1
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Yao DR, Kim I, Yin S, Gao W. Multimodal Soft Robotic Actuation and Locomotion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308829. [PMID: 38305065 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diverse and adaptable modes of complex motion observed at different scales in living creatures are challenging to reproduce in robotic systems. Achieving dexterous movement in conventional robots can be difficult due to the many limitations of applying rigid materials. Robots based on soft materials are inherently deformable, compliant, adaptable, and adjustable, making soft robotics conducive to creating machines with complicated actuation and motion gaits. This review examines the mechanisms and modalities of actuation deformation in materials that respond to various stimuli. Then, strategies based on composite materials are considered to build toward actuators that combine multiple actuation modes for sophisticated movements. Examples across literature illustrate the development of soft actuators as free-moving, entirely soft-bodied robots with multiple locomotion gaits via careful manipulation of external stimuli. The review further highlights how the application of soft functional materials into robots with rigid components further enhances their locomotive abilities. Finally, taking advantage of the shape-morphing properties of soft materials, reconfigurable soft robots have shown the capacity for adaptive gaits that enable transition across environments with different locomotive modes for optimal efficiency. Overall, soft materials enable varied multimodal motion in actuators and robots, positioning soft robotics to make real-world applications for intricate and challenging tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson R Yao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Inho Kim
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Shukun Yin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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2
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Abstract
Magnetic control has gained popularity recently due to its ability to enhance soft robots with reconfigurability and untethered maneuverability, among other capabilities. Several advancements in the fabrication and application of reconfigurable magnetic soft robots have been reported. This review summarizes novel fabrication techniques for designing magnetic soft robots, including chemical and physical methods. Mechanisms of reconfigurability and deformation properties are discussed in detail. The maneuverability of magnetic soft robots is then briefly discussed. Finally, the present challenges and possible future work in designing reconfigurable magnetic soft robots for biomedical applications are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxiaohai Ning
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chayabhan Limpabandhu
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zion Tsz Ho Tse
- Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Cui Y, Li L, Liu C, Wang Y, Sun M, Jia B, Shen Z, Sheng X, Deng Y. Water-Responsive 3D Electronics for Smart Biological Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:11693-11701. [PMID: 38018768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) electronic systems with their potential for enhanced functionalities often require complex fabrication processes. This paper presents a water-based, stimuli-responsive approach for creating self-assembled 3D electronic systems, particularly suited for biorelated applications. We utilize laser scribing to programmatically shape a water-responsive bilayer, resulting in smart 3D electronic substrates. Control over the deformation direction, actuation time, and surface curvature of rolling structures is achieved by adjusting laser-scribing parameters, as validated through experiments and numerical simulations. Additionally, self-locking structures maintain the integrity of the 3D systems. This methodology enables the implementation of spiral twining electrodes for electrophysiological signal monitoring in plants. Furthermore, the integration of self-rolling electrodes onto peripheral nerves in a rodent model allows for stimulation and recording of in vivo neural activities with excellent biocompatibility. These innovations provide viable paths to next-generation 3D biointegrated electronic systems for life science studies and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Cui
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Lizhu Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Changbo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengwei Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ben Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhangming Shen
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310051, China
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4
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Tholen HM, Ambulo CP, Lee KM, Buskohl PR, Harne RL. Optomechanical computing in liquid crystal elastomers. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6978-6986. [PMID: 37665593 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00819c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Embodied decision-making in soft, engineered matter has sparked recent interest towards the development of intelligent materials. Such decision-making capabilities can be realized in soft materials via digital information processing with combinational logic operations. Although previous research has explored soft material actuators and embedded logic in soft materials, achieving a high degree of autonomy in these material systems remains a challenge. Light is an ideal stimulus to trigger information processing in soft materials due to its low thermal effect and remote use. Thus, one approach for developing soft, autonomous materials is to integrate optomechanical computing capabilities in photoresponsive materials. Here, we establish a methodology to embed combinational logic circuitry in a photoresponsive liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) film. These LCEs are designed with embedded switches and integrated circuitry using liquid metal-based conductive traces. The resulting optomechanical computing LCEs can effectively process optical information via light, thermal, and mechanical energy conversion. The methods introduced in this work to fabricate a material capable of optical information processing can facilitate the implementation of a sense of sight in soft robotic systems and other compliant devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley M Tholen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Cedric P Ambulo
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Fairborn, OH, USA
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Fairborn, OH, USA
| | - Philip R Buskohl
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Ryan L Harne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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5
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Najiya N, Popov N, Jampani VSR, Lagerwall JPF. Continuous Flow Microfluidic Production of Arbitrarily Long Tubular Liquid Crystal Elastomer Peristaltic Pump Actuators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204693. [PMID: 36494179 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are ideal materials for soft-robotic actuators, filling the role of muscle and shape-defining material simultaneously, it is non-trivial to give them ground state shapes beyond simple sheets or fibers. Here tubular LCE actuators scalable to arbitrary length are produced using a continuous three-phase coaxial flow microfluidic process. By pumping an oligomeric precursor solution between inner and outer aqueous phases in a cylindrically symmetric nested capillary set-up, and by reducing the interfacial tension to negligible values using surfactants adapted to each phase, the tubular liquid flow is stabilized over distances more than 200 times the diameter or 2000 times the thickness. In situ photocrosslinking of the middle phase turns it into an LCE network that is flow-aligned by the shear gradient over the phase. The reversible actuation of the tubes upon heating yields a reduction of the interior space, pumping out enclosed fluid, and the relaxation upon cooling leads to the fluid being sucked back in. By moving a local heat source along the tube, it acts as a peristaltic pump. It is proposed that the tubes could, pending functionalization for light-triggered actuation, function as active synthetic vasculature in biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiya Najiya
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a avenue de la faiencerie, Luxembourg city, 1511, Luxembourg
| | - Nikolay Popov
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a avenue de la faiencerie, Luxembourg city, 1511, Luxembourg
| | - Venkata Subba Rao Jampani
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a avenue de la faiencerie, Luxembourg city, 1511, Luxembourg
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jan P F Lagerwall
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, 162a avenue de la faiencerie, Luxembourg city, 1511, Luxembourg
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6
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Cang Y, Liu J, Ryu M, Graczykowski B, Morikawa J, Yang S, Fytas G. On the origin of elasticity and heat conduction anisotropy of liquid crystal elastomers at gigahertz frequencies. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5248. [PMID: 36068238 PMCID: PMC9448779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers that offer exceptional load-deformation response at low frequencies often require consideration of the mechanical anisotropy only along the two symmetry directions. However, emerging applications operating at high frequencies require all five true elastic constants. Here, we utilize Brillouin light spectroscopy to obtain the engineering moduli and probe the strain dependence of the elasticity anisotropy at gigahertz frequencies. The Young's modulus anisotropy, E||/E⊥~2.6, is unexpectedly lower than that measured by tensile testing, suggesting disparity between the local mesogenic orientation and the larger scale orientation of the network strands. Unprecedented is the robustness of E||/E⊥ to uniaxial load that it does not comply with continuously transformable director orientation observed in the tensile testing. Likewise, the heat conductivity is directional, κ||/κ⊥~3.0 with κ⊥ = 0.16 Wm-1K-1. Conceptually, this work reveals the different length scales involved in the thermoelastic anisotropy and provides insights for programming liquid crystal elastomers on-demand for high-frequency applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Zhangwu Road 100, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Meguya Ryu
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Umezono, Tsukuba, 305-8563, Japan
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.,Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, Poznan, 61-614, Poland
| | - Junko Morikawa
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - George Fytas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany.
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7
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Xiao YY, Jiang ZC, Hou JB, Chen XS, Zhao Y. Electrically driven liquid crystal network actuators. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4850-4867. [PMID: 35730498 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00544a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators based on liquid crystal networks (LCNs) have aroused great scientific interest for use as stimuli-controlled shape-changing and moving components for robotic devices due to their fast, large, programmable and solvent-free actuation responses. Recently, various LCN actuators have been implemented in soft robotics using stimulus sources such as heat, light, humidity and chemical reactions. Among them, electrically driven LCN actuators allow easy modulation and programming of the input electrical signals (amplitude, phase, and frequency) as well as stimulation throughout the volume, rendering them promising actuators for practical applications. Herein, the progress of electrically driven LCN actuators regarding their construction, actuation mechanisms, actuation performance, actuation programmability and the design strategies for intelligent systems is elucidated. We also discuss new robotic functions and advanced actuation control. Finally, an outlook is provided, highlighting the research challenges faced with this type of actuator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yu Xiao
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Zhi-Chao Jiang
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jun-Bo Hou
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Xin-Shi Chen
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Hu J, Yu M, Wang M, Choy KL, Yu H. Design, Regulation, and Applications of Soft Actuators Based on Liquid-Crystalline Polymers and Their Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12951-12963. [PMID: 35259869 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators designed from stimuli-responsive polymers often possess a certain amount of bionic functionality because of their versatile deformation. Liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) and their composites are among the most fascinating materials for soft actuators due to their great advantages of flexible structure design and easy regulation. In this Spotlight on Applications, we mainly focus on our group's latest research progress in soft actuators based on LCPs and their composites. Some representative research findings from other groups are also included for a better understanding of this research field. Above all, the essential principles for the responsive behavior and reconfigurable performance of the soft actuators are discussed, from the perspective of material morphology and structure design. Further on, we analyze recent work on how to precisely regulate the responsive modes and quantify the operating parameters of soft actuators. Finally, some application examples are given to demonstrate well-designed soft actuators with different functions under varied working environments, which is expected to provide inspiration for future research in developing more intelligent and multifunctional integrated soft actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110044, People's Republic of China
- Institute of New Structural Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Yu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingqing Wang
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College of London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Kwang-Leong Choy
- Institute for Materials Discovery, University College of London, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Haifeng Yu
- Institute of New Structural Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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Jo Y, Hwang JH, Lee SS, Lee SY, Kim YS, Kim DG, Choi Y, Jeong S. Printable Self-Activated Liquid Metal Stretchable Conductors from Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Functionalized Eutectic Gallium Indium Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10747-10757. [PMID: 35099918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronic circuits are critical in a variety of next-generation electronics applications, including soft robots, wearable technologies, and biomedical applications. To date, printable composite conductors comprising various types of conductive fillers have been suggested to achieve high electrical conductance and excellent stretchability. Among them, liquid metal particles have been considered as a viable candidate filler that can meet the necessary prerequisites. However, a mechanical activation process is needed to generate interconnected liquid channels inside elastomeric polymers. In this study, we have developed a chemical strategy of surface-functionalizing liquid metal particles to eliminate the necessity of additional mechanical activation processes. We found that the characteristic conformations of the polyvinylpyrrolidone surrounding eutectic gallium indium particles are highly dependent on the molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone. By virtue of the specific chemical roles of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the as-printed composite layers are highly conductive and stretchable, exhibiting an electrical conductivity approaching 8372 S/cm at 100% strain and an invariant resistance change of 0.92 even at 75% strain after a 60,000 cycle test. The results demonstrate that the self-activated liquid metal-based composite conductors are applicable to traditional stretchable electronics, healable stretchable electronics, and shape-morphable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Jo
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, and Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Hwang
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sun Sook Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Yong Seok Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Youngmin Choi
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Sunho Jeong
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information and Electronics, and Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology (BK21 Four), Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
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10
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Balakrishnan G, Song J, Mou C, Bettinger CJ. Recent Progress in Materials Chemistry to Advance Flexible Bioelectronics in Medicine. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106787. [PMID: 34751987 PMCID: PMC8917047 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Designing bioelectronic devices that seamlessly integrate with the human body is a technological pursuit of great importance. Bioelectronic medical devices that reliably and chronically interface with the body can advance neuroscience, health monitoring, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Recent major efforts focus on investigating strategies to fabricate flexible, stretchable, and soft electronic devices, and advances in materials chemistry have emerged as fundamental to the creation of the next generation of bioelectronics. This review summarizes contemporary advances and forthcoming technical challenges related to three principal components of bioelectronic devices: i) substrates and structural materials, ii) barrier and encapsulation materials, and iii) conductive materials. Through notable illustrations from the literature, integration and device fabrication strategies and associated challenges for each material class are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiwoo Song
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chenchen Mou
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Abstract
Smart soft materials are envisioned to be the building blocks of the next generation of advanced devices and digitally augmented technologies. In this context, liquid crystals (LCs) owing to their responsive and adaptive attributes could serve as promising smart soft materials. LCs played a critical role in revolutionizing the information display industry in the 20th century. However, in the turn of the 21st century, numerous beyond-display applications of LCs have been demonstrated, which elegantly exploit their controllable stimuli-responsive and adaptive characteristics. For these applications, new LC materials have been rationally designed and developed. In this Review, we present the recent developments in light driven chiral LCs, i.e., cholesteric and blue phases, LC based smart windows that control the entrance of heat and light from outdoor to the interior of buildings and built environments depending on the weather conditions, LC elastomers for bioinspired, biological, and actuator applications, LC based biosensors for detection of proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses, LC based porous membranes for the separation of ions, molecules, and microbes, living LCs, and LCs under macro- and nanoscopic confinement. The Review concludes with a summary and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for LCs as smart soft materials. This Review is anticipated to stimulate eclectic ideas toward the implementation of the nature's delicate phase of matter in future generations of smart and augmented devices and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Quan Li
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States.,Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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12
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Sun D, Zhang J, Li H, Shi Z, Meng Q, Liu S, Chen J, Liu X. Toward Application of Liquid Crystalline Elastomer for Smart Robotics: State of the Art and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1889. [PMID: 34204168 PMCID: PMC8201031 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are lightly crosslinked polymers that combine liquid crystalline order and rubber elasticity. Owing to their unique anisotropic behavior and reversible shape responses to external stimulation (temperature, light, etc.), LCEs have emerged as preferred candidates for actuators, artificial muscles, sensors, smart robots, or other intelligent devices. Herein, we discuss the basic action, control mechanisms, phase transitions, and the structure-property correlation of LCEs; this review provides a comprehensive overview of LCEs for applications in actuators and other smart devices. Furthermore, the synthesis and processing of liquid crystal elastomer are briefly discussed, and the current challenges and future opportunities are prospected. With all recent progress pertaining to material design, sophisticated manipulation, and advanced applications presented, a vision for the application of LCEs in the next generation smart robots or automatic action systems is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Juzhong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Hongpeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China;
| | - Zhengya Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Qi Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuiren Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (D.S.); (Z.S.); (Q.M.); (J.C.); (X.L.)
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13
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Kim H, Abdelrahman MK, Choi J, Kim H, Maeng J, Wang S, Javed M, Rivera-Tarazona LK, Lee H, Ko SH, Ware TH. From Chaos to Control: Programmable Crack Patterning with Molecular Order in Polymer Substrates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008434. [PMID: 33860580 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cracks are typically associated with the failure of materials. However, cracks can also be used to create periodic patterns on the surfaces of materials, as observed in the skin of crocodiles and elephants. In synthetic materials, surface patterns are critical to micro- and nanoscale fabrication processes. Here, a strategy is presented that enables freely programmable patterns of cracks on the surface of a polymer and then uses these cracks to pattern other materials. Cracks form during deposition of a thin film metal on a liquid crystal polymer network (LCN) and follow the spatially patterned molecular order of the polymer. These patterned sub-micrometer scale cracks have an order parameter of 0.98 ± 0.02 and form readily over centimeter-scale areas on the flexible substrates. The patterning of the LCN enables cracks that turn corners, spiral azimuthally, or radiate from a point. Conductive inks can be filled into these oriented cracks, resulting in flexible, anisotropic, and transparent conductors. This materials-based processing approach to patterning cracks enables unprecedented control of the orientation, length, width, and depth of the cracks without costly lithography methods. This approach promises new architectures of electronics, sensors, fluidics, optics, and other devices with micro- and nanoscale features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kim
- Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, CCDC Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mustafa K Abdelrahman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Joonmyung Choi
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongdeok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Maeng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Suitu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mahjabeen Javed
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Laura K Rivera-Tarazona
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Habeom Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design (IAMD) / Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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14
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Lavrentovich OD. Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2021; 8:59-129. [PMID: 34956738 PMCID: PMC8698256 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2021.1919576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of small particles, both living such as swimming bacteria and inanimate, such as colloidal spheres, has fascinated scientists for centuries. If one could learn how to control and streamline their chaotic motion, that would open technological opportunities in the transformation of stored or environmental energy into systematic motion, with applications in micro-robotics, transport of matter, guided morphogenesis. This review presents an approach to command microscale dynamics by replacing an isotropic medium with a liquid crystal. Orientational order and associated properties, such as elasticity, surface anchoring, and bulk anisotropy, enable new dynamic effects, ranging from the appearance and propagation of particle-like solitary waves to self-locomotion of an active droplet. By using photoalignment, the liquid crystal can be patterned into predesigned structures. In the presence of the electric field, these patterns enable the transport of solid and fluid particles through nonlinear electrokinetics rooted in anisotropy of conductivity and permittivity. Director patterns command the dynamics of swimming bacteria, guiding their trajectories, polarity of swimming, and distribution in space. This guidance is of a higher level of complexity than a simple following of the director by rod-like microorganisms. Namely, the director gradients mediate hydrodynamic interactions of bacteria to produce an active force and collective polar modes of swimming. The patterned director could also be engraved in a liquid crystal elastomer. When an elastomer coating is activated by heat or light, these patterns produce a deterministic surface topography. The director gradients define an activation force that shapes the elastomer in a manner similar to the active stresses triggering flows in active nematics. The patterned elastomer substrates could be used to define the orientation of cells in living tissues. The liquid-crystal guidance holds a major promise in achieving the goal of commanding microscale active flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Department of Physics, Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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15
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Digital logic gates in soft, conductive mechanical metamaterials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1633. [PMID: 33712597 PMCID: PMC7954845 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21920-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated circuits utilize networked logic gates to compute Boolean logic operations that are the foundation of modern computation and electronics. With the emergence of flexible electronic materials and devices, an opportunity exists to formulate digital logic from compliant, conductive materials. Here, we introduce a general method of leveraging cellular, mechanical metamaterials composed of conductive polymers to realize all digital logic gates and gate assemblies. We establish a method for applying conductive polymer networks to metamaterial constituents and correlate mechanical buckling modes with network connectivity. With this foundation, each of the conventional logic gates is realized in an equivalent mechanical metamaterial, leading to soft, conductive matter that thinks about applied mechanical stress. These findings may advance the growing fields of soft robotics and smart mechanical matter, and may be leveraged across length scales and physics. A method to cultivate decision-making in soft materials would provide a key step to autonomous engineered matter. Here, the authors report a class of conductive polymer-based mechanical metamaterials that process information by digital logic and permit logic gate assembly.
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16
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Xiao YY, Jiang ZC, Hou JB, Zhao Y. Desynchronized liquid crystalline network actuators with deformation reversal capability. Nat Commun 2021; 12:624. [PMID: 33504810 PMCID: PMC7840968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystalline network (LCN) actuator normally deforms upon thermally or optically induced order-disorder phase transition, switching once between two shapes (shape 1 in LC phase and shape 2 in isotropic state) for each stimulation on/off cycle. Herein, we report an LCN actuator that deforms from shape 1 to shape 2 and then reverses the deformation direction to form shape 3 on heating or under light only, thus completing the shape switch twice for one stimulation on/off cycle. The deformation reversal capability is obtained with a monolithic LCN actuator whose two sides are made to start deforming at different temperatures and exerting different reversible strains, by means of asymmetrical crosslinking and/or asymmetrical stretching. This desynchronized actuation strategy offers possibilities in developing light-fueled LCN soft robots. In particular, the multi-stage bidirectional shape change enables multimodal, light-driven locomotion from the same LCN actuator by simply varying the light on/off times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yu Xiao
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Zhi-Chao Jiang
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jun-Bo Hou
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
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17
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Rihani R, Tasnim N, Javed M, Usoro JO, D'Souza TM, Ware TH, Pancrazio JJ. Liquid Crystalline Polymers: Opportunities to Shape Neural Interfaces. Neuromodulation 2021; 25:1259-1267. [PMID: 33501705 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymers have emerged as constituent materials for the creation of microscale neural interfaces; however, limitations regarding water permeability, delamination, and material degradation impact polymeric device robustness. Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) have molecular order like a solid but with the fluidity of a liquid, resulting in a unique material, with properties including low water permeability, chemical inertness, and mechanical toughness. The objective of this article is to review the state-of-the-art regarding the use of LCPs in neural interface applications and discuss challenges and opportunities where this class of materials can advance the field of neural interfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review article focuses on studies that leverage LCP materials to interface with the nervous system in vivo. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), and Google Scholar. RESULTS There have been recent efforts to create neural interfaces that leverage the material advantages of LCPs. The literature offers examples of LCP as a basis for implantable medical devices and neural interfaces in the form of planar electrode arrays for retinal prosthetic, electrocorticography applications, and cuff-like structures for interfacing the peripheral nerve. In addition, there have been efforts to create penetrating intracortical devices capable of microstimulation and resolution of biopotentials. Recent work with a subclass of LCPs, namely liquid crystal elastomers, demonstrates that it is possible to create devices with features that deploy away from a central implantation site to interface with a volume of tissue while offering the possibility of minimizing tissue damage. CONCLUSION We envision the creation of novel microscale neural interfaces that leverage the physical properties of LCPs and have the capability of deploying within neural tissue for enhanced integration and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Rihani
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Mahjabeen Javed
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joshua O Usoro
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Tania M D'Souza
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Taylor H Ware
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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18
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Atkinson D, D'Souza T, Rajput JS, Tasnim N, Muthuswamy J, Marvi H, Pancrazio JJ. Advances in Implantable Microelectrode Array Insertion and Positioning. Neuromodulation 2021; 25:789-795. [PMID: 33438369 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Microelectrode arrays offer a means to probe the functional circuitry of the brain and the promise of cortical neuroprosthesis for individuals suffering from paralysis or limb loss. These devices are typically comprised of one or more shanks incorporating microelectrode sites, where the shanks are positioned by inserting the devices along a straight path that is normal to the brain surface. The lack of consistent long-term chronic recording technology has driven interest in novel probe design and approaches that go beyond the standard insertion approach that is limited to a single velocity or axis. This review offers a description of typical approaches and associated limitations and surveys emergent methods for implantation of microelectrode arrays, in particular those new approaches that leverage embedded microactuators and extend the insertion direction beyond a single axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review paper surveys the current technologies that enable probe implantation, repositioning, and the capability to record/stimulate from a tissue volume. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. RESULTS There has been substantial innovation in the development of microscale and embedded technology that enables probe repositioning to maintain quality recordings in the brain. Innovations in material science have resulted in novel strategies for deployable structures that can record from or stimulate a tissue volume. Moreover, new developments involving magnetically steerable catheters and needles offer an alternative approach to "pull" rather than "push" a probe into the tissue. CONCLUSION We envision the emergence of a new generation of probes and insertion methodologies for neuromodulation applications that enable reliable chronic performance from devices that can be positioned virtually anywhere in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Atkinson
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Tania D'Souza
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jai Singh Rajput
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Nishat Tasnim
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Jit Muthuswamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological and Health Systems, Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Hamid Marvi
- School for Engineering of Matter Transport and Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph J Pancrazio
- Department of Bioengineering, Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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19
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Ambulo CP, Tasmim S, Wang S, Abdelrahman MK, Zimmern PE, Ware TH. Processing advances in liquid crystal elastomers provide a path to biomedical applications. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2020; 128:140901. [PMID: 33060862 PMCID: PMC7546753 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a class of stimuli-responsive polymers that undergo reversible shape-change in response to environmental changes. The shape change of LCEs can be programmed during processing by orienting the liquid crystal phase prior to crosslinking. The suite of processing techniques that has been developed has resulted in a myriad of LCEs with different shape-changing behavior and mechanical properties. Aligning LCEs via mechanical straining yields large uniaxial actuators capable of a moderate force output. Magnetic fields are utilized to control the alignment within LCE microstructures. The generation of out-of-plane deformations such as bending, twisting, and coning is enabled by surface alignment techniques within thin films. 4D printing processes have emerged that enable the fabrication of centimeter-scale, 3D LCE structures with a complex alignment. The processing technique also determines, to a large extent, the potential applications of the LCE. For example, 4D printing enables the fabrication of LCE actuators capable of replicating the forces generated by human muscles. Employing surface alignment techniques, LCE films can be designed for use as coatings or as substrates for stretchable electronics. The growth of new processes and strategies opens and strengthens the path for LCEs to be applicable within biomedical device designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric P Ambulo
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | | | | | | | - Philippe E Zimmern
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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20
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Three-dimensional adsorbent with pH induced superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic transformation for oil recycle and adsorbent regeneration. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 575:231-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Maeng J, Rihani RT, Javed M, Rajput JS, Kim H, Bouton IG, Criss TA, Pancrazio JJ, Black BJ, Ware TH. Liquid crystal elastomers as substrates for 3D, robust, implantable electronics. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6286-6295. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers are used as substrates for robust, implantable electronics that are planar processed then morph into 3D shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Maeng
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Rashed T. Rihani
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Mahjabeen Javed
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Jai Singh Rajput
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Bryan J. Black
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
| | - Taylor H. Ware
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Richardson
- USA
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22
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Martella D, Nocentini S, Antonioli D, Laus M, Wiersma DS, Parmeggiani C. Opposite Self-Folding Behavior of Polymeric Photoresponsive Actuators Enabled by a Molecular Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101644. [PMID: 31658752 PMCID: PMC6835338 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to obtain 3D polymeric objects by a 2D-to-3D shape-shifting method is very appealing for polymer integration with different materials, from metals in electronic devices to cells in biological studies. Such functional reshaping can be achieved through self-folding driven by a strain pattern designed into the molecular network. Among polymeric materials, liquid crystalline networks (LCNs) present an anisotropic molecular structure that can be exploited to tailor internal strain, resulting in a natural non-planar geometry when prepared in the form of flat films. In this article, we analyze the influence of different molecular parameters of the monomers on the spontaneous shape of the polymeric films and their deformation under different stimuli, such as heating or light irradiation. Modifying the alkilic chains of the crosslinkers is a simple and highly effective way to increase the temperature sensitivity of the final actuator, while modifying ester orientation on the aromatic core interestingly acts on the bending direction. Combining such effects, we have demonstrated that LCN stripes made of different monomeric mixtures originate complex non-symmetric deformation under light activation, thus opening up new applications in photonic and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Martella
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- National Institute of Optics, CNR-INO, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Sara Nocentini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- National Institute of Optics, CNR-INO, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Michele Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Universitá del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", INSTM, UdR Alessandria, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Diederik S Wiersma
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRiM, Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy.
| | - Camilla Parmeggiani
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- National Institute of Optics, CNR-INO, via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica INRiM, Strada delle Cacce, 91, 10135 Turin, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via N. Carrara 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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23
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Lu HF, Wang M, Chen XM, Lin BP, Yang H. Interpenetrating Liquid-Crystal Polyurethane/Polyacrylate Elastomer with Ultrastrong Mechanical Property. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:14364-14369. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xu-Man Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Bao-Ping Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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