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Anthony Raj MR, Yao C, Frémont M, Skene WG. Exploiting Mixed Valence Charge Transfer for Electrochromic and Electrofluorochromic Use. Chemistry 2024:e202401417. [PMID: 38970532 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
An asymmetric mixed valence fluorophore with two different electron rich termini was investigated as a dual-role active material for electrochromism and electrofluorochromism. The fluorescence quantum yield (Φfl) and emission wavelength of the fluorophore were dependent on solvent polarity. The quantum yield of the material in an electrolyte gel, on a glass substrate and in a device was 40 %, 20 % and 13 % respectively. The fluorophore further underwent two near-simultaneous electrochemical oxidations. The first oxidation resulted in a 1000 nm red shift in the absorption to broadly absorb in the NIR, corresponding to the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT). Whereas the second oxidation led to a perceived green color at 715 nm with the extinction of the NIR absorbing IVCT. Owing to the dissymmetry of the fluorophore along with its two unique oxidation sites, the IVCT gives rise to a mixed valence transfer charge (MVCT). The coloration efficiency of the fluorophore in both solution and a device was 1433 and 200 cm2 C-1, respectively. The fluorescence intensity could be reversibly modulated electrochemically. The photoemission intensity of the fluorophore was modulated with applied potential in an operating electrochromic/electrofluorochromic device. Both the dual electrochromic and the electrofluorochromic behavior of the fluorophore were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Raj Anthony Raj
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Chengzhang Yao
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Frémont
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - W G Skene
- Laboratoire de caractérisation photophysique des matériaux conjugués, Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
- Institut Courtois, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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2
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Diesing S, Zhang L, Zysman-Colman E, Samuel IDW. A figure of merit for efficiency roll-off in TADF-based organic LEDs. Nature 2024; 627:747-753. [PMID: 38538942 PMCID: PMC10972759 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are a revolutionary light-emitting display technology that has been successfully commercialized in mobile phones and televisions1,2. The injected charges form both singlet and triplet excitons, and for high efficiency it is important to enable triplets as well as singlets to emit light. At present, materials that harvest triplets by thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are a very active field of research as an alternative to phosphorescent emitters that usually use heavy metal atoms3,4. Although excellent progress has been made, in most TADF OLEDs there is a severe decrease of efficiency as the drive current is increased, known as efficiency roll-off. So far, much of the literature suggests that efficiency roll-off should be reduced by minimizing the energy difference between singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST) to maximize the rate of conversion of triplets to singlets by means of reverse intersystem crossing (kRISC)5-20. We analyse the efficiency roll-off in a wide range of TADF OLEDs and find that neither of these parameters fully accounts for the reported efficiency roll-off. By considering the dynamic equilibrium between singlets and triplets in TADF materials, we propose a figure of merit for materials design to reduce efficiency roll-off and discuss its correlation with reported data of TADF OLEDs. Our new figure of merit will guide the design and development of TADF materials that can reduce efficiency roll-off. It will help improve the efficiency of TADF OLEDs at realistic display operating conditions and expand the use of TADF materials to applications that require high brightness, such as lighting, augmented reality and lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diesing
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, St Andrews, UK
| | - L Zhang
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, St Andrews, UK
| | - E Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, St Andrews, UK.
| | - I D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK.
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3
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Chen YS, Lin IH, Huang HY, Liu SW, Hung WY, Wong KT. Exciplex-forming cohost systems with 2,7-dicyanofluorene acceptors for high efficiency red and deep-red OLEDs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2458. [PMID: 38291066 PMCID: PMC10827723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Two 2,7-dicyaonfluorene-based molecules 27-DCN and 27-tDCN are utilized as acceptors (A) to combine with hexaphenylbenzene-centered donors (D) TATT and DDT-HPB for probing the exciplex formation. The photophysical characteristics reveal that the steric hindered 27-tDCN not only can increase the distance of D and A, resulting in a hypsochromic emission, but also dilute the concentration of triplet excitons to suppress non-radiative process. The 27-tDCN-based exciplex-forming blends exhibit better photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) as compared to those of 27-DCN-based pairs. In consequence, among these D:A blends, the device employing DDT-HPB:27-tDCN blend as the emissiom layer (EML) exhibits the best EQE of 3.0% with electroluminescence (EL) λmax of 542 nm. To further utilize the exciton electrically generated in exciplex-forming system, two D-A-D-configurated fluorescence emitter DTPNT and DTPNBT are doped into the DDT-HPB:27-tDCN blend. The nice spectral overlap ensures fast and efficient Förster energy transfer (FRET) process between the exciplex-forming host and the fluorescent quests. The red device adopting DDT-HPB:27-tDCN:10 wt% DTPNT as the EML gives EL λmax of 660 nm and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) of 5.8%, while EL λmax of 685 nm and EQE of 5.0% for the EML of DDT-HPB:27-tDCN:10 wt% DTPNBT. This work manifests a potential strategy to achieve high efficiency red and deep red OLED devices by incorporating the highly fluorescent emitters to extract the excitons generated by the exciplex-forming blend with bulky acceptor for suppressing non-radiative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Chen
- Organic Electronic Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24031, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - I-Hung Lin
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Huang
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Wei Liu
- Organic Electronic Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Hung
- Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan.
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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4
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Arunlimsawat S, Funchien P, Chasing P, Saenubol A, Sudyoadsuk T, Promarak V. A deep-red fluorophore based on naphthothiadiazole as emitter with hybridized local and charge transfer and ambipolar transporting properties for electroluminescent devices. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1664-1676. [PMID: 37942020 PMCID: PMC10630680 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of an efficient ambipolar charge-carrier-transporting deep-red fluorophore (TPECNz) based on a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)-type molecule and its application as a non-doped emitter in an organic light-emitting diode (OLED). The fluorophore TPECNz contains naphtho[2,3-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (Nz) as a strong acceptor unit symmetrically functionalized with N-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)carbazole as a donor and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen. The experimental (solvatochromic and emission in THF/water mixtures studies) and theoretical investigations prove that TPECNz retains cooperative hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) and weak AIE features. Thanks to its D-A-D-type structure with a proper twist angle between the D and A units, a strong electron deficiency of the Nz unit, and electron-donating and hole-transporting natures of carbazole, TPECNz exhibits a strong deep red emission (λem = 648 nm) with a high fluorescence quantum yield of 96%, outstanding thermal property (Tg = 236 °C), and ambipolar charge-carrier-transporting property with a decent balance of mobility of electrons (1.50 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1) and holes (4.42 × 10-6 cm2 V-1 s-1). TPECNz is successfully employed as a non-doped emitter in an OLED which displays deep red electroluminescent emission peaked at 659 nm with CIE coordinates of (0.664, 0.335)), an EQEmax of 3.32% and exciton utilization efficiency (EUE) of 47%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suangsiri Arunlimsawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Patteera Funchien
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Chasing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Atthapon Saenubol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Taweesak Sudyoadsuk
- Frontier Research Center, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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5
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Near-ultraviolet organic light emitting diodes using melem. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Yu Y, Xing H, Liu D, Zhao M, Sung HH, Williams ID, Lam JWY, Xie G, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Solution‐processed AIEgen NIR OLEDs with EQE Approaching 15 %. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204279. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon 100071 Hong Kong China
| | - Hao Xing
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon 100071 Hong Kong China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Mengying Zhao
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon 100071 Hong Kong China
| | - Herman H.‐Y. Sung
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon 100071 Hong Kong China
| | - Ian D. Williams
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon 100071 Hong Kong China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon 100071 Hong Kong China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials Department of Chemistry Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology) China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon 100071 Hong Kong China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518057 China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Kowloon 100071 Hong Kong China
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7
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Roy R, Khan A, Dutta T, Koner AL. Red to NIR-emissive anthracene-conjugated PMI dyes with dual functions: singlet-oxygen response and lipid-droplet imaging. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5352-5363. [PMID: 35583595 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00349j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rich chemistry of solution-processable red and near-infrared (NIR) organic emitters has emerged as an attractive and progressive research field because of their particular applications in organic optoelectronics and bioimaging. Also, one can see that the research area of perylene monoimide-based red and NIR-emissive fluorophores is underexplored, which prompted us to design and synthesize three anthracene-conjugated PMI dyes exhibiting strong emission in the red and NIR window in solution. Three PMI-based fluorophores were synthesized via conjoining anthracene and donor moieties (-Ph, -N,N-PhNMe2) with a PMI core via an acetylene linkage at the peri-position, which helped to attain extensive electronic conjugation, which was reflected in red and NIR-emission in solution. The key molecular features to be highlighted here are: all three dyes are strongly emissive in solution, as unveiled by the excellent absolute fluorescence QYs; and they possess tuneable emission properties, guided by the donor strength and a profound Stokes shift (100-200 nm). The three fluorescent dyes demonstrated appreciable singlet-oxygen (1O2) sensitivity when photoirradiated with methylene blue (MB) in solution, showing a substantial blue-shift in emission in a ratiometric manner. Further, the treatment of dye-MB solution with α-tocopherol (1O2 scavenger) validated the presence of 1O2 as the only oxidizing species generated by MB in solution. Computational investigations gave insight into the twisting of donor moieties in their ground-state optimized geometries, the modulation of the FMO energy gap, and the thermodynamic feasibility of the 1O2 reaction. Finally, via taking advantage of the red and NIR-emission, we successfully utilized one of the fluorophores as a lipid-droplet marker for bioimaging in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Roy
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Aasif Khan
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Tanoy Dutta
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Apurba Lal Koner
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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8
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Yu Y, Xing H, Liu D, Zhao M, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Lam JWY, Xie G, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Solution‐processed AIEgen NIR OLEDs with EQE Approaching 15%. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- CUHKS: The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Hao Xing
- HKUST: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Dan Liu
- CUHKS: The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen School of Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Mengying Zhao
- HKUST: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Herman H.-Y. Sung
- HKUST: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Ian D. Williams
- HKUST: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- HKUST: The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Zheng Zhao
- CUHKS: The Chinese University of Hong Kong - Shenzhen School of Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen School of Science and Engineering 2001 Longxiang Boulevard, Longgang District 518172 Shenzhen CHINA
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9
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Eskandarian P, Fallah H, Hajimahmoodzadeh M, Zabolian H. Computational Search to Find Efficient Red/Near‐Infrared Emitting Organic Molecules Based on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Eskandarian
- Department of Physics University of Isfahan Azadi Square Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
| | - Hamidreza Fallah
- Department of Physics University of Isfahan Azadi Square Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
- Quantum Optic Research Group University of Isfahan Azadi Square Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
| | - Morteza Hajimahmoodzadeh
- Department of Physics University of Isfahan Azadi Square Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
- Quantum Optic Research Group University of Isfahan Azadi Square Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
| | - Hossein Zabolian
- Department of Physics University of Isfahan Azadi Square Isfahan 81746‐73441 Iran
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11
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Kumsampao J, Chaiwai C, Chasing P, Chawanpunyawat T, Namuangruk S, Sudyoadsuk T, Promarak V. A Simple and Strong Electron-Deficient 5,6-Dicyano[2,1,3]benzothiadiazole-Cored Donor-Acceptor-Donor Compound for Efficient Near Infrared Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3029-3036. [PMID: 32748490 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials in steering the next generation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), effective near infrared (NIR) TADF emitters are still very rare. Here, we present a simple and extremely high electron-deficient compound, 5,6-dicyano[2,1,3]benzothiadiazole (CNBz), as a strong electron-accepting unit to develop a sufficiently strong donor-acceptor (D-A) interaction for NIR emission. End-capping with the electron-donating triphenylamine (TPA) unit created an effective D-A-D type system, giving rise to an efficient NIR TADF emissive molecule (λem =750 nm) with a very small ΔEST of 0.06 eV. The electroluminescent device using this NIR TADF emitter exhibited an excellent performance with a high maximum radiance of 10020 mW Sr-1 m-2 , a maximum EQE of 6.57% and a peak wavelength of 712 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakkapan Kumsampao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Chaiyon Chaiwai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Chasing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Thanyarat Chawanpunyawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Namuangruk
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Taweesak Sudyoadsuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand.,Research Network of NANOTEC-VISTEC on Nanotechnology for Energy, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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12
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Wang CK, Che X, Lo YC, Li YZ, Wang YH, Forrest SR, Liu SW, Wong KT. New D-A-A'-Configured Small Molecule Donors Employing Conjugation to Red-shift the Absorption for Photovoltaics. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2520-2531. [PMID: 32573105 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Four new donor-acceptor-acceptor' (D-A-A')-configured donors, CPNT, DCPNT, CPNBT, and DCPNBT equipped with naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']bis([1,2,5]-thiadiazole) (NT) or naphtho[2,3-c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (NBT) as the central acceptor (A) unit bridging triarylamine donor (D) and cyano or dicyanovinylene acceptor (A'), were synthesized and characterized. All molecules exhibit bathochromic absorption shifts as compared to those of the benzothiadiazole (BT)-based analogues owing to improved electron-withdrawing and quinoidal character of NT and NBT cores that lead to stronger intramolecular charge transfer. Favorable energy level alignments with C70 , together with the good thermal stability and the antiparallel dimeric packing render CPNT and DCPNT suitable donors for vacuum-processed organic photovoltaics (OPV)s. OPVs based on DCPNT : C70 active layers displayed the best power conversion efficiency (PCE)=8.3%, along with an open circuit voltage of 0.92 V, a short circuit current of 14.5 mA cm-2 and a fill factor of 62% under 1 sun intensity, simulated AM1.5G illumination. Importantly, continuous light-soaking with AM 1.5G illumination has verified the durability of the devices based on CPNT:C70 and DCPNT : C70 as the active blends. The devices were examined for their feasibility of indoor light harvesting under 500 lux illumination by a TLD-840 fluorescent lamp, giving PCE=12.8% and 12.6%, respectively. These results indicate that the NT-based D-A-A'-type donors CPNT and DCPNT are potential candidates for high-stability vacuum-processed OPVs suitable for indoor energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Xiaozhou Che
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Material Science and Engineering and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yuan-Chih Lo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ze Li
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hao Wang
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Departments of Electrical Engineering, Material Science and Engineering and Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shun-Wei Liu
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Prosa M, Bolognesi M, Fornasari L, Grasso G, Lopez-Sanchez L, Marabelli F, Toffanin S. Nanostructured Organic/Hybrid Materials and Components in Miniaturized Optical and Chemical Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E480. [PMID: 32155993 PMCID: PMC7153587 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, biochemical sensors have brought a disruptive breakthrough in analytical chemistry and microbiology due the advent of technologically advanced systems conceived to respond to specific applications. From the design of a multitude of different detection modalities, several classes of sensor have been developed over the years. However, to date they have been hardly used in point-of-care or in-field applications, where cost and portability are of primary concern. In the present review we report on the use of nanostructured organic and hybrid compounds in optoelectronic, electrochemical and plasmonic components as constituting elements of miniaturized and easy-to-integrate biochemical sensors. We show how the targeted design, synthesis and nanostructuring of organic and hybrid materials have enabled enormous progress not only in terms of modulation and optimization of the sensor capabilities and performance when used as active materials, but also in the architecture of the detection schemes when used as structural/packing components. With a particular focus on optoelectronic, chemical and plasmonic components for sensing, we highlight that the new concept of having highly-integrated architectures through a system-engineering approach may enable the full expression of the potential of the sensing systems in real-setting applications in terms of fast-response, high sensitivity and multiplexity at low-cost and ease of portability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prosa
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Margherita Bolognesi
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Lucia Fornasari
- Plasmore s.r.l., viale Vittorio Emanuele II 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (L.L.-S.)
| | - Gerardo Grasso
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR) c/o Department of Chemistry, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Laura Lopez-Sanchez
- Plasmore s.r.l., viale Vittorio Emanuele II 4, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (L.L.-S.)
| | - Franco Marabelli
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, via A. Bassi 6, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials (ISMN), National Research Council (CNR), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (M.P.); (M.B.)
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14
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Lin J, Guo X, Lv Y, Liu X, Wang Y. Highly Efficient Microcavity Organic Light-Emitting Devices with Narrow-Band Pure UV Emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10717-10726. [PMID: 32030973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet organic light-emitting devices (UVOLEDs) may combine the tunability properties of organic materials through modifying the molecular structure and the advantages such as large-area, low-cost, and facile to realize high-performance UV sources. In the state-of-the-art UVOLEDs, the external quantum efficiencies (EQE) are more than 3%, but only a few have achieved pure UV emission and could not compromise the durability and irradiance at the same time. Portable compact UV sources with a narrow band made significant achievements in biomedical science and forensic appraisal. The microcavity effect is useful for achieving the desired narrow peak emission. In this study, asymmetric structural design with a specific distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure was employed to achieve narrow-band pure UV emission microcavity UVOLEDs (μC UVOLEDs). These μC UVOLEDs can realize tunable wavelength from 366 to 400 nm, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 9.95-15.2 nm and a maximum irradiance of 2.79-5.63 mW/cm2. Also, the durability of the μC UVOLED has been considered, which presents a lifetime of 63.2 h under an irradiance of 0.016 mW/cm2. Moreover, the ability to identify 100 RMB with an efficient μC UVOLED has also been demonstrated. This investigation not only demonstrates the encouraging potential of narrow-band pure UVOLEDs but also provides a feasible strategy for the optimal design of μC UVOLEDs by utilizing the asymmetric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Ying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supra molecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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15
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Xiao H, Zhang X, Wang JY, Zhang LY, Zhang QC, Chen ZN. Enhancing Phosphorescence through Rigidifying the Conformation to Achieve High-Efficiency OLEDs by Modified PEDOT. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45853-45861. [PMID: 31724840 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)phenylphosphine (dpmp)-supported Pt2Au heterotrinuclear complexes [Pt2Au(dpmp)2(C≡CPh)4](ClO4) (1), [Pt2Au(dpmp)2(DEBf)(C≡CPh)2](ClO4) (2), and [Pt2Au(dpmp)2(DECz)(C≡CPh)2](ClO4) (3) were prepared and used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) as a new class of light emitters, where DEBf = dibenzofuran-4,6-diacetylide and DECz = 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole-1,8-diacetylide. Although the flexible structure of Pt2Au complex 1 (λem = 503 nm, Φem < 0.1%) results in weak photoluminescence in fluid CH2Cl2, complexes 2 (λem = 585 nm, Φem = 4.9%) and 3 (λem = 589 nm, Φem = 3.2%) with a rigid conformation give a much stronger phosphorescence. The displacement of two σ-bonded phenylacetylide ligands with a diacetylide ligand such as DEBf and DECz to fasten Pt2Au structures facilitates greatly luminescent emission so that the emissive quantum yield in doping film is as high as 89% for 2 and 93% for 3. As revealed by a theoretical study, the severe structural distortion of diacetylide-linked Pt2Au complexes 2 (λem = 585 nm) and 3 (λem = 589 nm) in a triplet excited state gives rise to significant red shifts of phosphorescent emission spectra relative to that of complex 1 (λem = 503 nm). By means of Pt2Au complexes as phosphorescent emitters, solution-processed OLEDs achieved a relatively low external quantum efficiency (EQE < 9.5%) when commercial poly(ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) was used as the hole-injection layer (HIL). In contrast, the peak EQE was increased to 18.3% with a dramatic increase of efficiency by the use of modified HILs composed of PEDOT:PSS and PSS-Na, which provide a higher work function and a better film morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
| | - Jin-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
| | - Li-Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
| | - Qian-Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
| | - Zhong-Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , China
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16
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Wang M, Huang YH, Lin KS, Yeh TH, Duan J, Ko TY, Liu SW, Wong KT, Hu B. Revealing the Cooperative Relationship between Spin, Energy, and Polarization Parameters toward Developing High-Efficiency Exciplex Light-Emitting Diodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904114. [PMID: 31566271 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies to reveal the cooperative relationship between spin, energy, and polarization through intermolecular charge-transfer dipoles to harvest nonradiative triplets into radiative singlets in exciplex light-emitting diodes are reported. Magneto-photoluminescence studies reveal that the triplet-to-singlet conversion in exciplexes involves an artificially generated spin-orbital coupling (SOC). The photoinduced electron parametric resonance measurements indicate that the intermolecular charge-transfer occurs with forming electric dipoles (D+• →A-• ), providing the ionic polarization to generate SOC in exciplexes. By having different singlet-triplet energy differences (ΔEST ) in 9,9'-diphenyl-9H,9'H-3,3'-bicarbazole (BCzPh):3',3'″,3'″″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tris(([1,1'-biphenyl]-3-carbonitrile)) (CN-T2T) (ΔEST = 30 meV) and BCzPh:bis-4,6-(3,5-di-3-pyridylphenyl)-2-methyl-pyrimidine (B3PYMPM) (ΔEST = 130 meV) exciplexes, the SOC generated by the intermolecular charge-transfer states shows large and small values (reflected by different internal magnetic parameters: 274 vs 17 mT) with high and low external quantum efficiency maximum, EQEmax (21.05% vs 4.89%), respectively. To further explore the cooperative relationship of spin, energy, and polarization parameters, different photoluminescence wavelengths are selected to concurrently change SOC, ΔEST , and polarization while monitoring delayed fluorescence. When the electron clouds become more deformed at a longer emitting wavelength due to reduced dipole (D+• →A-• ) size, enhanced SOC, increased orbital polarization, and decreased ΔEST can simultaneously occur to cooperatively operate the triplet-to-singlet conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaosheng Wang
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Yi-Hsuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Siang Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hung Yeh
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Jiashun Duan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tzu-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Wei Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
- Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bin Hu
- Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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17
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Chen X, Yang Z, Li W, Mao Z, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wu YC, Jiao S, Liu Y, Chi Z. Nondoped Red Fluorophores with Hybridized Local and Charge-Transfer State for High-Performance Fluorescent White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:39026-39034. [PMID: 31565917 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two red fluorophores (TPABTPA and TPABCHO) with hybridized local and charge-transfer properties were systematically studied. TPABTPA and TPABCHO enabled nondoped organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with excellent external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 11.1% and 5.0%, respectively, attributed to high exciton utilization efficiency of 82% and 46%, respectively. Furthermore, TPABTPA and TPABCHO were utilized as complementary emitters for a sky-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence material to fabricate two-color fluorescent white OLEDs (WOLEDs) in a fully nondoped emissive-layer configuration. Furthermore, device performance was optimized through a simple device engineering strategy by sandwiching a suitable interlayer between the emitting layers. As a result, the optimized TPABTPA- and TPABCHO-based WOLEDs successfully achieved high EQEs of 23.0% and 8.6%, respectively, along with a low efficiency roll-off and good spectral stability, due to high exciton utilization efficiency of the emitters and importantly efficient suppression of a nonradiative energy-transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Chen
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Zhan Yang
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Wenlang Li
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Zhu Mao
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Chun Wu
- R&D Center, Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Semiconductor Display Technology Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen 518132 , P. R. China
| | - Shibo Jiao
- R&D Center, Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Semiconductor Display Technology Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen 518132 , P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- R&D Center, Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Semiconductor Display Technology Co., Ltd. , Shenzhen 518132 , P. R. China
| | - Zhenguo Chi
- PCFM Lab, GD HPPC Lab, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High-Performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Technologies, School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
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