretchability. Moreover, the UV-cured AgNW-acrylate patterns are brittle and capable of forming parallel cracks which effectively evade the Poisson effect and thus increase the GF by more than 200-fold compared to that of the bulk AgNW film-based strain sensor. As a result, the AgNW-based strain sensor possesses a GF of ∼10,486 at a large strain (8%), a high transparency of 90.3%, and a maximum stretchability of 20% strain. The precise monitoring of human radial pulse and throat movements proves the great potential of this sensor as a measurement module for wearable healthcare systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Shi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiazhe Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifei Kong
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Huajian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yaofei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei X Wu
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Bo-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunhan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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